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Pretty Good Privacy is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. It was originally created by Philip Zimmermann in 1991. A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ...
Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ...
Privacy has no definite boundaries and it has different meanings for different people. ...
Authentication (from Greek αυθεντικός; real or genuine, from authentes; author) is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone) as authentic, that is, that claims made by or about the thing are true. ...
Philip Zimmermann (born February 12, 1954) is the creator of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), the most widely used email encryption software in the world. ...
PGP and other similar products follow the OpenPGP standard (RFC 2440) for encrypting and decrypting data.
How PGP encryption works PGP encryption uses public-key cryptography and includes a system which binds the public keys to a user name. The first version of this system was generally known as a web of trust to contrast with the X.509 system which uses a hierarchical approach based on certificate authority and which was added to PGP implementations later. Current versions of PGP encryption include both alternatives through an automated key management server. A big random number is used to make a public-key pair. ...
In cryptography, a web of trust is a concept used in PGP, GnuPG, and other OpenPGP-compatible systems to establish the authenticity of the binding between a public key and a user. ...
In cryptography, X.509 is an ITU-T standard for public key infrastructure (PKI). ...
In cryptography, a certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity which issues digital certificates for use by other parties. ...
Encryption/decryption PGP message encryption normally uses both asymmetric key encryption and symmetric key encryption algorithms. In cryptography, an asymmetric key algorithm uses a pair of different, though related, cryptographic keys to encrypt and decrypt. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Commonly, when encrypting a message, the sender uses the public key half of the recipient's key pair to encrypt a symmetric cipher session key. That session key is used, in turn, to encrypt the plaintext of the message. There are several other operational modes (eg, symmetric key operation only), but these are less commonly used. PKC, see PKC (disambiguation) Public-key cryptography is a form of modern cryptography which allows users to communicate securely without previously agreeing on a shared secret key. ...
A session key is a key used for encrypting one message or a group of messages in a communication session. ...
This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ...
In cryptography, plaintext is information used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext. ...
The recipient of a PGP-encrypted message decrypts the session key using his private key (the session key was encrypted by the sender using his public key). Next, he decrypts the ciphertext of the message using the session key. ...
Use of two ciphers in this way was chosen, despite higher complication, in part because of the very considerable difference in operating speed between asymmetric key and symmetric key ciphers (the difference is often a factor of 1000 or more). This approach also makes it easily possible to send the same encrypted message to two or more recipients.
The entire encryption and decryption operations are completely automated in current PGP desktop versions. Many PGP users' public keys are available to all from the many PGP key servers around the world, most of which coordinate their records so as to act as mirror sites for each other. In computer security, a key server is a computer — typically running special software — which provides cryptographic keys to users or other programs. ...
Digital signatures A similar strategy is used to detect whether a message has been altered since it was completed (the message integrity property), and whether it was actually sent by the person/entity claimed to be the sender (a digital signature). In PGP, it is used by default in conjunction with encryption, but can be applied to plaintext as well. The sender uses PGP to create a digital signature for the message with either the RSA or DSA signature algorithms. To do so, PGP computes a hash (also called a message digest) from the plaintext, and then creates the digital signature from that hash using the sender's private key. In cryptography, a digital signature or digital signature scheme is a type of asymmetric cryptography used to simulate the security properties of a signature in digital, rather than written, form. ...
In cryptography, plaintext is information used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext. ...
This article is about an algorithm for public-key encryption. ...
The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a United States Federal Government standard or FIPS for digital signatures. ...
In cryptography, a cryptographic hash function is a hash function with certain additional security properties to make it suitable for use as a primitive in various information security applications, such as authentication and message integrity. ...
In cryptography, a digital signature or digital signature scheme is a type of asymmetric cryptography used to simulate the security properties of a signature in digital, rather than written, form. ...
The message recipient uses the sender's public key and the digital signature to recover the original message digest. He compares this message digest with the message digest he computed himself from the (recovered) plaintext. If the signature matches the received plaintext's message digest, it must be presumed (to a very high degree of confidence) that the message received has not been tampered with, either deliberately or accidentally. As well, since it was properly signed, it is very likely (to a very high degree of confidence) that the claimed sender actually did send it.
