 Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: Ardeal or Transilvania; Hungarian: Erdély; German: Siebenbürgen (help·
info); Serbian: Transilvanija / Трансилванија or Erdelj / Ердељ) is a historical region in the center of Romania. As a political entity, Transylvania became a part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century. It then successively became an autonomous principality under Ottoman suzerainty in 1541, a part of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1711 (Austria-Hungary after 1867), and a part the Kingdom of Romania after World War I. Map of Romania with Transylvania highlighted File links The following pages link to this file: Transylvania Categories: GFDL images | Romania maps ...
Image File history File links De-Siebenbürgen. ...
The Serbian language is one of the standard versions of the Å tokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and by Serbs everywhere. ...
Historically, Romania was divided into the following regions: Dobrogea Cadrilater Moldavia Bessarabia Budjak Bukovina Transylvania Banat Crişana Maramureş Wallachia Muntenia Oltenia See also Development regions of Romania — divisions used currently and which are loosely based on the borders of historical regions Counties of Romania Categories: | ...
The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ...
A principality is a monarchical feudatory or sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a Monarch with the title of prince or princess (a synonym is princedom) or (in the widest sense) a Monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince. ...
Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah...
Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ...
The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ...
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...
From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ...
Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russian Empire United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Nicholas II Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Oskar Potiorek Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand I Casualties Military dead: 5,520...
Transylvania's main city, Cluj-Napoca, is considered to be the region's historical capital, although Transylvania was also ruled from Alba Iulia during its vassalage to the Ottoman Empire, and the seat of the Transylvanian Diet was moved to Sibiu for some time in the 19th century. Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ...
Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafeh r, German: Karlsburg) is a city in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,369, located on the Mureş river. ...
Look up vassal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
County Sibiu County Status County capital Mayor Klaus Johannis, from the Democratic Forum of Germans of Romania, since 2000 Area 121 km² Population (2002) 171,535 Density 1,417 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ...
Etymology - Main article: Historical names of Transylvania
Transylvania was first referred to in a Medieval Latin document in 1075 as Ultra silvam, meaning "beyond the forest". That name was later changed to "Transilvania", which has the same meaning. Several names have been historically given to the area that corresponds to Transylvania. ...
Medieval Latin refers to the Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church. ...
The German name Siebenbürgen means "seven cities", after the Transylvanian Saxons' cities in this region. The Hungarian name Erdély is derived from Erdő-elve meaning "beyond the forest" in Hungarian (a meaning first referred to in its Medieval Latin version in a 12th century document - Gesta Hungarorum). The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Romanian: SaÅŸi, Hungarian: Szászok) are a people of German origin who settled in Transylvania from the 12th century onwards. ...
There are two works with the name Gesta Hungarorum. ...
The Romanian name Ardeal (Ardeal - as Ardeliu - was first referred to in a document in 1432) is a likely borrowing of the Hungarian name Erdély, as is the Romani name Ardyalo - in old Hungarian, Erdély was pronounced as Erdél. The initial Hungarian e- occasionally changes to a in Romanian (cf. Hung. egres "gooseberry" and Egyed become Rom. agriş and Adjud). See also other languages. Romani (or Romany) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, peoples often referred to in English as Gypsies. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. ...
Adjud is a town in Vrancea county, Romania with a population of 20,776. ...
Most regions and provinces of Europe have alternative names in different languages. ...
Geography The Transylvanian plateau, 300 to 500 metres (1,000-1,600 feet) high, is drained by the Mureş, Someş, Criş, and Olt rivers, as well as other tributaries of the Danube. This core of historical Transylvania roughly corresponds with nine counties of modern Romania. Other areas to the west and north, also added to Romania by peace treaties in 1919-20, are since that time widely considered part of Transylvania. The MureÅŸ (in Romanian, in Hungarian: Maros, in German: Mieresch / Marosch) is an approx. ...
The SomeÅŸ (-Romanian, Hungarian: Szamos) river flows through Romania and Hungary. ...
Körös (Romanian: Criş) is the name of a river in eastern Hungary and western Romania. ...
The Olt (Romanian and Hungarian; in German: Alt; in Latin: Aluta) is a river in Romania. ...
The Danube bend at Visegrád is a popular destination of tourists The Danube (ancient Danuvius) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ...
In its extended version, used after 1920 both in Romania and Hungary, the term Transylvania designates Transylvania-proper together with regions that have had fluctuating status towards the core area, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Habsburg Monarchy, while some others are solely defined according to their cultural specificity:
Other minor territories inside the region included Amlaş, Ciceu, Făgăraş, Haţeg, and Mărginimea Sibiului. Another traditional division is the Hungarian (and Austro-Hungarian) administrative system: see Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary. In common reference, the Western border of Transylvania has come to be identified with the present Romanian-Hungarian border, settled in the Treaty of Trianon although geographically the two are not identical. Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of TimiÅŸ, CaraÅŸ-Severin, Arad, and MehedinÅ£i), the western...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
CriÅŸana is a region of west Romania, near the border with Hungary, named after the three CriÅŸ rivers that flow through it. ...
