Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria (German: Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern), commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 December 1619 – 29 November 1682), soldier, inventor and amateur artist in mezzotint, was a younger son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth Stuart, and the nephew of King Charles I of England, who created him Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness. Prince Rupert could refer to: An Airport Prince Rupert Airport Prince Rupert/Digby Island Water Aerodrome Prince Rupert/Seal Cove Water Aerodrome An Electoral District Prince Rupert (electoral district) A Person Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria (Prince Rupert of the Rhine) Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon A... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British royal family. ... The title of Earl of Holdernesse was created on three occasions in the Peerage of England, in 1621, 1644, and 1682 Earls of Holdernesse, 1st Creation (1621) Subsidiary titles, Lord Ramsay of Barns and Viscount of Haddington (Peerage of Scotland, 1606), Lord Ramsay of Melrose (Scottish, 1615), and Baron Kingston... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Elisabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662) was the eldest daughter to James VI of Scotland and his Queen consort Anne of Denmark. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1682 (MDCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1682 (MDCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Mezzotint is a printing process of the intaglio family, in which the surface of a metal plate is roughened evenly; the image is then brought out by smoothing the surface, creating the image by working from dark to light. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... There were many people whose name was Elizabeth Stuart, including: Elizabeth of Bohemia Elizabeth Stuart (died January 23, 1673 or 1674) was the mother of Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk, and married to Henry Frederick Howard, 25th Earl of Arundel. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British royal family. ... The title of Earl of Holdernesse was created on three occasions in the Peerage of England, in 1621, 1644, and 1682 Earls of Holdernesse, 1st Creation (1621) Subsidiary titles, Lord Ramsay of Barns and Viscount of Haddington (Peerage of Scotland, 1606), Lord Ramsay of Melrose (Scottish, 1615), and Baron Kingston...

Prince Rupert had a very varied career. He was a soldier from a young age, fighting against Spain in the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire in Germany. Aged 23, he was appointed commander of the Royalist cavalry during the English Civil War. He surrendered after the Battle of Naseby and was banished from the British Isles. He spent some time in Royalist forces in exile, first on land then as at sea. He then became a buccaneer in the Caribbean. Following the restoration, Rupert returned to England, becoming a naval commander, inventor, artist and first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Prince Rupert died in England in 1682, aged 62. For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... Combatants Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Sir Thomas Fairfax Oliver Cromwell King Charles I Prince Rupert of the Rhine Strength 6,000 horse 7,000 foot 4,100 horse 3,300 foot Casualties 150 total casualties[1] approximately 1,000 killed, 5,000 captured[1] The Battle of Naseby was the key... This article refers to the type of pirate. ... Hudsons Bay Company (HBC; Compagnie de la Baie dHudson in French) is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and is one of the oldest in the world. ... Year 1682 (MDCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Early life

Prince Rupert of the Rhine

Rupert was born in Prague in 1619 at the time of the Thirty Years' War. Soon after his birth, the family fled from Bohemia to the Netherlands where Rupert spent his childhood. He was almost left behind until a court member, thinking the swaddled prince was a bundle of household goods, tossed him onto a carriage. His mother, Elizabeth Stuart, sometimes known as the "Winter Queen" (due to her reign as Queen of Bohemia lasting a single winter in 1619), was a daughter of King James I of England and sister of King Charles I of England. Consequently, Rupert and his brother Maurice supported their uncle Charles when the English Civil War began in 1642. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (850x998, 760 KB) Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619-1682), Bohemian soldier and inventor. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (850x998, 760 KB) Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619-1682), Bohemian soldier and inventor. ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway (Until 1643) Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic League) Spain Austria Bavaria Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I of... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... There were many people whose name was Elizabeth Stuart, including: Elizabeth of Bohemia Elizabeth Stuart (died January 23, 1673 or 1674) was the mother of Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk, and married to Henry Frederick Howard, 25th Earl of Arundel. ... James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... Prince Maurice von Simmern KG (December 17, 1620 – September 1652), Count Palatine of the Rhine, was the fourth son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth of Bohemia. ... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ...

At an early age he took to soldiering. At the age of fourteen he fought alongside the protestant Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange at the siege of Rheinberg in 1633 and at Breda in 1638 in the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands against Spain. Frederick Henry (January 29, 1584–March 14, 1647), Prince of Orange, the youngest child of William the Silent, was born at Delft about six months before his fathers assassination. ... Rheinberg is a town and a municipality in the district of Wesel, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Events February 13 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. ... Breda is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... Combatants Dutch rebels Spanish Empire The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt (1568[1]–1648), was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Netherlands against the Spanish (Habsburg) Empire. ...