Both when encrypting messages and when verifying signatures, it is critical that the public key one uses to send messages to someone or some entity actually does 'belong' to the intended recipient. Simply downloading a public key from somewhere is not overwhelming assurance of that association; deliberate (or accidental) spoofing is possible. PGP has, from its first versions, always included provisions for distributing a user's public keys in an 'identity certificate' which is so constructed cryptographically that any tampering (or accidental garble) is readily detectable. But merely making a certificate effectively impossible to modify undetectably is also insufficient. It can prevent corruption only after the certificate has been created, not before. Users must also ensure by some means that the public key in a certificate actually does belong to the person/entity claiming it. From its first release, PGP products have included an internal certificate 'vetting scheme' to assist with this; it has been called a web of trust. A given public key (or more specifically, information binding a user name to a key) may be digitally signed by a third party user to attest to the association between someone (actually a user name) and the key. There are several levels of confidence which can be included in such signatures. Although many programs read and write this information, few (if any) include this level of certification when calculating whether to trust a key. In cryptography, a web of trust is a concept used in PGP, GnuPG, and other OpenPGP-compatible systems to establish the authenticity of the binding between a public key and a user. ...
In computer networking, the term Internet Protocol spoofing (IP spoofing) is the creation of IP packets with a forged (spoofed) source IP address. ...
In cryptography, a public key certificate (or identity certificate) is a certificate which uses a digital signature to bind together a public key with an identity — information such as a the name of a person or an organisation, their address, and so forth. ...
In cryptography, a web of trust is a concept used in PGP, GnuPG, and other OpenPGP-compatible systems to establish the authenticity of the binding between a public key and a user. ...
The web of trust protocol was first described by Zimmermann in the manual for PGP version 2.0:
As time goes on, you will accumulate keys from other people that you may want to designate as trusted introducers. Everyone else will each choose their own trusted introducers. And everyone will gradually accumulate and distribute with their key a collection of certifying signatures from other people, with the expectation that anyone receiving it will trust at least one or two of the signatures. This will cause the emergence of a decentralized fault-tolerant web of confidence for all public keys. The web of trust mechanism has advantages over a centrally managed PKI scheme, but has not been universally used. Users have been willing to accept certificates and check their validity manually, or to simply accept them. The underlying problem has found no satisfactory solution. In cryptography, a public key infrastructure (PKI) is an arrangement which provides for third-party vetting of, and vouching for, user identities. ...
Certificates In the (more recent) OpenPGP specification, trust signatures can be used to support creation of certificate authorities. A trust signature indicates both that the key belongs to its claimed owner and that the owner of the key is trustworthy to sign other keys at one level below their own. A level 0 signature is comparable to a web of trust signature, since only the validity of the key is certified. A level 1 signature is similar to the trust one has in a certificate authority because a key signed to level 1 is able to issue an unlimited number of level 0 signatures. A level 2 signature is highly analogous to the trust assumption users must rely on whenever they use the default certificate authority list (like those included in web browsers); it allows the owner of the key to make other keys certificate authorities. In cryptography, a certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity which issues digital certificates for use by other parties. ...
PGP versions have always included a way to cancel ('revoke') identity certificates. A lost or compromised private key will require this if communication security is to be retained by that user. This is, more or less, equivalent to the certificate revocation lists of centralized PKI schemes. Recent PGP versions have also supported certificate expiration dates. In the operation of some cryptosystems, usually public key infrastructures (PKIs), a certificate revocation list (CRL) is a list of certificates (more accurately: their serial numbers) which have been revoked, are no longer valid, and should not be relied upon by any system user. ...
The problem of correctly identifying a public key as belonging to a particular user is not unique to PGP. All public key / private key cryptosystems have the same problem, if in slightly different guise, and no fully satisfactory solution is known. PGP's original scheme, at least, leaves the decision whether or not to use its endorsement/vetting system to the user, while most other PKI schemes do not, requiring instead that every certificate attested to by a central certificate authority be accepted as correct. In cryptography, a certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity which issues digital certificates for use by other parties. ...
