MMI PAL 16R6 in 20-pin DIP

AMD 22V10 in 24-pin DIP

The term Programmable Array Logic (PAL) is used to describe a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) in mid 1978. Image File history File linksMetadata MMI_PAL_16R6. ... Image File history File linksMetadata MMI_PAL_16R6. ... Image File history File linksMetadata PAL_22V10. ... Image File history File linksMetadata PAL_22V10. ... A programmable logic device or PLD is an electronic component used to build digital circuits. ... Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος logos (the word), is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Monolithic Memories, Inc. ...

PAL devices consisted of a small PROM (programmable read-only memory) core and additional output logic used to implement particular desired logic functions with few components.

Using specialized machines, PAL devices were "field-programmable". Each PAL device was "one-time programmable" (OTP), meaning that it could not be updated and reused after its initial programming. (MMI also offered a similar family called HAL, or "hard array logic", which were like PAL devices except that they were mask-programmed at the factory.) D23128C PROM on the board of ZX Spectrum A programmable read-only memory (PROM) or field programmable read-only memory (FPROM) is a form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is locked by a fuse or antifuse. ...

Early history

Before PALs were introduced, designers of digital logic circuits would use small-scale integration (SSI) components, such as those in the 7400 series TTL (transistor-transistor logic) family; the 7400 family included a variety of logic building blocks, such as gates (NOT, NAND, NOR, AND, OR), multiplexors (MUXes) and demultiplexors (DEMUXes), flip flops (D-type, JK, etc.) and others. One PAL device would typically replace dozens of such "discrete" logic packages, so the SSI business went into decline as the PAL business took off. PALs were used advantageously in many products, such as minicomputers, as documented in Tracy Kidder's best-selling book "The Soul of a New Machine." TTL is an elite band of men and boys that originate, live or are involved in the tadley bmx scene. ... A Motorola 68000-based computer with various TTL chips. ... Negation, in its most basic sense, changes the truth value of a statement to its opposite. ... ... This article is about logical nor Nór. ... Media:Example. ... OR and/or or may stand for: Look up OR, Or, or in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Tracy Kidder (born November 12, 1945 in New York City) is an American author of multiple books. ... The Soul of a New Machine is a non-fiction book, written by Tracy Kidder. ...

PALs were not the first commercial programmable logic devices; Signetics had been selling its field programmable logic array (FPLA) since 1975. These devices were completely unfamiliar to most circuit designers and were perceived to be too difficult to use. The FPLA had a relatively slow maximum operating speed (due to having both programmable-AND and programmable-OR arrays), was expensive, and had a poor reputation for testability. Another factor limiting the acceptance of the FPLA was the large package, a 600-mil (0.6", or 15.24 mm) wide 28-pin dual in-line package (DIP). Signetics, once a major player in semiconductor manufacturing, made a variety of devices which included integrated circuits, bipolar and MOS, the Dolby circuit, logic, memory and analog circuits and Motorola clone CPUs, some of which were included in the first Atari video games. ... An Altera FPGA with 20,000 cells. ... FPLA may refer to: Fair Packaging and Labeling Act – a United States law that applies to labels on many consumer products Field-programmable logic array – a type of semiconductor device better known as field-programmable gate array (FPGA) Popular Liberation Front of Azawad (in French: Front Populaire de Libération... A thou, also known as a mil, is a unit of length equal to one thousandth of an international inch. ... ICs in DIP14-Package Several PDIPs and CERDIPS. The large CERDIP in the foreground is an 8080 processor. ... Dip has many meanings: Look up dip in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The project to create the PAL device was managed by John Birkner and the actual PAL circuit was designed by H. T. Chua. In a previous job, Mr. Birkner had developed a 16-bit processor using 80 standard logic devices. His experience with standard logic led him to believe that user programmable devices would be more attractive to users if the devices were designed to replace standard logic. This meant that the package sizes had to be more typical of the existing devices, and the speeds had to be improved. The PAL met these requirements and was a huge success and were "second sourced" by National Semiconductor, Texas Instruments, and Advanced Micro Devices. John Birkner invented the Programmable Array Logic chip (PAL) while working at Monolithic Memories Inc. ... In the electronics industry, a second source is a company that is licensed to manufacture and sell components originally designed by another company (the first source). ... Categories: Electronics companies of the United States | Companies based in California | Corporation stubs ... Texas Instruments (NYSE: TXN), better known in the electronics industry (and popularly) as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA, renowned for developing and commercializing semiconductor and computer technology. ... “AMD” redirects here. ...