As a child he was at times badly behaved and earned himself the nickname "Robert The Devil". His childhood was not easy; the family had little money after leaving Prague and then the tragic death of one of his brothers by drowning happened and was made more the worse when his father also died, all the while when Rupert was only a teenager. However difficult his childhood may have been Rupert was exceptional in learning all the major European languages and excelled in art and mathematics. By the time he was 18 he stood about 6ft 4in tall and had become a dashing young prince.

In the Thirty Years' War, aged 19, Rupert fought for the alliance of Protestants and France at the Battle of Vlotho (17 October 1638) during the invasion of Westphalia. He was captured by the forces of the Imperial General Hatzfeld and imprisoned in Linz, Austria, where he studied military textbooks. He was released on parole in 1641, on the condition that he never bear arms against the Holy Roman Emperor again. Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway (Until 1643) Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic League) Spain Austria Bavaria Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I of... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... For other places named Westphalia, see Westphalia (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city of Linz in Austria. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ...

Career During the English Civil War

Illustration of a pamphlet titled "The Cruel Practices of Prince Rupert" (1643).

In 1642, aged 23, Rupert was appointed by King Charles to lead the Royalist cavalry during the English Civil War, and he largely deserves the credit for their early successes. His dashing reputation earned him the nickname of the "Mad Cavalier". He reputedly took a large poodle dog, named "Boye", into battle with him on several occasions. Throughout the Civil War the soldiers of Parliament feared this dog, claiming it had supernatural powers (see familiar). At the end of the war the dog was shot, allegedly with a silver bullet. Image File history File links Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War. ... Image File history File links Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). ... For the political insult see poodle (insult). ... The House of Representatives Chamber of the Parliament of Australia in Canberra. ... In witchcraft, a familiar spirit, commonly called familiar (from Middle English familiar, related to family) is a spirit who obeys a witch, conjurer, etc. ...

Rupert became General of the Horse, and his reputation prospered after routing a Parliamentarian force at Powick Bridge (23 September 1642); however he overextended himself at the Battle of Edgehill (23 October 1642) and left the Royalist forces unsupported by cavalry at a critical time which perhaps cost them the victory and led almost to defeat. Powick is a village in Worcestershire, England close to the River Teme. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was the first pitched battle of the First English Civil War. ... is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

After Edgehill Rupert asked Charles for a swift cavalry attack on London before the Earl of Essex's army could return. The King's senior counsellors, however, urged him to advance slowly on the capital with the whole army. By the time they arrived, the city had organised defences against them and the Royalists had perhaps lost their best chance of winning the war. Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, (January 11 1591 – 14 September 1646), was the son and heir of the unfortunate Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and succeeded to his fathers title in 1604, three years after the previous earl had been executed for treason. ...

Rupert continued to impress militarily; in 1643 he captured Bristol and in 1644 led the relief of Newark, and much of the royalist army at Marston Moor. In November 1644 Rupert gained appointment as General of the Royalist army. This increased already marked tensions between him and a number of the king's counsellors. In May 1645 Rupert captured Leicester but a reversal at the Battle of Naseby a month later would prove politically damaging. // Events January 21 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga February 6 - Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands. ... This article is about the English city. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Newark (also Newark-on-Trent) is a town in Nottinghamshire, located on the River Trent. ... Marston Moor, in Harrogate, North Yorkshire was the site of the battle of Marston Moor, the last great battle of the English Civil War in 1644. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... Leicester city centre, looking towards the Clock Tower Leicester (pronounced ) is the largest city and unitary authority in the English East Midlands. ... Combatants Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Sir Thomas Fairfax Oliver Cromwell King Charles I Prince Rupert of the Rhine Strength 6,000 horse 7,000 foot 4,100 horse 3,300 foot Casualties 150 total casualties[1] approximately 1,000 killed, 5,000 captured[1] The Battle of Naseby was the key...

