NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Progesterone

Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen. The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ... In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... The term implant has different meanings: in Scientology, see Implant (Scientology) in medicine, see prosthesis This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... Look up Female in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiological changes in the females of some animal species that is associated with reproductive fertility. ... A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ... Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. ... Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops. ... Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. ...

Progesterone should not be confused with progestins, which are synthetically produced progestogens. Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones similar in effect to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. ... Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. ...

Chemistry

Progesterone was first isolated from sow ovaries by Willard Myron Allen who co-discovered it with his anatomy professor George Washington Corner at the University of Rochester Medical School. Allen first determined its melting point, molecular weight, and partial molecular structure. He also gave it the name PROGESTERONE derived from PROGESTational STERoidal hormONE. An avid mathematician, Allen recognized that the molecular weight of progesterone is 100 x π = 314 dalt. Co-Discoverer of the universal pregnancy maintaining hormone who gave it the name progesterone. ... Lower-case pi The mathematical constant Ï€ is a real number which may be defined as the ratio of a circles circumference (Greek Ï€ÎµÏÎ¹Ï†ÎÏÎµÎ¹Î±, periphery) to its diameter in Euclidean geometry, and which is in common use in mathematics, physics, and engineering. ...

Like other steroids, progesterone consists of four interconnected cyclic hydrocarbons. Progesterone contains ketone and oxygenated functional groups, as well as two methyl branches. Like all steroid hormones, it is hydrophobic. This is mostly due to its lack of very polar functional groups. Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is a cleaning solution consisting only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... Ketone group A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... In chemistry a methyl-group is a hydrophobic Alkyl functional group which is derived from methane (CH4). ... In chemistry, hydrophobic or lipophilic species, or hydrophobes, tend to be electrically neutral and nonpolar, and thus prefer other neutral and nonpolar solvents or molecular environments. ...

Synthesis

Progesterone, like all other steroid hormones, is synthesized from pregnenolone, a derivative of cholesterol. This conversion takes place in two steps. The 3-hydroxyl group is converted to a keto group and the double bond is moved to C-4, from C-5. Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek ÏŒÏÎ¼Î® - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Pregnenolone is a steroid hormone involved in the steroidogenesis of progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. ... Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. ... // Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ... Ketone group A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms, in order to produce a mutual attraction, which holds the resultant molecule together. ...

Progesterone is the precursor of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, and after conversion to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (another natural progestogen) of cortisol and androstenedione. Androstenedione can be converted to testosterone, estrone and estradiol. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. ... 17-hydroxyprogesterone ( also 17-OH progesterone, or 17OHP))is a C-21 steroid that is derived from progesterone by 17-hydroxylase, a P450c17 enzyme, and is a prohormone for both glucocorticoids and androstenedione, a precursor for sex steroids. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure, blood sugar levels, may cause infertility in women, and suppresses the immune system. ... Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Estrone (also oestrone) is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. ... Estradiol (17Î²-estradiol) (also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. ... Mineralocorticoids is a class of steroids characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism. ... 17-hydroxyprogesterone ( also 17-OH progesterone, or 17OHP))is a C-21 steroid that is derived from progesterone by 17-hydroxylase, a P450c17 enzyme, and is a prohormone for both glucocorticoids and androstenedione, a precursor for sex steroids. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure, blood sugar levels, may cause infertility in women, and suppresses the immune system. ... Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. ... Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. ... A sex steroid is a steroid hormone which interacts with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. ...

Sources

Progesterone is produced in the adrenal glands, the gonads (specifically after ovulation in the corpus luteum), the brain, and, during pregnancy, in the placenta. The corpus luteum (Latin for yellow body) is a small, temporary endocrine structure in animals. ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy), but a placenta has evolved independently also in other animals as well, for instance scorpions and velvet worms. ...

HCG may stand for Human chorionic gonadotropin (usually abbreviated with a lowercase h: hCG) H computer graphics (pornographic drawings in H games) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ...