Principality of Transylvania Partium (Hungarian: Partium or Részek) is a historical region in the present-day territory of Romania that roughly corresponds to the contemporary Crişana region. ...
Maramureş (Hungarian: Máramaros) is a county (judeţ) in the Maramureş region, northern Romania, in the North of Transylvania with the capital city at Baia Mare (population: 149,735). ...
Mezőség is an area in the historical region of Transylvania in Cluj County, Romania. ...
The Nösnerland (-German, Romanian: Ţara Năsăudului, Hungarian: Naszód) is a historic region of northeastern Transylvania in present-day Romania centered between the Bistriţa and Mureş rivers. ...
Harghita, Covasna, and Mureş counties within Romania Székely Land (Hungarian: Székelyföld; Romanian: Ţinutul Secuiesc, Latin: Terra Siculorum) is used today in a cultural-ethnographical sense to refer to the territories inhabited by the Székelys, a Hungarian minority laying on the eastern side of Transylvania, in the...
Small castle in Trascau Mountains, Ţara Moţilor Ţara Moţilor, also known as Ţara de Piatră (The Stone Land) is an etnogeographical area in the Apuseni Mountains, on the superior basin of the Arieş and Crişul Alb rivers. ...
County BraÅŸov County Status Municipality Mayor Ioan Barbuti, Social Democratic Party, since 2004 Population (2002) 40,126 Geographical coordinates , Web site http://www. ...
Haţeg (German: Wallenthal; Hungarian: Hatszeg) is a town in Hunedoara County, Romania with a population of 12,507. ...
Mărginimea Sibiului is an area which comprises 18 Romanian localities in the south-western part of the Sibiu County, in southern Transylvania, all of them having a unique ethnological, cultural, architectural and historical heritage. ...
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...
The following lists show the administrative divisions of the lands belonging to the Hungarian crown (1000 _1918) at selected points of time. ...
Administrative divisions
 Map of Romania with Transylvania. In dark yellow, the historical regions of Partium and the Romanian section of the Banat, today also commonly considered to be part of Transylvania; light yellow areas correspond to the core territory of the Principality. The historical region covers 16 present-day counties (Romanian: judeţ) which include nearly 103 600 km² of central and northwest Romania. The 16 counties are Alba, Arad, Bihor, Bistriţa-Năsăud, Braşov, Caraş-Severin, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Maramureş, Mureş, Sălaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, and Timiş. Image File history File links TransylvaniaProper. ...
Principality of Transylvania Partium (Hungarian: Partium or Részek) is a historical region in the present-day territory of Romania that roughly corresponds to the contemporary Crişana region. ...
Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of Timiş, Caraş-Severin, Arad, and Mehedinţi), the western...
Administrative map of Romania. ...
A judeţ is an administrative division in Romania and was also used for some time in Moldova. ...
Alba (Hungarian: Fehér) is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in Transylvania. ...
Administrative map of Romania with Arad county highlighted Arad is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Crişana region, with the capital city at Arad (population: 185,272). ...
Bihor (Hungarian: Bihar) is a county (judeţ) in North-Western Romania, Western Transylvania in the Crişana region, with capital city at Oradea (population: 206,527). ...
Bistriţa-Năsăud (Hungarian: Beszterce-Naszód) is a county (judeţ) in the North of Romania, in the Transylvania region, with the capital city at Bistriţa (population: 87,169). ...
Braşov (Hungarian: Brassó) is a county (judeţ) in the center of Romania, in Transylvania region, with the capital city at Braşov (population: 315,843). ...
Map of Romania with CaraÅŸ-Severin highlighted CaraÅŸ-Severin is a county in southwestern Romania. ...
Cluj (Hungarian: Kolozs, German: Klausen) is a county (judeţ) in the center of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Cluj-Napoca (population: 333,607). ...
Administrative map of Romania with Covasna county highlighted Covasna (Hungarian: Kovászna) is a county (Judeţ) in Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Sfântu Gheorghe/Sepsiszentgörgy (population: 67,108), known in Hungarian as Sepsiszentgyörgy. ...
Harghita (Hungarian: Hargita) is a county (judeţ) in the center of Romania, Eastern Transylvania, with the capital city at Miercurea-Ciuc. ...
Hunedoara (Hungarian: Hunyad) is a county (Judeţ) in Western Romania, in South-Western Transylvania, with the capital city at Deva (population: 77,259). ...
Maramureş (Hungarian: Máramaros) is a county (judeţ) in the Maramureş region, northern Romania, in the North of Transylvania with the capital city at Baia Mare (population: 149,735). ...