After Naseby, Rupert regarded the Royalist cause as lost, and urged Charles to conclude a peace with Parliament. Charles, ever the political ingenu, still believed he could win the war. Faced with an impossible situation, Rupert surrendered Bristol in September 1645; in response, Charles dismissed him from his service. After demanding a court-martial, which acquitted him, Rupert played no further part in the Royalist army command. After the siege of Oxford in 1646, Parliament banished both him and his brother from England. Mary Pickford, a perpetual ingenue The Ingenue is a stock character in literature and film and a role type in the theatre, generally a girl or a young woman who is endearingly innocent. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ... The Siege of Oxford was a Parliamentarian victory late in the First English Civil War. ... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

After the Civil War

For some time after this Rupert commanded the troops formed of English exiles in the French army, and received a wound at Marshal de Gassion's siege of La Bassée in 1647. Then, following a degree of reconciliation with Charles, he obtained command of a Royalist fleet. A long and unprofitable naval campaign followed, which extended from Kinsale to Lisbon and from Toulon to Cape Verde. However, following a naval defeat by Admiral Robert Blake, Rupert took refuge in the West Indies. There he followed the life of a buccaneer, preying on English shipping. It was during this time period that his beloved brother Maurice, who captained one of the ships in Rupert's small flotilla, was killed. But the prince again quarrelled with the Royalist advisers, and spent six obscure years (1654 to 1660) in Germany and the Netherlands, vainly attempting (as also before and afterwards) to obtain his rightful apanage as a younger son from his brother Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine. Jean, Count of Gassion (1609 Pau - 1647 Lens) was a redoutable Gascon military commander for France, prominent at the battle of Rocroi (1643), who reached the rank of Marshal of France at the age of thirty-four. ... La Bassée is a town and commune in the Nord département, in France. ... Market Street in Kinsale, one of the towns oldest thoroughfares Kinsale (Cionn tSáile in Irish) is a town in County Cork, Ireland. ... For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ... Panorama of Toulon area. ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... Robert Blake, General at Sea, 1599–1657 by Henry Perronet Briggs, painted 1829. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... This article refers to the type of pirate. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... The system of appanage has greatly influenced the territorial construction of France and explains the flag of many provinces of France. ... Karl I Ludwig, Elector Palatine (22 December 1617 - 28 August 1680) was the second son of Friedrich V, the Winter King, and his wife, Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of King James I of England. ...

Career Following the Restoration

Following the Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, Rupert returned to the service of England, accepting an annuity and becoming a member of the privy council. He never again fought on land, but, turning admiral like Blake and Monk, he bore a brilliant part in the Second Anglo-Dutch War as actual supreme commander of the British fleet from June 1666, gaining a victory in the St James's Day Battle. His efforts in the Third Anglo-Dutch War met with humiliating failure (Battles of Schooneveld, Battle of Texel). For other uses, see Restoration. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically in a monarchy. ... George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... The Second Anglo-Dutch War was fought between England and the United Provinces from 4 March 1665 until 31 July 1667. ... 1666 is often called Annus Mirabilis. ... The St James Day Battle, also known as the Battle of the North Foreland and the Battle of Orfordness, August 4 to August 5, 1666 was a naval battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, fought between the fleets of England and the United Provinces commanded by Admiral Michiel de... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The first battle of Schooneveld, 7 June 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the elder, painted c. ... The Battle of the Texel, 11/21 August 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the younger, painted 1683. ...

At some point Rupert, a talented amateur artist, had learned of the printmaking process of mezzotint invented in 1642 by Ludwig von Siegen, a German Lieutenant-Colonel who was also an amateur artist. Whether the two ever met is a subject of scholarly controversy, but Siegen had worked as chamberlain, and probably part-tutor, to Rupert's young cousin William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, with whom Rupert discussed the technique in letters from 1654. Mezzotint is a printing process of the intaglio family, in which the surface of a metal plate is roughened evenly; the image is then brought out by smoothing the surface, creating the image by working from dark to light. ... Ludwig von Siegen (c. ... Landgrave (Dutch landgraaf, German Landgraf; French landgrave; Latin comes magnus, comes patriae, comes provinciae, comes terrae, comes principalis, lantgravius) was a title (mostly) used in the Holy Roman Empire and later on by its former territories, comparable to a count, who had feudal duty directly to the Holy Roman Emperor. ... Hesse-Kassel (Hessen-Kassel) was a German principality that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1568 upon the death of Landgrave Philip of Hesse and his eldest son Wilhelm IV inherited the northern portion and established his capital in Kassel. ...

Rupert produced a few stylish prints in the technique, mostly copies of paintings, and introduced it to England after the Restoration. He was wrongly credited by John Evelyn as its inventor in 1662. However Rupert appears to have invented, or perfected, the "rocker", a key tool in the process. It was Wallerant Vaillant, Rupert's artistic assistant or tutor, who first popularised the process and exploited it commercially. John Evelyn. ...