Security quality To the best of publicly available information, there is no known method which will allow a person or group to break PGP encryption by cryptographic, or computational means. Early versions of PGP have been found to have theoretical vulnerabilities and so current versions are recommended. Indeed, in 1996, cryptographer Bruce Schneier characterized an early version as being "the closest you're likely to get to military-grade encryption."[1] In contrast to security systems/protocols like SSL which only protect data in transit over a network, PGP encryption can also be used to protect data in long-term data storage such as disk files. Pre-19th century Leone Battista Alberti, polymath/universal genius, inventor of polyalphabetic substitution (see frequency analysis for the significance of this -- missed by most for a long time and dumbed down in the Vigenère cipher), and what may have been the first mechanical encryption aid. ...
Bruce Schneier Bruce Schneier (born January 15, 1963) is an American cryptographer, computer security specialist, and writer. ...
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as web browsing, e-mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and other data transfers. ...
The cryptographic security of PGP encryption depends on the assumption that the algorithms used are unbreakable by direct cryptanalysis with current equipment and techniques. For instance, in the original version, the RSA algorithm was used to encrypt session keys; RSA's security depends upon the one-way function nature of mathematical integer factoring. New, now unknown, integer factorization techniques might, therefore, make breaking RSA easier than now, or perhaps even trivially easy. However, it is generally presumed by informed observers that this is an intractable problem, and likely to remain so. Likewise, the secret key algorithm used in PGP version 2 was IDEA, which might, at some future time, be found to have a previously unsuspected cryptanalytic flaw. Specific instances of current PGP, or IDEA, insecurities -— if they exist -— are not publicly known. As current versions of PGP have added additional encryption algorithms, the degree of their cryptographic vulnerability varies with the algorithm used. In practice, each of the algorithms in current use is not publicly known to have cryptanalytic weaknesses. Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ...
This article is about an algorithm for public-key encryption. ...
Unsolved problems in computer science: Do one-way functions exist? A one-way function is a function that is easy to compute but hard to invert. ...
“Prime decomposition†redirects here. ...
In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is a block cipher designed by Xuejia Lai (來å¸å˜‰) and James L. Massey of ETH Zurich and was first described in 1991. ...
History
Early history Phil Zimmermann created the first version of PGP encryption in 1991. The name, "Pretty Good Privacy", is humorously ironic and was inspired by the name of a grocery store, "Ralph's Pretty Good Grocery," featured in radio host Garrison Keillor's fictional town, Lake Wobegon. Of course, the irony is that PGP's security is not merely pretty good, but excellent. Zimmermann had been a long-time anti-nuclear activist, and created PGP encryption so that similarly inclined people might securely use BBSs and securely store messages and files. No license was required for its non-commercial use. There was not even a nominal charge, and the complete source code was included with all copies. PGP found its way onto Usenet and from there onto the Internet, and it very rapidly acquired a considerable following around the world. Users and supporters included dissidents in totalitarian countries (some affecting letters to Zimmermann have been published, and some have been included in testimony before the US Congress), civil libertarians in other parts of the world (see Zimmermann's published testimony in various hearings), and the 'free communications' activists who call themselves cypherpunks (who provided both publicity and distribution). Supermarket produce section A supermarket is a store that sells a wide variety of goods including food and alcohol, medicine, clothes, and other household products that are consumed regularly. ...
Garrison Keillor (born Gary Edward Keillor on August 7, 1942) is an American author, humorist, columnist, musician, satirist, and radio personality. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Ward Christensen and the computer that ran one of the first public Bulletin Board Systems, CBBS from BBS: The Documentary “BBS†redirects here. ...
Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ...
Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ...
The cypherpunks (from cipher and punk) comprise an informal group of people interested in privacy and cryptography who originally communicated through the cypherpunks mailing list. ...