Process techologies

Early PALs were 20-pin DIP components fabricated in silicon using bipolar transistor technology with one-time programmable (OTP) nichrome programming fuses. Later devices were manufactured by Lattice Semiconductor and National Semiconductor using NMOS technology. In the early 1980s, Zytex used cooler-running CMOS technology to make PALs used in the original Apple Macintosh computers, which were designed to run quietly by relying only on convection cooling. ICs in DIP14-Package Several PDIPs and CERDIPS. The large CERDIP in the foreground is an 8080 processor. ... Lattice Semiconductor Corporation NASDAQ: [LSCC] is a leading manufacturer of high-performance programmable logic devices (PLDs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable mixed-signal and interconnect products, related software and intellectual property (IP). ... Categories: Electronics companies of the United States | Companies based in California | Corporation stubs ... Apple Inc. ...

PALs are described by MMI as small-scale integration (SSI) or medium-scale integration (MSI) devices. The initialism SSI can mean: Samsung Semiconductor Inc. ... MSI may mean any of: Math Science Institute, a major in Brooklyn Technical High School Media Sports Investment, the international fund of investors that runs Sport Club Corinthians Paulista Medium Scale Integration, a kind of electronic chips Message Signaled Interrupts, a PCI 2. ...

PAL architecture

The programmable elements (shown as a fuse) connect both the true and complemented inputs to the AND gates. These AND gates, also known as product terms, are ORed together to form a sum-of-products logic array.

The PAL architecture consists of two main components: a logic plane and output logic macrocells. Image File history File linksMetadata Programmable_Logic_Device. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Programmable_Logic_Device. ...

Programmable logic plane

The programmable logic plane is a programmable read-only memory (PROM) array that allows the signals present on the devices pins (or the logical complements of those signals) to be routed to an output logic macrocell. D23128C PROM on the board of ZX Spectrum A programmable read-only memory (PROM) or field programmable read-only memory (FPROM) is a form of digital memory where the setting of each byte is locked by a fuse or antifuse. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

PAL devices have arrays of transistor cells arranged in a "fixed-OR, programmable-AND" plane used to implement "sum-of-products" binary logic equations for each of the outputs in terms of the inputs and either synchronous or asynchronous feedback from the outputs.

Output logic

The early 20-pin PALs had 10 inputs and 8 outputs. The outputs were active low and could be registered or combinational. Members of the PAL family were available with various output structures called "output logic macrocells" orOLMCs. Prior to the introduction of the "V" (for "variable") series, the types of OLMCs available in each PAL were fixed at the time of manufacture. (The PAL16L8 had 8 combinational outputs and the PAL16R8 had 8 registered outputs. The PAL16R6 had 6 registered and 2 combinational while the PAL16R4 had 4 of each.) Each output could have up to 8 product terms (effectively AND gates), however the combinational outputs used one of the terms to control a bidirectional output buffer. There were other combinations that have fewer outputs with more product term per output and were available with active high outputs. The 16X8 family or registered devices had an XOR gate before the register. There were also similar 24-pin versions of these PALs.

AMD 22V10 Output Macrocell

This fixed output structure often frustrated designers attempting to optimize the utility of PAL devices because output structures of different types were often required by their applications. (For example, one could not get 5 registered outputs with 3 active high combinational outputs.) So, in 1983 AMD (source needed) introduced the 22V10, a 24 pin device with 10 output logic macrocells. Each macrocell could be configured by the user to be combinational or registered, active high or active low. The number of product term allocated to an output varied from 8 to 16. This one device could replace all of the 24 pin fixed function PAL devices. Members of the PAL "V" ("variable") series included the PAL16V8, PAL20V8 and PAL22V10. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (881x403, 55 KB) Summary AMD PAL 22V10 output mcarocell. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (881x403, 55 KB) Summary AMD PAL 22V10 output mcarocell. ... Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ...

PAL 16R4 Block Diagram Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (623x626, 71 KB) Summary A block diagram of a MMI 16R4 PAL programmable logic device. ...

AMD 22V10 Block Diagram Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (620x973, 93 KB) Summary A block diagram of a AMD PAL 22V10 programmable logic device. ...