Administrative map of Romania with Mureş county highlighted Mureş (Hungarian: Maros) is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in Transylvania, with the capital city at Târgu Mureş, (population: 165,835). ...
Sălaj (Hungarian: Szilágy) is a county (Judeţ) in North-Western Romania, in the Transylvania region, with the capital city at Zalău (population: 71,580). ...
Satu Mare (Hungarian: Szatmár) is a county (judeţ) in North-Western Romania, in the North of Transylvania region - between Maramureş region and Crişana region, with its capital city at Satu Mare (population: 130,573). ...
Sibiu (IPA: ; Hungarian: Szeben) is a county (judeţ) in the center of Romania, in Transylvania region, with the capital city Sibiu (population: 170,038). ...
Administrative map of Romania with Timiş county highlighted Note: there is also a river called Timiş. Timiş is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in Banat, with the capital city at Timişoara (population: 305,977 - January 1st 2004). ...
The most populous cities are Cluj-Napoca (318,027), Timişoara (317,651), Braşov (283,901), Oradea (206,527), Arad (172,824), Sibiu (155,045), Târgu Mureş (149,577), Baia Mare (137,976), and Satu Mare (115,630). Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ...
County Timiş County Status County Capital Mayor Gheorghe Ciuhandu, since 1996 Area 130,5 km² Population (2002) 315,977 Density 2,345 inh/km² Geographical coordinates , Web site http://www. ...
County Braşov County Status County capital Mayor George Scripcaru, since 2004 Area km² Population (2002) 283,901 Density inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ...
County Bihor County Status County capital Mayor Petru Filip, Democratic Party, since 2000 Area 111. ...
Arad may refer to: the following places in the Transylvania Arad, Romania, the main city of Arad County. ...
County Sibiu County Status County capital Mayor Klaus Johannis, from the Democratic Forum of Germans of Romania, since 2000 Area 121 km² Population (2002) 171,535 Density 1,417 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ...
Panorama of Targu Mures Târgu Mureş (Hungarian: Marosvásárhely, also known as Vásárhely; German: Neumarkt am Mieresch) is a city in Mureş county, Transylvania, Romania. ...
County MaramureÅŸ Status County capital Mayor Cristian Anghel, National Liberal Party, since 2000 Area 235. ...
County Satu Mare County Status County capital Mayor Iuliu Ilyés, from Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, since 2004 Population (2002) 115. ...
Economy Transylvania is rich in mineral resources, notably lignite, iron, lead, manganese, gold, copper, natural gas, salt, and sulfur. Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by mining. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 54. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ...
Many stoves use natural gas. ...
A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride) In chemistry, a salt is any ionic compound composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Atomic mass 32. ...
There are large iron and steel, chemical, and textile industries. Stock raising, agriculture, wine production, and fruit growing are important occupations. Timber is another valuable resource. The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Wine is an alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of fruit, typically grapes though a number of other fruits are also quite popular - such as plum, elderberry and blackcurrant. ...
Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood...
Transylvania accounts for around 35% of Romania's GDP, and has a GDP per capita (PPP) of around $11,500, around 10% higher than the Romanian average.
Population According to the 2002 census, Transylvania has a population of 7,221,733, with a large Romanian majority (74.7%). In addition, there are also sizeable Hungarian (19.6%), Roma (3.4%) and German (0.7%) communities. 14 of the counties have Romanian majorities, and two (Covasna and Harghita) are mostly Hungarian. The Roma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rom, sometimes Rroma, and Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies in English, and as Tsigany in most of Europe. ...
Administrative map of Romania with Covasna county highlighted Covasna (Hungarian: Kovászna) is a county (Judeţ) in Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Sfântu Gheorghe/Sepsiszentgörgy (population: 67,108), known in Hungarian as Sepsiszentgyörgy. ...
Harghita (Hungarian: Hargita) is a county (judeţ) in the center of Romania, Eastern Transylvania, with the capital city at Miercurea-Ciuc. ...
Romanians have been the majority population in the region for as long as modern censuses are conducted. The percentage of Romanians has increased further since the union of Transylvania with Romania (1918). This is due to three processes: emigration of minority populations, assimilation, as well as internal migration of Romanian and minority population inside Romania (migration of Romanians to Transylvania and migration of minority population to other regions, most notably to Bucharest). The assimilation process slowed down during the first stages of communist power (see Hungarian Autonomous Province) and then accelerated under the Ceauşescu regime. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
Bucharest (Romanian: BucureÅŸti ) is the capital city and industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ...
map of Hungarian Autonomous Province map of Hungarian Autonomous Province Hungarian Autonomous Province was autonomous region in the Romanian Peoples Republic between 1952 and 1968. ...
The Soviets pressed for inclusion of Romanias heretofore negligible Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. ...