Criminal investigation Shortly after its release, PGP encryption found its way outside the United States, and in February 1993 Zimmermann became the formal target of a criminal investigation by the US Government for "munitions export without a license". Cryptosystems using keys larger than 40 bits were then considered munitions within the definition of the US export regulations; PGP has never used keys smaller than 128 bits so it qualified at that time. Penalties for violation, if found guilty, were substantial. After several years, the investigation of Zimmermann was closed without filing criminal charges against him or anyone else. Munition is often defined as a synonyn for ammunition. ...
40-bit encryption is a key size for symmetric encryption representing a low-level of security where the key is forty bits in length (five bytes). ...
Since World War II, Western governments, including the U.S. and its NATO allies have regulated the export of cryptography for national security considerations. ...
Zimmermann challenged these regulations in a curious way. He published the entire source code of PGP in a hardback book, via MIT Press, which was distributed and sold widely. Anybody wishing to build their own copy of PGP could buy the $60 book, cut off the covers , separate the pages, scan them using an OCR program, creating a set of source code text files. One could then build the application using the freely available GNU C Compiler. PGP would thus be available anywhere in the world. The claimed principle was simple: export of munitions—guns, bombs, planes, software was (and remains) restricted; but the export of books is protected by the First Amendment. The question was never tested in court in respect to PGP, but had been established by the Supreme Court in the Bernstein case. Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ...
MIT Press Books The MIT Press is a university publisher affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ...
OCR may refer to: transvaginal OoCyte Retrieval Optical character recognition — computer software designed to translate images of typewritten text into machine-editable text OCR (examination board), a British examination board Official Cash Rate Original cast recording Optimum currency region OverClocked Remix Office of Civil Rights - a common sub-agency or...
The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ...
The first ten Amendments to the U.S. Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. ...
Bernstein v. ...
US export regulations regarding cryptography remain in force, but were liberalized substantially throughout the late 1990s. Since 2000, compliance with the regulations is also much easier. PGP encryption no longer meets the definition of a non-exportable weapon, and can be exported internationally except to 7 specific countries and a named list of groups and individuals. Since World War II, Western governments, including the U.S. and its NATO allies have regulated the export of cryptography for national security considerations. ...
PGP 3 During this turmoil, Zimmermann's team worked on a new version of PGP encryption called PGP 3. This new version was to have considerable security improvements, including a new certificate structure which fixed small security flaws in the PGP 2.x certificates as well as permitting a certificate to include separate keys for signing and encryption. Furthermore, the experience with patent and export problems led them to eschew patents entirely. PGP 3 introduced use of the CAST-128 (a.k.a. CAST5) symmetric key algorithm, and the DSA and ElGamal asymmetric key algorithms, all of which were unencumbered by patents. Three rounds of the CAST-128 block cipher In cryptography, CAST-128 (alternatively CAST5) is a block cipher used in a number of products, notably as the default cipher in some versions of GPG and PGP. It has also been approved for Canadian government use by the Communications Security Establishment. ...
The following article is about the block cipher. ...
The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a United States Federal Government standard or FIPS for digital signatures. ...
The ElGamal algorithm is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm for public key cryptography which is based on discrete logarithms. ...
After the Federal criminal investigation ended in 1996, Zimmermann and his team started a company to produce new versions of PGP encryption. They merged with Viacrypt (to whom Zimmermann had sold commercial rights and who had licensed RSA directly from RSADSI) which then changed its name to PGP Incorporated. The newly combined Viacrypt/PGP team started work on new versions of PGP encryption based on the PGP 3 system. Unlike PGP 2, which was an exclusively command line program, PGP 3 was designed from the start as a software library allowing users to work from a command line or inside a GUI environment. The original agreement between Viacrypt and the Zimmermann team had been that Viacrypt would have even-numbered versions and Zimmermann odd-numbered versions. Viacrypt, thus, created a new version (based on PGP 2) that they called PGP 4. To remove confusion about how it could be that PGP 3 was the successor to PGP 4, PGP 3 was renamed and released as PGP 5 in May 1997. A command line interface or CLI is a method of interacting with a computer by giving it lines of textual commands (that is, a sequence of characters) either from keyboard input or from a script. ...