Programming PALs

PALs were programmed electrically using binary patterns (as JEDEC ASCII/hexadecimal files) and a special electronic programming system available from either the manufacturer or a third-party, such as DATA/IO. In addition to single-unit device programmers, device feeders and gang programmers were often used when more than just a few PALs needed to be programmed. (For large volumes, electrical programming costs could be eliminated by having the manufacturer fabricate a custom metal mask used to program the customers' patterns at the time of manufacture; MMI used the term "hard array logic" (HAL) to refer to devices programmed in this way.) JEDEC stands for Joint Electron Device Engineering Council and is the semiconductor engineering standardization body of the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), a trade association that represents all areas of the electronics industry. ... There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ... In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal, base-16, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16, usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F, or a–f. ... // Data I/O Corporation Data I/O Corporation Logo Data I/O Corporation NASDAQ:DAIO, commonly known as Data I/O, is a manufacturer of programming and automated device handling systems for programmable integrated circuits. ... HAL or Hal may refer to: HAL is an acronym used to refer to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HAL is the hardware abstraction layer used in Windows NT and in Linux to encapsulate hardware-dependent details from the rest of the operating system. ...

Programming languages

PALASM design of a 4-bit counter.

Though some engineers programmed PAL devices by manually editing files containing the binary fuse pattern data, most opted to design their logic using a hardware description language (HDL) such as Data I/O's ABEL, Logical Devices' CUPL, or MMI's PALASM. These were computer-assisted design (CAD) (now referred to as "design automation") programs which translated (or "compiled") the designers' logic equations into binary fuse map files used to program (and often test) each device. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (552x674, 74 KB) Summary PALASM design of a 4-bit counter. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (552x674, 74 KB) Summary PALASM design of a 4-bit counter. ... In electronics, a hardware description language or HDL is any language from a class of computer languages for formal description of electronic circuits. ... HDL is an initialism that may refer to any of the following: High density lipoprotein Hardware description language german: Hab Dich Lieb This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In the Book of Genesis, Abel (Hebrew הֶבֶל / הָבֶל, Standard Hebrew Hével / Hável, Tiberian Hebrew Héḇel / Hāḇel; Arabic هابيل Hābīl) was the second son of Adam. ... PALASM is an early hardware description language, used to program programmable array logic devices introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. ... CAD is a TLA that may stand for: Cadiz Railroad (AAR reporting mark CAD) Canadian dollar – ISO 4217-code Capital Adequacy Directive Card Acceptance Device Children of the Anachronistic Dynasty Computer-aided design Computer-aided detection (medical) Computer-aided diagnosis (medical) Computer-assisted dispatch Computer-assisted drafting Coronary artery disease...

PALASM

The PALASM (from "PAL assembler") language was used to express boolean equations for the outputs pins in a text file which was then converted to the 'fuse map' file for the programming system using a vendor-supplied program; later the option of translation from schematics became common, and later still, 'fuse maps' could be 'synthesized' from an HDL (hardware description language,) such as Verilog. PALASM is an early hardware description language, used to program programmable array logic devices introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. ... In electronics, a hardware description language or HDL is any language from a class of computer languages for formal description of electronic circuits. ... Verilog is a hardware description language (HDL) used to model electronic systems. ...

The PALASM compiler was written by MMI in FORTRAN IV on an IBM 370/168. MMI made the source code available to users at no cost. By 1983, MMI customers ran versions on the DEC PDP/11, Data General NOVA, Hewlett-Packard HP2100, MDS800 and others. DEC, dec or Dec may refer to: December - a month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar Department of Environment and Conservation Digital Equipment Corporation - a computer and technology company, now part of HP Declination - a term from astronomy Diethylcarbamazine - a drug commonly used to treat infections by filarial parasites... Data General SuperNova The Data General Nova was a popular 16-bit minicomputer built by the United States company Data General starting in 1969. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ...

ABEL

Data I/O Corporation released ABEL. // Data I/O Corporation Data I/O Corporation Logo Data I/O Corporation NASDAQ:DAIO, commonly known as Data I/O, is a manufacturer of programming and automated device handling systems for programmable integrated circuits. ... ABEL (short for Advanced Boolean Expression Language) is a programming language and an associated set of design tools for programming PLDs. ...

CUPL

Logical Devices, Inc. released the Universal Compiler for Programmable Logic (CUPL), which ran under MSDOS on the IBM PC. Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ...