Levels

In women, progesterone levels are relatively low during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, rise after ovulation, and are elevated during the luteal phase. In women progesterone levels tend to be < 2 ng/ml prior to ovulation, and > 5 ng/ml after ovulation. If pregnancy occurs, progesterone levels are maintained at luteal levels initially. With the onset of the luteal-placental shift in progesterone support of the pregnancy levels start to rise further and may reach 100-200 ng/ml at term. Whether a decrease in progesterone levels is critical for the initiation of labor has been argued and may be species-specific. After delivery of the placenta and during lactation, progesterone levels are very low. Image File history File links Estradiol. ... Image File history File links Estradiol. ... Menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiological changes in the females of some animal species that is associated with reproductive fertility. ... Ovulation is the process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg) that participates in reproduction. ... A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ...

Progesterone levels are relatively low in children and postmenopausal women.^[1] Adult males have levels similar to those in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Effects

Progesterone exerts its action primarily through the intracellular progesterone receptor though a distinct, membrane bound progesterone receptor which has recently been discovered.^{[citation needed]} It has a number of physiological effects, often regulatory, especially of the effects of estrogen. Estrogen often induces a multiplication of progesterone receptors. The progesterone receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds progesterone. ... Estriol. ...

Reproductive system

Progesterone is sometimes called the "hormone of pregnancy"^[2], and it has many roles relating to the development of the fetus:

The fetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. The endometrium is the uterine membrane in mammals which is thickened in preparation for fertilization, and into which a fertilized egg is implanted upon its arrival into the uterus. ... Types of epithelium This article discusses the epithelium, an animal anatomical structure. ... Schematic frontal view of female anatomy The cervix (from Latin neck) is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. ... Mucus is a slippery secretion of the lining of various membranes in the body (mucous membranes). ... Menstrual cycle. ... Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... Cultured Smooth muscle of the aorta. ... Kittens nursing Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing that milk to the young, and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. ... Human fetus at eight weeks. ... Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος(metavallo), the Greek word for change), in the most general sense, is the ingestion and breakdown of complex compounds, coupled... In mammals, the adrenal glands are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys. ...

Nervous system

Progesterone, like pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, belongs to the group of neurosteroids that are found in high concentrations in certain areas in the brain and are synthesized there. Pregnenolone is a steroid hormone involved in the steroidogenesis of progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. ... Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue and the brain. ... Apart from exerting effects on the genome via intracellular steroid receptors, neuroactive steroids (or neurosteroids) rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. ...

Neurosteroids affect synaptic functioning, are neuroprotective, and affect myelinization.^[3] They are investigated for their potential to improve memory and cognitive ability. Apart from exerting effects on the genome via intracellular steroid receptors, neuroactive steroids (or neurosteroids) rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. ... Illustration of the major elements in a prototypical synapse. ... In neuroscience, myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. ... In psychology, memory is an organisms ability to store, retain, and subsequently recall information. ... Look up Cognition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Progesterone as a neuroprotectant affects regulation of apoptotic genes. A cell undergoing apoptosis. ...

Its effect as a neurosteroid works predominantly through the GSK-3 beta pathway, as an inhibitor. (Other GSK-3 beta inhibitors include bipolar mood stabilizers, lithium and valproic acid.) For other uses, see Bipolar. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lithium, Li, 3 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 2, s Appearance silvery white/grey Atomic mass 6. ... Valproic acid is a chemical compound that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ...

Other systems

Epidermal growth factor or EGF is a growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. ... Mouse embryonic stem cells with fluorescent marker. ... A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice. ... Cultured Smooth muscle of the aorta. ... A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airways in the the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. ... Mucus is a slippery secretion of the lining of various membranes in the body (mucous membranes). ... The progesterone receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds progesterone. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... A request has been made on Wikipedia for this article to be deleted in accordance with the deletion policy. ... The gallbladder (or cholecyst) is a pear-shaped organ that stores bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell. Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Grays Anatomy illustration of a human femur. ... An osteoblast (from the Greek words for bone and to build) is a mononucleate cell which produces a protein that produces osteoid. ... Grays Anatomy illustration of a human femur. ... Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ... The gingiva (sing. ... A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. ... A tendon (or fatty) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone, or muscle to muscle and is designed to withstand tension. ... A ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue composed mainly of long, stringy collagen fibres. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Epidermis (skin). ... Tropocollagen triple helix. ... In neuroscience, myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. ... Endometrial cancer involves cancerous growth of the endometrium (lining of the uterus). ...