In computer science, a library is a collection of subprograms used to develop software. ...
GUI can refer to the following: GUI is short for graphical user interface, a term used to describe a type of interface in computing. ...
OpenPGP Inside PGP Inc., there was still concern about patent issues. RSADSI was challenging the continuation of the Viacrypt RSA license to the newly merged firm. The company adopted an informal internal standard called "Unencumbered PGP": "use no algorithm with licensing difficulties". Because of PGP encryption's importance worldwide (it is thought to be the most widely chosen quality cryptographic system), many wanted to write their own software that would interoperate with PGP 5. Zimmermann became convinced that an open standard for PGP encryption was critical for them and for the cryptographic community as a whole. In July 1997, PGP Inc. proposed to the IETF that there be a standard called OpenPGP. They gave the IETF permission to use the name OpenPGP to describe this new standard as well as any program that supported the standard. The IETF accepted the proposal and started the OpenPGP Working Group. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is charged with developing and promoting Internet standards. ...
An IETF working group, or WG for short, is a working group of the IETF. It operates on rough consensus, is open to all who want to participate, has discussions on an open mailing list, and may hold meetings at IETF meetings. ...
OpenPGP is on the Internet Standards Track; the current specification is RFC 2440 (July 1998). OpenPGP is still under active development and a follow-on to RFC 2440 was being actively finalized by the OpenPGP working group in 2006. An Internet standard is a specification for an innovative internetworking technology or methodology, which the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ratified as an open standard after the innovation underwent peer review. ...
The Free Software Foundation has developed its own OpenPGP-compliant program called GNU Privacy Guard (abbreviated GnuPG or GPG). GnuPG is freely available together with all source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is maintained separate from several GUIs. Several other vendors have also developed OpenPGP-compliant software. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...
The GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) is a free software replacement for the PGP suite of cryptographic software, released under the GNU General Public License. ...
The GNU logo The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a widely-used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. ...
Network Associates acquisition In December, 1997 PGP Inc. was acquired by Network Associates, Inc. Zimmermann and the PGP team became NAI employees. NAI continued to pioneer export through software publishing, being the first company to have a legal export strategy by publishing source code. Under its aegis, the PGP team added disk encryption, desktop firewalls, intrusion detection, and IPsec VPNs to the PGP family. After the export regulation liberalizations of 2000 which no longer required publishing of source, NAI stopped releasing source code, over the PGP team's objection. There was consternation amongst PGP users worldwide at this and, inevitably, some conspiracy theories as well. IPsec (IP security) is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and/or encrypting each IP packet in a data stream. ...
A Virtual Private Network, or VPN, is a private communications network usually used within a company, or by several different companies or organizations, communicating over a public network. ...
In early 2001, Zimmermann left NAI. He served as Chief Cryptographer for Hush Communications, who provide an OpenPGP-based email service, Hushmail. He has also worked with Veridis and other companies. In October, 2001, NAI announced that its PGP assets were for sale and that it was suspending further development of PGP encryption. The only remaining asset kept was the PGP E-Business Server (the original PGP Commandline version). In February 2002, NAI cancelled all support for PGP products, with the exception of the re-named commandline product. NAI (now McAfee) continues to sell and support the product under the name McAfee E-Business Server. Hush Communications is the company that brings you Hushmail. ...
Hushmail is a free webmail service founded by Cliff Baltzley after leaving Ultimate Privacy. ...
Current situation In August 2002, several ex-PGP team members formed a new company, PGP Corporation, and bought the PGP assets (except for the command line version) from NAI. PGP Corporation is supporting existing PGP users and honoring NAI support contracts. Zimmermann now serves as a special advisor and consultant to PGP Corporation, as well as continuing to run his own consulting company. In 2003 PGP Corporation created a new server-based product offering called PGP Universal. In mid-2004, PGP Corporation shipped its own command line version called PGP Command Line, which integrates with the other PGP Encryption Platform applications. In 2005 PGP Corporation made its first acquisition—the German software company Glueck and Kanja Technology AG, which is now PGP Deutschland AG. Since the 2002 purchase of NAI PGP assets, PGP Corporation has offered worldwide PGP technical support from their office in Draper, Utah. PGP Corporation is the current owner of the Pretty Good Privacy codebase, which was originally developed by Phil Zimmermann. ...