Device programmers

Popular device programmers included Data I/O Corporation's Model 60A Logic Programmer and Model 2900. // Data I/O Corporation Data I/O Corporation Logo Data I/O Corporation NASDAQ:DAIO, commonly known as Data I/O, is a manufacturer of programming and automated device handling systems for programmable integrated circuits. ...

Successors

After MMI succeeded with the 20-pin PAL parts, AMD introduced the 24-pin 22V10 PAL with additional features. After buying out MMI (circa 1987), AMD spun off a consolidated operation as Vantis, and that business was acquired by Lattice Semiconductor in 1999. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ... Lattice Semiconductor Corporation NASDAQ: [LSCC] is a leading manufacturer of high-performance programmable logic devices (PLDs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable mixed-signal and interconnect products, related software and intellectual property (IP). ...

Lattice Semiconductor introduced the GAL ("generic array logic") family, with functional equivalents of the "V" series PALs that used reprogrammable logic planes based on EEPROM (electrically eraseable programmable read-only memory) technology. National Semiconductor was a "second source" of GAL parts. AMD introduced a similar family called PALCE. GAL may refer to: Global Address List Edward G. Pitka Sr. ... An innovation of the PAL was the Generic Array Logic device, or GAL, invented by Lattice Semiconductor Inc. ...

Larger-scale programmable logic devices were introduced by Atmel, Lattice Semiconductor, and others. These devices extended the PAL architecture by including multiple logic planes and/or burying logic macrocells within the logic plane(s). The term "complex programmable logic device" (CPLD) was introduced to differentiate these devices from their PAL and GAL predecessors, which were then sometimes referred to as "simple programmable logic devices" or SPLDs. Atmel ATMEGA32 microcontroller Atmel AT90S2333 microcontroller Atmel Corporation (NASDAQ: ATML) is a manufacturer of semiconductors, founded in 1984 by George Perlegos. ... Lattice Semiconductor Corporation NASDAQ: [LSCC] is a leading manufacturer of high-performance programmable logic devices (PLDs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable mixed-signal and interconnect products, related software and intellectual property (IP). ... An Altera MAX 7000-series CPLD with 2500 gates. ... An Altera MAX 7000-series CPLD with 2500 gates. ...

One type of large CPLD is often referred to as a "field-programmable gate array" or FPGA. This term is often used to describe devices currently made by Altera and Xilinx. An Altera Stratix II GX FPGA. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) is the enabling technology for Reconfigurable Computing: a disruptive innovation driving a paradigm shift in computing, yielding speed-up factors by up to almost four orders of magnitude by migration of applications from software to FPGAs. ... A field-programmable gate array or FPGA is a gate array that can be reprogrammed after it is manufactured, rather than having its programming fixed during the manufacturing — a programmable logic device. ... Altera headquarters in San Jose Altera Corporation (NASDAQ: ALTR) is a leading manufacturer of programmable logic devices. ... Xilinx, Inc. ...

See also

• combinational logic
• logic

Other types of programmable logic devices: This article is not about combinatory logic, a topic in mathematical logic. ... Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος logos (the word), is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. ...

• field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
• programmable logic array (PLA)
• programmable logic device (PLD)
• field programmable logic array (Signetics FPLA)
• hard array logic (MMI HAL)

Current and former makers of programmable logic devices: An Altera Stratix II GX FPGA. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) is the enabling technology for Reconfigurable Computing: a disruptive innovation driving a paradigm shift in computing, yielding speed-up factors by up to almost four orders of magnitude by migration of applications from software to FPGAs. ... A programmable logic array (PLA) is a programmable device used to implement combinational logic circuits. ... The acronym PLA may mean: Palestine Liberation Army Peoples Liberation Army of the Peoples Republic of China, the worlds largest military. ... A programmable logic device or PLD is an electronic component used to build digital circuits. ... PLD stands for programmable logic device. ... An Altera FPGA with 20,000 cells. ... Signetics, once a major player in semiconductor manufacturing, made a variety of devices which included integrated circuits, bipolar and MOS, the Dolby circuit, logic, memory and analog circuits and Motorola clone CPUs, some of which were included in the first Atari video games. ... FPLA may refer to: Fair Packaging and Labeling Act – a United States law that applies to labels on many consumer products Field-programmable logic array – a type of semiconductor device better known as field-programmable gate array (FPGA) