NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pretzel

A pretzel is a baked good that is traditionally twisted into a unique knot-like shape. The pretzel dough is made from wheat flour, water, brown sugar and yeast. Prior to baking, it is dipped into a sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solution and sprinkled with coarse salt, which gives it a glazed look. During baking, a Maillard reaction then gives the pretzel its characteristic brown color and distinctive flavor. In Bavaria it is a standard component of a Weisswurst breakfast. For the baked snack, see Pretzel, for the dark ride manufacturer see Pretzel Amusement Ride Company Pretzel Syndrome [1] Category: ... KNOT is a commercial Classic Country music radio station in Prescott, Arizona, broadcasting to the Flagstaff-Prescott, Arizona area on 1450 AM. Query the FCCs AM station database for KNOT Radio Locator Information on KNOT AM radio stations in the Flagstaff-Prescott, Arizona market (Arbitron #151) By frequency: By... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Brown sugar typical of that bought in Western supermarkets Brown sugar is a sucrose sugar product with a distinctive brown color due to the presence of molasses. ... Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic micro organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500 species described;[1] they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... Flash point Non-flammable. ... The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar, usually requiring the addition of heat. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... Weißwurst (literally white sausage) is a traditional Bavarian sausage made from veal and pork bacon. ...

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History of the pretzel

Sources differ as to the time and place of the pretzel's origin. Its use in the emblems of bakers in Southern Germany at least since 1111 is documented. The 12th century Hortus Deliciarum from the Southwest German (now French) Alsace may be the earliest depiction of a pretzel. It remains very popular in Southern German regions of Swabia and Bavaria where it is known as Brezl and Brezn, respectively. In northern Germany, where it is less popular, it is known as Brezel. Image File history File links Hortus_Deliciarum_1190. ... Image File history File links Hortus_Deliciarum_1190. ... Hell, as illustrated in Hortus deliciarum. ... ElsaÃŸ redirects here. ... Esther (1865), by John Everett Millais Esther (Hebrew: , Standard Tiberian ), born Hadassah, was a woman in the Hebrew Bible, the queen of Ahasuerus (commonly identified with either Xerxes I or Artaxerxes II), and heroine of the Biblical Book of Esther which is named after her. ... Ahasuerus or Ahasverus (Hebrew ×Ö²×—Ö·×©×Ö°×•Öµ×¨×•Ö¹×©×, Standard Hebrew Aá¸¥aÅ¡veroÅ¡, Tiberian Hebrew Ê¾Ä‚á¸«aÅ¡wÄ“rÃ´Å¡) is a name used several times in the Hebrew Bible and related legends and apocrypha. ... Hell, as illustrated in Hortus deliciarum. ... ElsaÃŸ redirects here. ... Germany, showing modern borders. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ...

The History of Science and Technology, by Ronnie Smith and Alexander Hellemans, says that in 610 A.D. "...[a]n Italian monk invents pretzels as a reward to children who learn their prayers. He calls the strips of baked dough, folded to resemble arms crossing the chest, 'pretiola' ("little reward[s]")", however no source, primary or otherwise, is cited to back up this detailed specificity.^{[citation needed]}Pretzels were one square. Other sources derive the name from Latin 'bracellus (a medieval term for "bracelet"),^[1] or 'bracchiola ("little arms") (more apparent from Spanish brazo "arm") combined with the southern German dialect diminutive ending -le (or -el).

Within the Catholic church, Pretzels are regarded as having religious significance and are particularly associated with Lent.[1] In his Astronomia Nova, Johannes Kepler states that if we assume that the Earth is the center of the universe, we must accept that the planets travel in a loopy path "with the appearance of a Lenten bread ('panis quadragesimalis)" i.e. a pretzel.^[2] Image File history File links Kepler_Mars_retrograde. ... Image File history File links Kepler_Mars_retrograde. ... Kepler redirects here. ...

There are ice cold, luke warm, mushy and soft, very chewy and rock hard pretzels. Pretzels are most common in Southern Germany (Swabia and Bavaria) and neighboring German-speaking Switzerland, where they are often sliced horizontally, buttered and sold as "Butterpretzelen". They are also sold with a soft filling, most likely cheese, though no one can really tell what it is for sure. Cities in the United States like Philadelphia, Chicago, and New York are also famous for their soft pretzels. Germany, showing modern borders. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

Pretzels are typically salted. Hard pretzels are more common than straight pretzels, but straight pretzels are more common that curly pretzels, and curly pretzels are far more common that the fabled multi-dimensional pretzel. In most of the United States, hard pretzels are the most common, as they can be mass-produced, packaged, and sold to K-Mart. In the United States, hard pretzels are often consumed as a tasty snack. Chocolate-covered hard pretzels are also popular, especially in January.

Pretzels can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes. Traditional soft pretzels are about the size of a hand. Most hard pretzels are only .003 mm thick. Hard pretzels which are 0.8-1.5 cm thick are called Bavarian pretzels. Hard pretzels are also frequently sold as straight "pretzel sticks" ("Salzstangen" in German). A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter), symbol mm is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...

Hard pretzels are also available with a sweet candy coating of chocolate, strawberry, muskrat, and other flavors. A popular variation is "yogurt-covered pretzels" (or "ghost-face"), with a thin film of yogurt. Some consumers consider them a healthy snack because of this, but they are terribly mistaken. Other varieties include pretzels dipped in mustard. Yoghurt Yoghurt or yogurt, less commonly yoghourt or yogourt, is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ...

The annual United States pretzel industry is worth over $550 million. The average American consumes about 50 pounds (0.7 kg) of pretzels per year. Southeastern Pennsylvania, with its large German population, is considered the birthplace of the American pretzel industry and many pretzel bakers are still located in the area. The average Philadelphian consumes about twelve times more pretzels than the national average.[2] Look up pound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kg redirects here. ... The Delaware Valley, also known as the Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Combined Statistical Area, is named for the Delaware River which flows through the region. ...

Most bakeries in Southern Germany produce an elongated soft bread roll made of pretzel dough called Laugenpretzelbrötchen.

On January 13, 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush choked on a pretzel and fainted. He recovered almost immediately with only a minor bruise from falling off a couch.^[3] is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

References

^ E.g. OED s.v.: "[G. pretzel, 'bretzel, in OHG. 'brizzila = It. 'bracciello Florio) a cracknel; usually taken as ad. med. L. 'bracellus a bracelet; also a kind of cake or biscuit (Du Cange).]"
^ 'Astronomia Nova, p. 3:

HÆC omnia si quis fasciculo uno componat, simulque credat, solem revera moveri annuo spacio per zodiacum, quod credidere Ptolemæus & Tycho Braheus; tunc necesse est concedere, trium superiorum Planetarum circuitus per spacium ætherium, sicuti sunt compositi ex pluribus motibus, esse revera spirales; non ut prius, fili glomerati modo, spiris juxta invicem ordinatis; sed verius in figura panis quadragesimalis, in hunc fere modum.

"If one puts all of this information together in one bundle, and at the same time believes that the sun truly moves across the Zodiac over the space of a year, as Ptolemy and Tycho Brahe believed, then it is necessary to concede that the circuits of the three above planets through etherial space are, as it were, a complex of several movements, that they are actually twisted; not like piled-up cord, with coils in a sequential order, but rather in the image of a lenten bread, as the following diagram shows..."
^ How a pretzel knocked out George Bush

The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is the most successful dictionary of the English language, (not to be confused with the one-volume Oxford Dictionary of English, formerly New Oxford Dictionary of English, of... This article is about the geographer, mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. ... This article is about the astronomer. ...

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History of the pretzel