Medical applications

The use of progesterone and its analogues have many medical applications -- both to address acute situations, and to address the long-term decline of natural progesterone levels. Because of the poor bioavailability of progesterone when taken orally, many synthetic progestins have been designed. However, the roles of progesterone may not be fulfilled by the synthetic progestins which in some cases were designed solely to mimic progesterone's uterine effects. A mimic is any species that has evolved to appear similar to another successful species in order to dupe predators into avoiding the mimic, or dupe prey into approaching the mimic. ... Matrilineality is a system in which one belongs to ones mothers lineage; it may also involve the inheritance of property or titles through the female line. ...

Bioavailability

Progesterone is poorly absorbed by oral ingestion unless micronised and in oil, or with fatty foods; it does not dissolve in water. Products such as Prometrium, Utrogestan and Microgest are therefore capsules containing micronised progesterone in oil - in all three mentioned the oil is peanut oil, which may cause serious allergic reactions in some people, but compounding pharmacies, which have the facilities and licenses to make their own products, can use alternatives. Vaginal and rectal application is also effective, with products such as CRINONE and PROCHIEVE bioadhesive progesterone vaginal gels (the only progesterone products FDA-approved for use in infertility and during pregnancy) and Cyclogest, which is progesterone in cocoa butter in the form of pessaries. Progesterone can be given by injection, but because it has a short half-life they need to be daily. Implants, for a longer period, are also available. Marketing of progesterone phamaceutical products, country to country, varies considerably, with many countries having no oral progesterone products marketed, but they can usually be specially imported by pharmacies through international wholesalers. In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of medication that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ... Micronizing is breaking something up to particles that are only a few micrometres in diameter. ... Binomial name Arachis hypogaea L. The peanut, or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the legume family Fabaceae native to South America. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is the profession of compounding and dispensing medication. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article needs cleanup. ... An injection is a method of putting liquid into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin long enough for the material to be forced into the body. ... A quantity is said to be subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its value. ... In commerce, a wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from their manufacturers or importers, and then sells smaller quantities to retailers, who in turn sell to the general public. ...

"Natural progesterone" products derived from yams, do not require a prescription. Wild yams contain a plant steroid called diosgenin, which the human body cannot metabolize into progesterone. Diosgenin can only be chemically processed into progesterone in labs. Yams at Brixton market For the term yam as used in the United States, see sweet potato. ... This article, image, template or category should belong in one or more categories. ...

Specific uses

Note that oral birth control pills do not contain progesterone but a progestin. Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or to carry a pregnancy to full term. ... Habitual abortion or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is the occurrence of repeated pregnancies that end in miscarriage of the fetus, usually before 20 weeks of gestation. ... In neuroscience, myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. ... In medicine, hormone therapy is the use of hormones in medical treatment and covers various types of hormones including growth hormones and sex hormones. ... Transwomen or trans-women are transsexual or transgendered people who were assigned male sex at birth (or, in some cases of intersexuality, later) and feel that this is not an accurate or complete description of themselves. ... An intersexual is a person (or individual of any unisexual species) who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex, or which combine features of both sexes. ... A pregnant womans breasts. ... Estriol. ... Cross section of the breast of a human female. ... Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue. ... This article is about the geometric object, for other uses see Cone. ... Cross section of the breast of a human female. ... In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the ambient air to the tissue cells and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. ... This article is about the issues and phenomena pertaining to sexual function and behavior of human females. ... Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ... Antagonists In medicine and biology, a receptor antagonist is a ligand that inhibits the function of an agonist and inverse agonist for a specific receptor. ... A selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) is an agent that acts on the progesterone receptor. ... Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid. ... Spontaneous: Miscarriage Debate & social issues Breast cancer Â· Crime effect Crisis pregnancy centers Fetal pain Â· Religion Â· Mental health Pro-choice Â· Pro-life Selective abortion and infanticide Unsafe abortion Â· Violence History of abortion This box: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid compound used as a pharmaceutical. ... Oral contraceptives are contraceptives which are taken orally and inhibit the bodys fertility by chemical means. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ...

