In economics, a production possibilities curve (PPC) or “transformation curve” is a graph that shows the different quantities of two goods that an economy could efficiently produce with limited productive resources. Points along the curve describe the trade-off between the two goods. The curve illustrates that increasing production of one good reduces production of the other good. Transferring resources away from the other good reduces production of that good. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A good or commodity in economics is any object or service that increases utility, directly or indirectly, not be confused with good in a moral or ethical sense (see Utilitarianism and consequentialist ethical theory). ... Factors of production are resources used in the production of goods and services in economics. ... A Tradeoff usually refers to losing one quality or aspect of something in return for gaining another quality or aspect. ...

Productive efficiency, opportunity cost, and allocative efficiency

The production possibilities curve shows the maximum feasible (obtainable) amount of one commodity for any given amount of another commodity, as of the society's technology and the amount of factors of production available. The concept is used in macroeconomics to show the production possibilities available to a nation or economy (corresponding roughly to macroeconomic notions of potential output), and also in microeconomics to show the options open to an individual firm. All points on a production possibilities curve are points of maximum productive efficiency or minimum productive inefficiency: allocated such that it is impossible to increase the output of one commodity without reducing the output of the other. That is, there must be a sacrifice, an opportunity cost (given by the slope of the curve in absolute value), for increasing the production of a good by one unit. Conversely, points inside the frontier are feasible but productively inefficient. By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... Factors of production are resources used in the production of goods and services in economics. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... In economics, potential output (also referred to as natural real gross domestic product) refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term. ... Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how individuals, households, and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources [1] , typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. ... Productive efficiency is when the economy is working on its production possibility frontier (PPF). ... The term inefficiency has several meanings depending on the context in which its used: Economic inefficiency refers to a situation where we could be doing a better job, i. ... In economics, opportunity cost, or economic cost, is the cost of something in terms of an opportunity forgone (and the benefits that could be received from that opportunity), or the most valuable forgone alternative (or highest-valued option forgone), i. ... Look up Slope in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Production Possibilities Curve

Point A in the diagram for example, shows that F_A of food and C_A of computers can be produced when production is run efficiently. So can F_B of food and C_B of computers (point B). Image File history File links a cleaned-up version of the PPF graph from production possibilites frontier entry. ...

For a firm, a point on the curve is productively efficient but, given market demand, could be less profitable than another point on the curve. Equilibrium for the firm with given resources is at the most profitable and productively efficient point on the PPF.

There is a parallel for an economy as well. It may have productive efficiency but not allocative efficiency. Markets and other institutions of social decision-making (such as government, tradition, and community democracy) may lead to the wrong combination of goods being produced (and the wrong mix of resources allocated) compared to what individuals would prefer, given what is feasible on the PPF. Productive efficiency is when the economy is working on its production possibility frontier (PPF). ... Allocative efficiency is the market condition whereby resources are allocated in a way that maximises the net benefit attained through their use. ...

All points to the right of (or above) the curve are infeasible for given resources. A move from point A to point B indicates an increase in the number of Computers produced. But it also implies a decrease in the amount of Food produced. This decrease is the opportunity cost of producing more computers. In economics, opportunity cost, or economic cost, is the cost of something in terms of an opportunity forgone (and the benefits that could be received from that opportunity), or the most valuable forgone alternative (or highest-valued option forgone), i. ...

As mentioned, the two main determinants of the curve are production functions (reflecting the available technology and available factor endowments. If the technology improves or the supplies of factors of production increase, the production possibility frontier shifts to the right (upward), raising the amount of each good that can be produced. A military or ecological disaster might move the PPF inward and to the left. In microeconomics, a production function expresses the relationship between an organizations inputs and its outputs. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... Factors of production are resources used in the production of goods and services in economics. ...

In neoclassical economics, production possibility frontiers can easily be constructed from the contract curves in Edgeworth box diagrams of factor intensity. In other interpretations (often seen in textbooks), the concave production possibilities frontier reflects the specialized nature of the heterogeneous resources that any society uses: the opportunity cost of shifting production from one mix to another (e.g., from point A to point B) reflects the costs of using resources that are not well-specialized for the production of the good which is being produced in greater quantity. Neoclassical economics refers to a general approach (a metatheory) to economics based on supply and demand which depends on individuals (or any economic agent) operating rationally, each seeking to maximize their individual utility or profit by making choices based on available information. ... In economics, an Edgeworth box, named after Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, is a way of representing various distributions of resources. ...

The line curve in Figure is not straight but is concave to the origin (that is, curved inward toward the axes). This can represent an assumed disparity in the factor intensities and technologies of the two sectors. That is, as we specialize more and more into one product, the opportunity costs of producing that product increase, because we are using more and more resources that are poorly suited to produce it. With increasing production of computers, workers from the food industry will move to it. At first, the least qualified (or most general) food workers will help start making computers. The move of these workers has little impact on the opportunity cost of increasing computer production: the loss in food production will be small. This cost of successive units will increase as more of specialised food manufacturers are attracted. Three lines — the red and blue lines have same slope, while the red and green ones have same y-intercept. ... The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. ...

Production Possibilities Curve

For example, in the second diagram, the decision to increase the production of computers from 5 to 6 (from point Q to point R) requires a minimum loss of food output. However, the decision to add a tenth computer (from point T to point V) has a much more substantial opportunity cost. Image File history File links production possibilities curve showing opportunity costs File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

In the neoclassical interpretation, if the factor intensity ratios in the two sectors were constant at all points on the production possibilities curve, the curve would be linear and the opportunity cost would remain the same, no matter what mix of outputs were produced. In other interpretations, a straight-line production possibilities frontier reflects a situation where resources are not specialized and can be substituted for each other with no cost. Products requiring similar resources (bread and pastry, for instance) will have a nearly straight PPF, hence constant opportunity costs (when increasing production rates).

The marginal rate of transformation

The slope of the production possibilities curve at any given point is called the marginal rate of transformation. It describes numerically the rate at which one good can be transformed into the other. It is also called the “marginal opportunity cost” of a commodity, that is, it is the opportunity cost of X in terms of Y at the margin.

Marginal Rate of Transformation

If, for example, the (absolute) slope at point "BB" in the diagram is equal to 2, then, in order to produce one more computer, 2 units of food production must be sacrificed. If at "AA" for example, the marginal opportunity cost of computers in terms of food is equal to 0.25, then, the sacrifice of one unit of food could produce 4 computers. Image File history File links marginal rate of transformation File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

The marginal rate of transformation can be expressed in terms of either commodity. The marginal opportunity costs of computers in terms of food is simply the reciprocal of the marginal opportunity cost of food in terms of computers.

Literature

• Georg Erber, Benchmarking Efficiency of Telecommunication Industries in the US and Major European Countries A Stochastic Possibility Frontiers Approach, in: Communication & Strategies, No. 60, 4th quarter 2005, 157- 179.

See also

• Production, costs, and pricing
• Production theory basics
• Production function