Prince Frederick of Hesse (May 1, 1868 – May 28, 1940), officially Friedrich Karl Ludwig Konstantin, Prinz und Landgraf von Hessen und Brabant (in German), (Frederick Charles Louis Constantin, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse and Brabant), (Fredrik Kaarle or Fredrik Kaarlo in Finnish), (Fredrik Carl in Swedish), (Frederik Carl in Danish), was the brother-in-law of the German Emperor Wilhelm II and was the elected King of Finland from October 9 to December 14, 1918. May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Graf is a German noble title equal in rank to a count or an earl. ... Hesse-Kassel (Hessen-Kassel) was a German principality that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1568 upon the death of Landgrave Philip of Hesse and his eldest son Wilhelm IV inherited the northern portion and established his capital in Kassel. ... ... Hesse-Kassel (Hessen-Kassel) was a German principality that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1568 upon the death of Landgrave Philip of Hesse and his eldest son Wilhelm IV inherited the northern portion and established his capital in Kassel. ... Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859 - June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia from 1888 - 1918. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (283rd in Leap years). ... December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Early life

Frederick was born in Panker Castle, a castle on the Baltic Sea which belonged to his family. He was the third son of Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse, and his wife Anna of Prussia, daughter of Prince Charles of Prussia and Marie Louise of Saxe-Weimar. The elder Frederick, a Danish military officer, had been one (and perhaps the foremost) of the candidates of Christian VIII of Denmark in the 1840s to succeed on the Danish throne if the latter's male line died out, but renounced his rights to the throne in 1851 in favor of his sister, Louise of Hesse. The elder Frederick was of practically Danish upbringing, having lived all his life in Denmark, but in 1875, when the senior branch of Hesse-Cassel became extinct, he settled in Northern Germany, where the House had substantial landholdings. Christian VIII Christian VIII (September 18, 1786–January 20, 1848), king of Denmark 1839-48 and of Norway 1814, the eldest son of the hereditary prince Frederick of Denmark and Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, was born in 1786 at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen. ... // Events and Trends Technology First use of anaesthesia in an operation, by Crawford Long War, peace and politics First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) on February 6, 1840 at Waitangi New Zealand. ... 1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Eighteen days after his own birth, the baby Frederick's first cousin, the then Grand Duchess Maria Fyodorovna, daughter of his aunt Louise Queen of Denmark, gave birth in Saint Petersburg to Nicholas II of Russia who would become Frederick Charles' predecessor as the monarch of Finland (1894–1917) Princess Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar (November 26, 1847 - October 13, 1928) was born as the second daughter of Louise of Hesse and Christian of Glucksburg. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia Nicholas II of Russia (18 May 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last crowned Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ...

On January 25, 1893, the younger Frederick married Princess Margarete of Prussia, the youngest daughter of the late Frederick III of Prussia and Victoria of Great Britain, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen regnant Victoria of the United Kingdom, Empress of India, and her consort Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. They had six children, including two sets of twins: January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Princess Margarete of Prussia (Margarete Beatrice Feodora) (April 22, 1872–January 22, 1954) was the youngest child of Crown Prince Friedrich III (later Emperor Friedrich III), and Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain, a daughter of the British Queen Victoria. ... ... Princess Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise (21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and her consort Albert. ... A queen regnant is a female monarch, who possesses all the monarchal powers that a king would have, without regard to gender. ... Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and Empress of India from 1 January 1877 until her death. ... Imperial Crown of India Signature of King Edward VIII The R and I after his name indicate king and emperor in Latin (Rex and Imperator). The title Empress of India was given to Queen Victoria in 1877. ... Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( 26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861 ) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ...

• Friedrich Wilhelm Sigismund (1893–1916)
• Maximilian Friedrich Wilhelm Georg (1894–1914)
• Philipp (1896–1980)
• Wolfgang Moritz (1896–1989)
• Christoph Ernst August (1901–1943)
• Richard Wilhelm Leopold (1901–1969)

Upon their father's death, Frederick's eldest brother Frederick William became the head of the House of Hesse, and afterwards his next brother Alexander. 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1914 (MCMXIV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) is a common year starting on Friday. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ...