In 1670, Rupert became the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, after having sponsored an expedition of Radisson and des Groseilliers into Hudson Bay. The HBC was granted a trading monopoly in the whole Hudson Bay watershed area, an immense territory named Rupert's Land. In 1869, control of this territory reverted to the British and Canadian governments.^[1] After his retirement from the active military in around 1674, he engaged in scientific research. He is usually credited with the invention of a form of gunpowder and an alloy named "Prince's metal" in his honour. He is also credited with the invention of Prince Rupert's Drops, glass teardrops which explode when the tail is cracked. He also erected a water-mill on Hackney Marshes for a revolutionary method of boring guns, however his secret died with him, and the enterprise failed^[2]. Hudsons Bay Company (HBC; Compagnie de la Baie dHudson in French) is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and is one of the oldest in the world. ... Pierre-Esprit Radisson Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636 – 1710) was a French-born explorer and fur trader. ... Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618 – 1696) was a French explorer and fur trader in Canada. ... This article is about the economic term. ... This article is about the trading territory. ... Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ... Smokeless powder Gunpowder is a pyrotechnic composition, an explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate that burns rapidly, producing volumes of hot gas which can be used as a propellant in firearms and fireworks. ... Princes metal or Prince Ruperts metal is a type of brass containing 75% copper and 25% zinc. ... Prince Ruperts Drops (or Ruperts Balls) are a glass curiosity created by dripping hot molten glass into cold water. ... Hackney Marshes is an area of grassland on the bank of the River Lee in the London Borough of Hackney. ...

In retirement he continued to hold important governmental posts; from 1673, when he was 54, to 1679, he served as England's Lord High Admiral. He did not marry but lived in the 1670s with a Drury Lane actress named Peg Hughes and had a daughter by her, named Ruperta. Ruperta married Emanuel Scrope Howe, (1663-1709), brother of 1st Viscount Howe (1648-1713), and had five children, Sophia, William, Emanuel, James and Henrietta. 1673 (MDCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes. ... Flag of the Lord High Admiral The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. ... Drury Lane is a street in the Covent Garden area of London, running between Aldwych and High Holborn. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1713 (MDCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Prince Rupert died at his house in Spring Gardens, Westminster, on 19 November 1682, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1682 (MDCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

Prince Rupert, British Columbia and the Rupert River in Quebec are named after him. Orthographic projection centred over Prince Rupert BC Coast, showing Prince Rupert and Vancouver Prince Rupert is a city in the province of British Columbia, Canada. ... The Rupert River is one of the largest rivers in Quebec. ...

Ancestors

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Louis VI, Elector Palatine (Simmern, 4 July 1539 – 22 October 1583, Heidelberg) was an Elector from the branch of Palatinate-Simmern of the house of Wittelsbach. ... Elisabeth of Hesse (13 February 1539 – 14 March 1582) was a German noblewoman. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... William I (William the Silent). ... There were many people whose name was Elizabeth Stuart, including: Elizabeth of Bohemia Elizabeth Stuart (died January 23, 1673 or 1674) was the mother of Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk, and married to Henry Frederick Howard, 25th Earl of Arundel. ... James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary... Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 9 or 10 February 1567), commonly known as Lord Darnley, king consort of Scotland, was the first cousin and second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of her son King James VI, who also succeded Elizabeth I of England. ... Mary I (Mary Stuart, popularly known as Mary, Queen of Scots); (December 8, 1542 – February 8, 1587) was Queen of Scots (the monarch of the Kingdom of Scotland) from December 14, 1542 to July 24, 1567. ... Anna of Denmark (October 14, 1574 – March 4, 1619) was queen consort of King James I of England and VI of Scotland. ... Frederick II of Denmark and Norway Frederick II (July 1, 1534 - April 4, 1588), King of Denmark and Norway from 1559 until his death. ... Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (4 September 1557, Wismar – 14 October 1631, Nykoping) was a German noblewoman and Queen of Denmark. ...

In Fiction

Prince Rupert is the protagonist of Poul Anderson's alternate history/fantasy book "A Midsummer Tempest" - where the Prince, with the help of various Shakespearean characters who are actual persons in this timeline, eventually defeats Cromwell and wins the English Civil War. Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926–July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author of the genres Golden Age. ... Alternative history or alternate history can be: A History told from an alternative viewpoint, rather than from the view of imperialist, conqueror, or explorer. ... For other uses, see Fantasy (disambiguation). ... A Midsummer Tempest is an alternate history fantasy novel by Poul Anderson. ... Shakespeare redirects here. ... Cromwell is the name of the following places: Cromwell, New Zealand Cromwell, Connecticut, United States of America Cromwell, Indiana, United States of America Cromwell, Iowa, United States of America Cromwell, Minnesota, United States of America Cromwell Township, Minnesota, United States of America Cromwell Township, Pennsylvania, United States of America People... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ...

Notes

Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

• Ashley, Maurice. Rupert of the Rhine. London: H. Davis, MacGibbon, 1976.

• Fergusson, Bernard. Rupert of the Rhine. London: Collins, 1952.

• Irwin, Margaret. The Stranger Prince: The Story of Rupert of the Rhine. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1937.

• Kitson, Frank. Prince Rupert: Portrait of a Soldier. London: Constable, 1994. ISBN 0094737002.

• Morrah, Patrick. Prince Rupert of the Rhine. London: Constable, 1976.

• Petrie, Charles. King Charles, Prince Rupert, and the Civil War: From Original Letters. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.

• Thomson, George Malcolm. Warrior Prince: Prince Rupert of the Rhine. London: Secker & Warburg, 1976.

• Warburton, Eliot. Memoirs of Prince Rupert, and the Cavaliers. London: R. Bentley, 1849; vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3.

• Wilkinson, Clennell. Prince Rupert, the Cavalier. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1935.

See also

• Prince Rupert's Drop - teardrop shaped glass drops which shatter into powder if the tail end is tweaked.
• Prince's metal - a brass alloy of 75% copper and 25% zinc used as a gold imitation
• Ludwig von Siegen - Soldier & Inventor of Mezzotint

Prince Ruperts Drops (or Ruperts Balls) are a glass curiosity created by dripping hot molten glass into cold water. ... Princes metal or Prince Ruperts metal is a type of brass containing 75% copper and 25% zinc. ... Ludwig von Siegen (c. ...

External links

• Prince Rupert of the Rhine biography

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton by Daniel Mytens. ... The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases, is) a historical position of varying importance in several European nations. ... George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... James II (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[1] became King of England, King of Scots,[2] and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685. ... For the international law of the sea, see Admiralty law. ... Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell ( 6 May 1638- 30 May 1696) was a seventeenth century British politician who served as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1679 to 1681. ... John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt (18 June 1626 – 5 June 1675) was an English royalist. ... The Constables and Governors of Windsor Castle are in charge of Windsor Castle on behalf of the sovereign. ... Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk was a politician and soldier. ... This is an incomplete list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire. ... John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt (18 June 1626 – 5 June 1675) was an English royalist. ... This is an incomplete list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Surrey. ... The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. ... Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British royal family. ... Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British royal family. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Year 1682 (MDCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Prince George of Denmark Prince George of Denmark (April 2, 1653 - October 28, 1708) was the Prince consort of Queen Anne of Great Britain. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... // Events March 23 - James Francis Edward Stuart lands at the Firth of Forth July 1 - Tewoflos becomes Emperor of Ethiopia September 28 - Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya Kandahar conquered by Mir Wais In Masuria one third of the population die during the plague J... The Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, KG, KB, PC (15 April 1721–31 October 1765), a younger son of King George II of Great Britain and Queen Caroline, was a noted military leader. ... Events George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject. ... Year 1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Prince Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn (7 November 1745 - 18 September 1790) was the sixth child of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and a younger brother of George III. // [edit] Early life HRH Prince Henry Frederick of Wales was born on 7 November 1745... 1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1790 (MDCCXC) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Ernest Augustus I of Hanover Ernest Augustus I, King of Hanover (5 June 1771 – 18 November 1851), also known (1799-1837) as the Duke of Cumberland, was the fifth son and eighth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... George V, King of Hanover and 2nd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August (27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the only son of Ernst August I, King of Hanover and 1st Duke of Cumberland (fifth son of King George III of the United Kingdom... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Ernst August 3rd Duke of Cumberland Crown Prince Ernst August II of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, (Ernst August Wilhelm Adolf Georg Friedrich) (21 September 1845-14 November 1923), was the eldest child and only son of King George V of Hanover and his wife, Princess Marie of... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...