History - Main article: History of Transylvania
This is an article about the history of Transylvania // Ancient History: Transylvania as the heartland of the Dacian state Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC Herodotus gives an account of the Agathyrsi, who lived in Transylvania during the 5th century BC. A kingdom of Dacia was in...
Ancient History: Dacia and the Roman Empire A kingdom of Dacia was in existence at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century BC and it reached its maximum extent under Burebista. The area now constituting Transylvania was the political center of Dacia where several important fortified cities, among them Sarmizegetusa, near today's Hunedoara were built. Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now...
Burebista, the greatest king of Dacia, ruled between 70 BC and 44 BC. Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC He unified the Thracian population from Hercinica (todays Moravia) in the West, to the Bug in the East and from Northern Carpathians to Dionysopolis, choosing his capital...
Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now...
Sarmisegetuza was the most important Dacian military, religious and political center. ...
County Hunedoara County Status Municipality Mayor Nicolae Schiau, Democratic Party, since 2004 Area 97 km² Population (2002) 79,235 Density 816 inh/km² Geographical coordinates , Web site http://www. ...
In 101-102 and 105-106 Trajan, the Roman emperor, fought a military campaign against the Dacians, known as the Dacian Wars. He managed to vanquish them and after the suicide of Decebalus parts of Dacia were incorporated into the Roman province Dacia Trajana. The Romans built mines, access roads and forts to protect them. Colonists from other Roman provinces were brought in to settle the land and cities like Apulum (now Alba Iulia) and Napoca (now Cluj-Napoca) appeared. The Dacians rebelled frequently and due to increasing pressure from them and the Visigoths in 271, the Roman emperor Aurelian abandoned Dacia Trajana. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (September 18, 53 – August 9, 117), Roman Emperor (98-117), commonly called Trajan, was the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Roman Empire. ...
The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ...
Roman Monument for the Victory at the Adamclisi The Dacian Wars (101-102, 106-107) were two short wars between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajans rule. ...
Decebalus, from Trajans Column Decebalus (ruled 87-10no6) (Decebal in Romanian) was a Dacian king. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafeh r, German: Karlsburg) is a city in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,369, located on the Mureş river. ...
Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ...
The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ...
Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (September 9, 214–275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ...
Transylvania throughout the Middle Ages The former Dacia Trajana province was controlled by the Visigoths and Carpians until they were in turn displaced and subdued by the Huns in 376, under the leadership of Attila. After the disintegration of Attila's empire, the rules of Gepids of Avars succeeded. The region was also influenced during this period by massive Slavic migration. At the beginning of the 9th century and Transylvania, along with eastern Pannonia, was incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire followed by Magyar tribes linking it to the Principality of Hungary. The Carpi or Carpians were a Dacian tribe that were originally located on the Eastern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in what is now Bacău county, Romania. ...
The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes of diverse origin who appeared in Europe in the 4th century. ...
For other uses, see Attila (disambiguation). ...
Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ...
The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe. ...
Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ...
The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 AD in the lands near the Danube delta and disintegrated in 1018 AD by annexion to the Byzantine Empire. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ...
The early 11th century was marked by the conflict between King Stephen I of Hungary and his maternal uncle Gyula, the ruler of Transylvania. After the defeat of the latter Transylvania became part of Hungary. The Transylvanian Roman Catholic bishopric and the comitatus system were organised. By the 12th century the Szeklers were established in eastern and southeastern Transylvania as border guards and in the 12th and 13th centuries, the areas in the south and northeast were settled by German colonists called Transylvanian Saxons. In 1241-1242, during the Mongol invasion, Transylvania was devastated and a large portion of the population perished. This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Ãrpád. ...
Stephen the Great raising the double cross: equestrian sculpture by Alajos Stróbl, 1906, crowns the Fishermens Bastion, Budapest. ...
Disambiguation: for the town in Hungary see Gyula (town) Gyula was originally a Turkic word which entered the Hungarian language at some point before 950 CE. Under the system of dual kingship which the Magyars used in the 9th century, the two kings of the tribal confederation were the kende...
The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...
In some Christian churches, the diocese is an administrative territorial unit governed by a bishop, sometimes also referred to as a bishopric or episcopal see, though more often the term episcopal see means the office held by the bishop. ...
A comitatus or less frequently comitat or inaccurately county (for the various names, their origin and use see here) is the name of an administrative unit in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century to 1918. ...
The Székely or Szeklers (Hungarian: , Romanian: , German: ) ( sék-ei in pronunciation ) are a Hungarian ethnic group mostly living in Transylvania in Romania, with a significant population also living in Vojvodina, Serbia. ...
The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Romanian: Saşi, Hungarian: Szászok) are a people of German origin who settled in Transylvania from the 12th century onwards. ...
Mongol soldier The Mongol invasions of Europe were centered in their destruction of the Rus states, especially Kiev. ...