The Finnish throne

On the urging of the German Empire, Finland had declared itself independent from Russia on December 6, 1917, leading to a fierce debate on whether the new state should declare itself a republic or remain a monarchy. At the time of the declaration of independence, monarchists were in minority in the Finnish Eduskunta (Parliament), and Finland was thought of as a republic. After a civil war, and while the pro-republic Social Democratic Party was excluded from the Eduskunta, Frederick was elected to the Finnish throne on October 9, 1918. The term German Empire commonly refers to Germany, from its foundation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... The Finnish declaration of independence was adopted by the Parliament of Finland on December 6, 1917. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... The Eduskunta in Finnish, or the Riksdag in Swedish, is the parliament of Finland. ... The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the Reds (punaiset), i. ... The Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) is one of the most influential political parties in Finland, along with the Centre Party and the Coalition Party. ... The Eduskunta in Finnish, or the Riksdag in Swedish, is the parliament of Finland. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (283rd in Leap years). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Lithuania had already in July 1918 taken a similar step, electing Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach, Count of Württemberg as King Mindove II of Lithuania. For Latvia and Estonia, a "General Provincial Assembly" consisting of Baltic-German aristocrats, had called upon the German Kaiser Wilhelm to recognize the Baltic provinces as a joint monarchy and a German protectorate. Consequently Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was nominated Duke of "the United Baltic Duchy" by the Germans. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Württemberg (often spelled Wurttemberg in English) refers to an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in south-western Germany. ... Mindaugas II of Lithuania (3 March 1864, Monaco - 24 March 1928, Rapallo, Italy) was a King-elect in 1918. ... The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, Deutschbalten, sometimes incorrectly Baltendeutsche), were ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea which forms today the countries of Estonia and Latvia. ... Wilhelm II of Germany (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Hohenzollern 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... For the rule of Oliver Cromwell, see The Protectorate. ... Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a Duchy (from 1815 a Grand Duchy) in northeastern Germany, formed by a partition of the Duchy of Mecklenburg. ... The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy... Official language German Capital Riga Regent Adolf Pilar von Pilchau Area ? km² Population ? Independance 12 April 1918 Admission 22 September 1918 (German State) National anthem ? The United Baltic Duchy (in German: Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum) was a shortlived construct in 1918 made possible through Germanys occupation of Latvia and Estonia...

Independent Finland had initially, like the Baltic provinces, had close ties with the German Empire. Germany was the only power that had supported the preparations for independence, not the least by the training of voluntary Finnish Jäger troops. Germany had also intervened in the Civil War in Finland, despite her own precarious situation. Finland's position vis-à-vis Germany was already in spring 1918 evolving towards that of a protectorate, and the election of Prinz Friedrich, brother-in-law of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, was rather thought of as a confirmation of the close relations. In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... The Jäger troops were volunteers from Finland in Germany trained as Jägers (elite light infantry) during World War I. It was one of many means by which Germany intended to weaken Russia and to cause Russias loss of western provinces and dependencies. ... The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the Reds (punaiset), i. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... For the rule of Oliver Cromwell, see The Protectorate. ... Wilhelm II of Germany (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Hohenzollern 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ...

The adoption of a new monarchist constitution had been delayed, and the legitimacy of the royal election was based upon the Instrument of Government of 1772, adopted under King Gustav III of Sweden, when Finland had been a part of Sweden. The same constitutional document had also served as the basis for the rule of the Russian Tsars, as Grand Dukes of Finland, during the 19th century. The Swedish Constitution consists of four fundamental laws (Swedish: grundlagar): The Instrument of Government (1974) The Act of Succession (1810) The Freedom of the Press Act (1766) The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (1991) There is also a law on the working order of the Parliament with a special... 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Gustav III (13 January 1746 (O.S.) (24 January 1746 (N.S.))–March 29, 1792) was King of Sweden from 1771 until his death. ... Tsar (Bulgarian цар, Russian царь, Serbian цар) â–¶(?); often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the Bulgarian Empire in 913-1396/1422 and 1908-1946, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the Finnish election document the prince is called Fredrik Kaarle, but according to conventional wisdom his name as king would have been Väinö I of Finland. Although the correctness of this name is not quite undisputed, it is repeated in many places, for instance at Finland's parliament's official web-site [1]. Conventional wisdom is a term coined by the economist John Kenneth Galbraith, used to describe certain ideas or explanations that are generally accepted as true by the public. ...

On November 11, 1918, the armistice between the warring fractions of World War I was signed, and two days earlier Kaiser Wilhelm had abdicated and Germany was declared a Republic. Germany's defeat in the war, and the stated fact that none of the Allies of World War I would ever accept a German-born prince as the King of Finland, led Frederick to renounce the throne on December 14, 1918, and subsequently for Finland to adopt a republican constitution. November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machine guns, and poison gas. ... Wilhelm II of Germany (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Hohenzollern 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. ... European military alliances in 1915. ... December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Later life

Landgrave Alexander of Hesse abdicated as the head of the House of Hesse on March 15, 1925, and was succeeded by Frederick. March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

At Frederick's death, his eldest surviving son ,Philip, succeeded him as head. However, according to certain family documents and correspondence, his successor as King of Finland would have been his second surviving son Prince Wolfgang of Hesse (1896–1989), apparently because Wolfgang was with his parents in 1918 and ready to travel to Finland, where a wedding to a Finnish lady already were in the preparation for the coming Crown Prince. Philip was in the military and incommunicado at the time. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... A Crown Prince or Crown Princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. ...