Draper is a city in Salt Lake County and Utah County, Utah, United States, located about 20 miles south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. ...
This article is about the U.S. state. ...
PGP.com encryption applications - This section describes commercial programs available from PGP Corporation. For information on other programs compatible with the OpenPGP specification, see OpenPGP implementations below.
While originally used primarily for encrypting the contents of email messages and attachments from a desktop client, PGP products have been diversified since 2002 into a set of encryption applications which can be managed by an optional central policy server. PGP encryption applications include email and attachments, digital signatures, laptop full disk encryption, file and folder security, protection for IM sessions, batch file transfer encryption, and protection for files and folders stored on network servers and, more recently, HTTP traffic without TLS/OpenPGP. PGP Corporation is the current owner of the Pretty Good Privacy codebase, which was originally developed by Phil Zimmermann. ...
The PGP Desktop 9.x application includes desktop email, digital signatures, IM security, laptop whole disk encryption, file and folder security, self decrypting archives, and secure shredding of deleted files. Capabilities are licensed in different ways depending on features required.
The PGP Universal 2.x management server handles centralized deployment, security policy, policy enforcement and reporting. It is used for automated email encryption in the gateway and manages PGP Desktop 9.x clients. It works with the PGP public keyserver—called the PGP Global Directory—to find recipient keys. It has the capability of delivering email securely when no recipient key is found via a secure HTTPS browser session.
With PGP Desktop 9.0 managed by PGP Universal Server 2.0, released in 2005, all PGP encryption applications are based on a new proxy-based architecture. These newer versions of PGP software eliminate the use of email plug-ins and insulate the user from changes to other desktop applications. All desktop and server operations are now based on security policies and operate in an automated fashion. The PGP Universal server automates the creation, management, and expiration of keys, sharing these keys among all PGP encryption applications. PGP Desktop 9.0 is available as a 32-bit application only, and therefore does not support 64-bit editions of Microsoft Windows including the 64-bit version of Windows Vista. 32-bit is a term applied to processors, and computer architectures which manipulate the address and data in 32-bit chunks. ...
In computing, a 64-bit component is one in which data are processed or stored in 64-bit units (words). ...
Windows redirects here. ...
Windows Vista is a line of graphical operating systems used on personal computers, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, Tablet PCs, and media centers. ...
New versions of PGP applications use both OpenPGP and the S/MIME, allowing communications with any user of a NIST specified standard. As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ...
See also Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Hushmail is a free webmail service founded by Cliff Baltzley after leaving Ultimate Privacy. ...
The GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) is a free software replacement for the PGP suite of cryptographic software, released under the GNU General Public License. ...
In cryptography, X.509 is an ITU-T standard for public key infrastructure (PKI). ...
The protection of electronic mail from unauthorized access and inspection is known as electronic privacy. ...
It has been suggested that Secure e-mail be merged into this article or section. ...
A big random number is used to make a public-key pair. ...
S/MIME (Secure / Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a standard for public key encryption and signing of e-mail encapsulated in MIME. // S/MIME was originally developed by RSA Data Security Inc. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Biometric word list. ...
ZRTP is an extension to Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) which describes a method of Diffie-Hellman key agreement for Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP). ...
Further reading Simson L. Garfinkel is a journalist and writer specializing in the field of computer security, who has written fourteen books on computing. ...
Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...
is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
OReilly Media (formerly OReilly & Associates, IPA /əraɪli/) is an American media company established by Tim OReilly, primarily focusing on books related to computer programming. ...
References Bruce Schneier Bruce Schneier (born January 15, 1963) is an American cryptographer, computer security specialist, and writer. ...
Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ...
is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
“NY†redirects here. ...
The Wiley Building in Hoboken, New Jersey, located on the waterfront between River Street and Frank Sinatra Drive. ...
External links
OpenPGP implementations
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