Transylvania was organized according to the system of Estates, which were privileged groups (universitates) with power and influence in socio-economic and political life, being nonetheless organized according to certain ethnic criteria as well. The first Estate was the lay and ecclesiastic aristocracy, ethnically heterogeneous, but undergoing a process of homogenization around its Hungarian nucleus. The other Estates were Saxons, Szeklers and Romanians (or Vlachs - Universitas Valachorum), all with an ethnic and ethno-linguistic basis (Universis nobilibus, Saxonibus, Syculis et Olachis). The general assembly (congregatio generalis) of the four Estates had mainly supra-legislative powers in Transylvania, but it sometimes took measures regarding order in the country, relationships between the privileged, military issues, etc. In several different regions of medieval Europe, and continuing in some countries down to the present day, the Estates of the realm were broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners; this last group was, in some regions, further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) and peasants. ...
Vlachs (also called Wallachians, Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs or Ulahs) is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ...
Universitas Valachorum (Estate of the Romanians) is the Latin denomination for an Estate, an institution of self-government in medieval Transylvania. ...
After the Decree of Turda (1366), which openly called for "to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially Romanians" in Transylvania, the only possibility for Romanians to retain or access nobility was through conversion to Roman Catholicism. Some Orthodox Romanian nobles converted, being integrated in the Hungarian nobility, but the most of them declined, thus losing their status and privileges. Download high resolution version (591x1001, 166 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Download high resolution version (591x1001, 166 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
John Hunyadis portrait John Hunyadi (Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Hungarian: Hunyadi János, Romanian: Iancu or Ioan de Hunedoara) (c. ...
The Decree of Turda was a decree by Louis I Anjou of Hungary. ...
Religious conversion is the adoption of new religious beliefs that differ from the converts previous beliefs; in some cultures (e. ...
The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that encompasses national jurisdictions such as the Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodoxand other Churches (see Eastern Orthodox Church organization). ...
In some border regions (Maramureş, Ţara Haţegului) the Orthodox Romanian ruling class of nobilis kenezius (classed as lower nobility in the Kingdom as a whole) had the same rights as the Hungarian nobilis conditionarius. Nevertheless, because of the gradual loss of a nobility of its own, Romanians were no longer able to keep their Universitas Valachorum. Map of Romania with MaramureÅŸ region highlighted The MaramureÅŸ region (Hungarian: Máramaros; Latin: Marmatia; Ukrainian: Мармарощина, MarmaroÅ¡Äyna) is in the north of Romania, north of Transylvania along the Tisza River. ...
Haţeg (German: Wallenthal; Hungarian: Hatszeg) is a town in Hunedoara County, Romania with a population of 12,507. ...
Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages. ...
After the suppression of the Budai Nagy Antal-revolt in 1437, the political system was based on Unio Trium Nationum (The Union of the Three Nations). According to the Union, which was explicitly directed against serfs and other peasants, society was ruled by three privileged Estates or nations (Nationes), the nobility (mostly Magyars), the Szeklers, and the Saxon burghers. The Bobâlna revolt of 1437 was the only significant popular revolt in the Kingdom of Hungary prior to the great peasant war of 1514. ...
Unio Trium Nationum (Latin for Union of the Three Nations; also known as Fraterna Unio - Brotherly Union) was a pact of mutual aid formed in 1438 by the Transylvanian Hungarian, the Saxon and Szekler nobility in order to keep the social status quo. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
A privilege—etymologically private law or law relating to a specific individual—is an honour, or permissive activity granted by another person or a government. ...
In several different regions of medieval Europe, and continuing in some countries down to the present day, the Estates of the realm were broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners; this last group was, in some regions, further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) and peasants. ...
This article deals with some titles of the nobility and royalty in the Kingdom of Hungary. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Burgher can refer to: A title. ...
A key figure to emerge in Transylvania in the first half of the 15th century was John Hunyadi. His subsequent military exploits against the Ottoman Empire brought him further status as the governor of Hungary in 1446 and papal recognition as the Prince of Transylvania in 1448. John Hunyadi was also the father of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. John Hunyadis portrait John Hunyadi (Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Hungarian: Hunyadi János, Romanian: Iancu or Ioan de Hunedoara) (c. ...
Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah...
A governor is a governing official, usually the executive (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the Head of state; furthermore the title applies to officials with a similar mandate as representatives of a chartered company which has...
The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ...
What about Gelu, Glad, Menumorut, you hungarian maggot? Read more before writing here! This is a list of Transylvanian rulers The Great Principality of Transylvania was disolved 1867 and his territory incorporated in the Hungarian Part (Transleithania) of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918). ...
Matthias Corvinus as depicted in Chronica Hungarorum by Johannes de Thurocz Matthias Corvinus (Matthias the Just) (February 23, 1443 (?) – April 6, 1490) was one of the greatest Kings of Hungary, ruling between 1458 and 1490. ...