Aging

Since most progesterone in males is created during testicular production of testosterone, and most in females by the ovaries, the shutting down (whether by natural or chemical means), or removal, of those inevitably causes a considerable reduction in progesterone levels. Previous concentration upon the role of progestagens (progesterone and molecules with similar effects) in female reproduction, when progesterone was simply considered a "female hormone", obscured the significance of progesterone elsewhere in both sexes. Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are a part of a female organism that produces eggs. ... Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. ...

The tendency for progesterone to have a regulatory effect, the presence of progesterone receptors in many types of body tissue, and the pattern of deterioration (or tumor formation) in many of those increasing in later years when progesterone levels have dropped, is prompting widespread research into the potential value of maintaining progesterone levels in both males and females. In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ... Tumor or tumour literally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ...

See also

Co-Discoverer of the universal pregnancy maintaining hormone who gave it the name progesterone. ... Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) is the use of supplemental doses of naturally-occurring sex steroid hormones. ... Prometrium is a brand of micronized progesterone. ...

References

In 1828 the Medical Academy of Georgia was chartered by the state of Georgia with plans to offer a single course of lectures leading to a bachelors degree. ...

Additional images

External links

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Endocrine system: hormones and endocrine glands

Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Major endocrine glands. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek ÏŒÏÎ¼Î® - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... An endocrine gland is one of a set of internal organs involved in the secretion of hormones into the blood. ... Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. ... Steroid hormones are steroids which act as hormones. ...

Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin, lipotropin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin) - Pineal gland: melatonin The hypothalamus (from Greek á½‘Ï€Î¿Î¸Î±Î»Î±Î¼Î¿Ï‚ = under the thalamus) is a region of the mammalian brain located below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon and functioning to regulate certain metabolic processes and other autonomic activities. ... Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), also called thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) or protirelin, is a tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary. ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1 also called LHRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GHRF), is a 44-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ... Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced in the body. ... The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormone that is released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to conserve water, but not salt, by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. ... Oxytocin should not be confused with oxycodone hydrochloride whose trade name is OxyContin. ... Lipotropin is a pituitary hormone It comes in two forms: gamma lipotropin (Î³-LPH) beta lipotropin (Î²-LPH) It is derived from proopiomelanocortin. ... The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... The Alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones is a peptide formed by gene found on chromosome 6. ... Follicle stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. ... Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesised, stored and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... Prolactin is a peptide hormone synthesised and secreted by lactotrope cells in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland). ... Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues. ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone synthesised (from POMC, pre-opiomelanocortin) and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. ... Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is a peptide hormone produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. ... // Runners high redirects here. ... Lipotropin is a pituitary hormone It comes in two forms: gamma lipotropin (Î³-LPH) beta lipotropin (Î²-LPH) It is derived from proopiomelanocortin. ... The pineal gland (also called the pineal body or epiphysis) is a small endocrine gland in the brain. ... Melatonin, 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is a hormone found in all living creatures from algae[1] to humans, at levels that vary in a diurnal cycle. ...

Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T₃ and T₄) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH - Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA - Pancreas: glucagon- insulin, somatostatin The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the C cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. ... Categories: Anatomy stubs | Endocrine system ... Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. ... In mammals, the adrenal gland (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad, near or at + renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Norepinephrine (INN) or noradrenaline (BAN) is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula C8H11NO3. ... In mammals, the adrenal gland (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad, near or at + renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol... Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure, blood sugar levels, may cause infertility in women, and suppresses the immune system. ... Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue and the brain. ... The pancreas is an organ in the digestive and endocrine system (of vertebrates[2]). It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ...

Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Liver: IGF-1 - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin It has been suggested that Renal anomalies and Renal plasma threshold be merged into this article or section. ... Renin, also known as angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme (EC 3. ... Erythropoietin (IPA pronunciation: , alternative pronunciations: ) or EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ... Chemical structure of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). ... In anatomy, the atrium (plural: atria) is the blood collection chamber of a heart. ... Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atriopeptin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the homeostatic control of body water and sodium. ... With the exception of the animal varients box, this article deals with the human stomach. ... In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. ... Ghrelin is a hormone that is produced by cells lining the stomach and stimulates the appetite. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... Cholecystokinin (from Greek chole, bile; cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac (gall bladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. ... Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a member of the secretin family of hormones. ... Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum. ... Motilin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the small intestine that increases gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin. ... VIP is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues. ... Grays Fig. ... An editor has expressed a concern that the topic of this article may be unencyclopedic. ... The liver is an organ in some animals, including vertebrates (and therefore humans). ... Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. ... It has been suggested that Subcutaneous fat be merged into this article or section. ... Leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including the regulation of appetite and metabolism. ... Adiponectin (also referred to as Acrp30, apM1) is a protein hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism. ...

Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy) - Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Anti-MÃ¼llerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein that inhibits the development of the MÃ¼llerian ducts in a male embryo. ... Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ... Estradiol (17Î²-estradiol) (also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. ... Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... Activin is a peptide that enhances FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy), but a placenta has evolved independently also in other animals as well, for instance scorpions and velvet worms. ... Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). ... Human placental lactogen (HPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone. ... Estriol. ...

Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 Nerve growth factor (NGF), is a small secreted protein which induces the differentiation and survival of particular target neurons (nerve cells). ... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is exactly as it states; a neurotrophic factor usually derived in the brain. ... Neurotrophin-3, or NT-3 is a neurotrophic factor, in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor)-family of neurotrophins. ...