Transylvania as an independent principality The 16th century was marked by the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire. After Sultan Suleiman I overran central Hungary and established there the Turkish rule, Transylvania became a semi-independent region where Austrian and Turkish influences vied for supremacy for nearly two centuries. Stefan Batory This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Stefan Batory This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Stefan Batory (1533-1586) was Prince of Transylvania (1571-1575), then King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1575-1586). ...
Image File history File links Michael-of-walachia. ...
Image File history File links Michael-of-walachia. ...
Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul) was one of the greatest of Romanias national heroes. ...
Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah...
Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ...
Suleiman I (Modern Turkish: Süleyman; Arabic: ‎ SulaymÄn) (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth Osmanli Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and its longest-serving, reigning from 1520 to 1566. ...
Due to the fact that Transylvania was now beyond the reach of Catholic religious authority, Protestant preaching such as Lutheranism and Calvinism were able to flourish. In 1568 the Edict of Turda proclaimed four religious expressions -Catholic, Lutheranism, Calvinism and Unitarianism - as "accepted" (receptae), while Orthodoxy, which was the confession of the Romanian population, was proclaimed as "tolerated" (tolerata). The Edict of Turda is considered by mostly Hungarian historians as the first legal guarantee of religious freedom in Christian Europe. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ...
In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ...
Turda (Hungarian: Torda, German: Thorenburg) (population: 55,770) is a city and Municipality in Cluj County, Romania, situated on the ArieÅŸ river. ...
The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ...
In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ...
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Unitarian Christianity Historic Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God as opposed to Christian doctrine of the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) established at the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE. Historic Unitarians believed in the moral authority, but not the...
The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that encompasses national jurisdictions such as the Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodoxand other Churches (see Eastern Orthodox Church organization). ...
The Báthory family came to power in 1571 and ruled Transylvania as princes under the Ottomans, and briefly under Habsburg suzerainty, until 1600. The latter period of their rule saw a four-sided conflict in Transylvania involving the Transylvanians, the Austrians, the Ottomans, and the Wallachian voivod Michael the Brave. The latter gained control of Transylvania in 1599 after the Battle of Şelimbăr and succeeded in uniting the three principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania (the three main parts of present-day Romania). The union did not last long, however, as Michael was assassinated by mercenaries under the command of the Habsburg general Giorgio Basta in August 1601. Basta swore allegiance to the Habsburg Emperor, Rudolph II and by 1604 reclaimed the principality for Catholicism through the Counter Reformation. The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ...
Voivod or (more common) voivoda is a Slavic term initially denoting first in command of a military unit. ...
Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul) was one of the greatest of Romanias national heroes. ...
The Battle of Şelimbăr (Hungarian: Sellenberk; German: Schellenberg) was one of the great events in medieval Romanian history. ...
This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania. ...
Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ...
Giorgio Basta Giorgio Basta (1544-1607), was a general of Albanian descent, employed by the Holy Roman Emperor to command Habsburg forces in the Long War of (1591-1606) and later to administer Transylvania as an Imperial vassal. ...
Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II Rudolph IIs personal imperial crown, later crown of the Austrian Empire Rudolf II Habsburg was an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Calvinist magnate of Bihar county Stephen Bocskai managed to obtain, through the Peace of Vienna (June 23, 1606), religious liberty and political autonomy, the restoration of all confiscated estates, the repeal of all "unrighteous" judgments, and a complete retroactive amnesty for all Hungarians in Royal Hungary, as well as his own recognition as independent sovereign prince of an enlarged Transylvania. Under Bocskai's successors Transylvania passed through a period of flourishment both for the religious movements and for the arts and culture. It was one of the few European countries where Roman Catholics, Calvinists, Lutherans, and Unitarians lived in mutual tolerance, but Orthodox Romanians were denied equal rights. Download high resolution version (631x862, 141 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or more. ...
Download high resolution version (631x862, 141 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or more. ...
Stephen Bocskay was a prince of Transylvania, the most eminent member of the ancient Bocskay family, son of Gyorgy Bocskay and Krisztina Sulyok, was born at Kolozsvar, Transylvania (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). ...
In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ...
Bihar is the name of a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. ...
Stephen Bocskay was a prince of Transylvania, the most eminent member of the ancient Bocskay family, son of Gyorgy Bocskay and Krisztina Sulyok, was born at Kolozsvar, Transylvania (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). ...
Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...
June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175 th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ...
Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill Premier Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near...
Royal Hungary was the official name of the territory of present-day Slovakia, Burgenland, western Croatia and small adjacent territories between c. ...
The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...
In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ...
The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ...
Historic Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God as opposed to traditional Christian belief in the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). ...
Austrian rule After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs gradually began to impose their rule on the formerly autonomous Transylvania. Apart from strengthening the central government and administration, the Habsburgs also promoted the Roman Catholic Church, both as a uniting force and also as an instrument to reduce the influence of the Protestant nobility. In addition, they tried to persuade Orthodox clergymen to join the Greek Catholic Church. From 1711 onward the princes of Transylvania were replaced with Austrian governors and in 1765 Transylvania was declared a grand principality. Combatants Holy League: Habsburgs, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Saxony, Bavaria, Other allies Ottoman Empire, Khanate of Crimea, Central Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldavia Commanders John III Sobieski, Charles V of Lorraine Kara Mustafa Pasha Strength 70,000, (10,000 during siege) 138,000, (200,000 during siege) Casualties 4,000 killed 15...
The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ...
The revolutionary year 1848 was marked by a great struggle between the Hungarians, the Romanians and the Habsburg Empire. Warfare erupted in November with both Romanian and Saxon troops, under Austrian command, battling the Hungarians led by the Polish general Józef Bem. He carried out a sweeping offensive through Transylvania, and Avram Iancu managed to retreat to harsh terrain of Apuseni Mountains, mounting a guerrilla campaign on Bem's forces. After the intervention by the armies of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, Bem's army was defeated decisively at the Battle of Temesvár (Timişoara) on 9 August 1849. Image File history File links Brukenthal. ...
Image File history File links Brukenthal. ...
Samuel von Brukenthal Samuel von Brukenthal (1721, Nocrich-1803, Sibiu) was the governor of The Great Principality of Transylvania between July 6, 1774 and January 9, 1787. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Józef Bem Józef Zachariasz Bem (1794-1850) was a Polish general and a national hero of Poland and Hungary. ...
Avram Iancu Avram Iancu (Janko Avram in Hungarian; 1824, in Vidra [de Sus], today Avram Iancu in Alba county, Romania—September 10, 1872, in the same area) was a Transylvanian Romanian lawyer who played an important role in the local chapter of the Austrian Empire Revolutions of 1848-1849. ...
The Apuseni Mountains is a mountain range in Transylvania, Romania, which belongs to the Western Carpathians. ...
Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Nicholas I of Russia (Russian: Ðиколай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796–March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855 and king of Poland from 1825 until 1831. ...
County Timiş County Status County Capital Mayor Gheorghe Ciuhandu, since 1996 Area 130,5 km² Population (2002) 315,977 Density 2,345 inh/km² Geographical coordinates , Web site http://www. ...
August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ...
1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Having quashed the revolution, Austria imposed a repressive regime on Hungary, ruled Transylvania directly through a military governor and granted citizenship to the Romanians. However, in the Compromise of 1867, which established the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the special status of Transylvania ended and it was reincorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary. While part of Austria-Hungary, a process of Magyarization affected Transylvania's Romanians and German Saxons. The German term Ausgleich (Hungarian kiegyezés) refers to the compromise or composition of February 1867 that established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which was signed by Franz Joseph of Austria and a Hungarian delegation led by Ferenc Deák. ...
Official languages Latin, German, Hungarian Established church Roman Catholic Capital & Largest City Vienna pop. ...
The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ...
Magyarization or Magyarisation is the common name given to a number of forced assimilation policies applied by the Hungarian authorities at different times in history. ...
Transylvania as part of Romania Since the Austro-Hungarian empire had begun to disintegrate after the end of the First World War, the nations living inside proclaimed their independence from the empire. The leaders of Transylvania's Romanian National Party passed a resolution calling for unification of all Romanians in a single state after a mass assembly on 1 December in Alba Iulia which was approved by the National Council of the Germans from Transylvania and the Council of the Danube Swabians from the Banat. In response, the Hungarian General Assembly of Cluj reaffirmed the loyalty of Hungarians from Transylvania to Hungary on December 22 1918. Iuliu Maniu, Romanian PM in the 1930s This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Iuliu Maniu, Romanian PM in the 1930s This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Iuliu Maniu - portrait and signature Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873 - February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician, Born in Simleu Silvaniei, (Transylvania). ...
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...
Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...
The Romanian National Party (Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR), initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat (Partidul Naţional Român din Transilvania şi Banat) was a political party which was initially designed to offer ethnic representation to Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary...
December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafeh r, German: Karlsburg) is a city in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,369, located on the Mureş river. ...
The Danube Swabians (German: Donauschwaben, Hungarian: Dunai-Sváb or Dunamenti németek, Romanian: Şvabi or Şvabi Dunăreni) is a collective term for Germans who lived in the former Kingdom of Hungary, especially in the Danube (Donau) River valley. ...
Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of Timiş, Caraş-Severin, Arad, and Mehedinţi), the western...
Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ...