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Endocrinology | Progestagens | Neurosteroids Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones which interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones similar in effect to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. ... The progesterone receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds progesterone. ... Desogestrel is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Dydrogesterone is a progestogen hormone. ... Ethisterone is a progestogen hormone. ... Etonogestrel is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Gestodene is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Gestonorone is a progestagen hormone. ... Levonorgestrel (or l-norgestrel or D-norgestrel) is the hormonally active levorotatory enantiomer of the racemic mixture norgestrel used in some hormonal contraceptives. ... Lynestrenol is a progestagen hormone. ... Medroxyprogesterone is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Megestrol is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norelgestromin is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norethisterone (or norethindrone) is a molecule used in hormonal contraceptives. ... Norethynodrel was the progestin used in Enovid, the first oral contraceptive. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... A progestin is a synthetic progestagen. ... Norgestrienone is a progestogen hormone. ... Tibolone is a synthetic hormone-type drug. ... Spontaneous: Miscarriage Debate & social issues Breast cancer Â· Crime effect Crisis pregnancy centers Fetal pain Â· Religion Â· Mental health Pro-choice Â· Pro-life Selective abortion and infanticide Unsafe abortion Â· Violence History of abortion This box: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid compound used as a pharmaceutical. ... Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. ... The androgen receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (Full name: 5Î±-Dihydrotestosterone, abbreviating to 5Î±-DHT; INN: androstanolone) is a biologically active metabolite of the hormone testosterone, formed primarily in the prostate gland, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands by the enzyme 5Î±-reductase by means of reducing the Î”4,5 double-bond. ... Fluoxymesterone is an androgen hormone. ... Mesterolone is an androgen hormone. ... Methyltestosterone is a hormone used to treat men with a testosterone deficiency. ... Anabolic steroids are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. ... An antiandrogen, or androgen antagonist, is any of a group of hormone antagonist compounds that are capable of preventing or inhibiting the biologic effects of androgens, male sex hormones, on normally responsive tissues in the body (see androgen insensitivity syndrome). ... Bicalutamide is an oral non-steroidal anti-androgen for prostate cancer. ... Cyproterone acetate (Androcur®, Cyprostat®) is an antiandrogen, i. ... Flutamide is an oral antiandrogen drug primarily used to treat prostate cancer. ... Nilutamide is an antiandrogen medication used in the treatment of advanced stage prostate cancer. ... Spironolactone (marketed as AldactoneÂ®, Novo-SpirotonÂ®, SpiractinÂ®, SpirotoneÂ®, or BerlactoneÂ®) is a synthetic 17-lactone steroid which is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist in a class of pharmaceuticals called potassium-sparing diuretics, used primarily to treat ascites in patients with liver disease, low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and Conns syndrome. ... Estriol. ... The estrogen receptor is a receptor for estradiol (the main endogenous estrogen); it is located intracellularly, in parallel with other steroid hormone receptors. ... Estradiol (17Î²-estradiol) (also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. ... Chemical structure of estriol Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. ... Estrone (also oestrone) is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. ... Chlorotrianisene is a synthetic estrogen. ... Dienestrol is a synthetic estrogen. ... Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a drug, a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen that was first synthesized in 1938. ... Ethinylestradiol, also ethinyl estradiol (EE), is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. ... Fosfestrol is a estrogen used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Mestranol is the 3-methyl ether of ethinylestradiol. ... Polyestradiol phosphate is an estrogen used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is a class of medication that acts on the estrogen receptor. ... Bazedoxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. ... Clomifene (INN) or clomiphene (USAN and former BAN) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e. ... Fulvestrant is a drug treatment of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer in post-menopausal women with disease progression following anti-estrogen therapy. ... Raloxifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. ... Tamoxifen is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in breast cancer treatment, and is currently the worlds largest selling breast cancer treatment. ... Toremifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which helps oppose the actions of estrogen in the body. ... Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in post- menopausal women. ... Aminoglutethimide is a first generation aromatase inhibitor used in the treatment of breast cancer and Cushings syndrome. ... Anastrozole (Arimidex) is a drug used to treat breast cancer in post-menopausal women. ... Exemestane (Trade name: AromasinÂ®) is an oral steroidal aromatase inhibitor used in the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer. ... Formestane is an enzyme inhibitor used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Letrozole (INN, trade name FemaraÂ®) is an oral non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor that has been introduced for the adjuvant treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer. ... Vorozole is an enzyme inhibitor used as an antineoplastic agent. ... Gonadotropins are protein hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of vertebrates. ... The follicle stimulating hormone receptor or FSH-receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). ... The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with both luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropins (such as hCG in humans) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). ... Ovulation is the process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg) that participates in reproduction. ... Clomifene (INN) or clomiphene (USAN and former BAN) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e. ... Urofollitropin (brand names BravelleÂ®, FertinexÂ®, FollistimÂ®, and Gonal-FÂ®)is a purified form of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). ... Danazol is a derivative of the synthetic steroid ethisterone, a modified testosterone. ... Gestrinone is a synthetic steroid hormone that acts as an anti-progestin and also has some androgenic activity. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1 also called LHRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) is a member of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a synthetic peptide modeled after the hypothalamic neurohormone GnRH that interacts with its receptor to elicit its biologic response, the release of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH. Agonists do not quickly dissociate from the GnRH receptor. ... Buserelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Goserelin is an injectable luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa). ... Histrelin acetate is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ... Leuprolide is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Nafarelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... Triptorelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist). ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist) is a synthetic peptide that competes with the neurohormone GnRH for its receptor, thus decreasing or blocking GnRH action. ... Abarelix also called plenaxis is a drug used to reduce the amount of testosterone made in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer for which no other treatment options are available. ... Cetrorelix acetate is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ... Ganirelix acetate (or diacetate) is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist). ...

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