December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
The Treaty of Versailles placed Transylvania under the sovereignty of Romania, an ally of the Triple Entente, and after the defeat in 1919 of Béla Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic by the Romanian army, the Treaties of St. Germain (1919) and Trianon (signed in June 1920) further elaborated the status of Transylvania and defined the new border between the states of Hungary and Romania. King Ferdinand I of Romania and Queen Maria of Romania were crowned at Alba Iulia in 1922 as King of all Romania. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...
European military alliances in 1915. ...
Béla Kun Béla Kun (born Béla Kohn) (February 20, 1886, in Szilágycseh, today Cehu Silvaniei, Transylvania, Romania–probably in 1938 or 1939, in the Soviet Union) was a Hungarian Communist politician, who ruled Hungary for a brief time in 1919. ...
The Hungarian Soviet Republic was the political regime in Hungary from March 21, 1919 until the beginning of August of the same year, and it is the second Communist (or soviet) government in world history, after the one in Russia (1917). ...
The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ...
The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement imposed on Hungary after World War I by the victorious powers. ...
Ferdinand of Romania Ferdinand or Ferdinand I (August 24, 1865-July 20, 1927) was the king of Romania from October 10, 1914 until his death Born in Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen became heir to the throne of his childless uncle, King Carol I of Romania...
Princess Marie of Edinburgh, later Queen of Romania (October 29, 1875 – July 18, 1938), was a member of the British Royal Family. ...
In August 1940, the second Vienna Award gave the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary but after the Treaty of Paris (1947) at the end of the Second World War the territory was returned to Romania. The post-WWII borders with Hungary, agreed on at the Treaty of Paris were identical with those set out in 1920. Vienna Awards or Vienna Arbitration Awards or Vienna Arbitral Awards or Vienna Diktats or Viennese Arbitrals are various names for two arbitral awards (1938 and 1940) by which arbiters of National Socialist Germany and Fascist Italy sought to enforce peacefully the territorial claims of Revisionist Hungary, ruled by Regent Admiral...
The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris peace treaties signed on February 10, 1947. ...
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
Many treaties have been negotiated and signed in Paris, including: Treaty of Paris (1229) - ended the Albigensian Crusade Treaty of Paris (1259) - between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France Treaty of Paris (1763) - ended the Seven Years War Treaty of Paris (1783) - ended the American Revolutionary War...
Historical coat of arms of Transylvania - Main article: Coat of arms of Transylvania
The Diet of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations in Transylvania's coat of arms. It depicts: Coat of Arms Transylvanias coat of arms, representing the privileged nations in the region, was codified by the Diet of 1659. ...
A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ...
- A black turul on a blue background, representing the medieval nobility, which was primarily Magyar.
- The Sun and the Moon representing the Székelys.
- Seven red towers on a yellow background representing the seven fortified cities of the Transylvanian Saxons
(The red dividing band was originally not part of the coat of arms.) Turul is the mythological bird of the origin myth of the Magyars (Hungarian people). ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Sun is the name given to the star of our solar system. ...
An astronomically correct crescent shape (in blue). ...
The Székely or Szeklers (Hungarian: , Romanian: , German: ) ( sék-ei in pronunciation ) are a Hungarian ethnic group mostly living in Transylvania in Romania, with a significant population also living in Vojvodina, Serbia. ...
The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Romanian: Saşi, Hungarian: Szászok) are a people of German origin who settled in Transylvania from the 12th century onwards. ...
Coat of Arms of 1659 I, the creator of this image, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
| Landesfarben of Transylvania in Austria-Hungary, reflecting the tinctures of the coat-of-arms Image File history File links Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918. ...
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...
For a list of words with definitions, see the Heraldic tincture category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary In heraldry, tinctures are the colours used to blazon a coat of arms. ...
| As part of the coat of arms of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 Image File history File links Coat_of_Arms_Kingdom_of_Hungary. ...
Coat of Arms of Hungary The Coat of Arms of Hungary was adopted in July 1990, after the end of the Socialist regime, although it has been used before, both with and without the crown, sometimes as part of a larger, more complex coat of arms, and many of its...
The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement imposed on Hungary after World War I by the victorious powers. ...
| As in the coat of arms of Romania at present Download high resolution version (783x1020, 51 KB)Coat of Arms of Romania - Large Version This image depicts a seal, an emblem, a coat of arms or a crest. ...
Coat of Arms of Romania The Coat of Arms of Romania consists of an eagle holding a cross in its beak and a sceptre and a sword in its claws. ...
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Tourist attractions Arad cultural center The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ...
Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafeh r, German: Karlsburg) is a city in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,369, located on the Mureş river. ...
Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ...
County Sibiu County Status County capital Mayor Klaus Johannis, from the Democratic Forum of Germans of Romania, since 2000 Area 121 km² Population (2002) 171,535 Density 1,417 inh/km² Geographical coord | |
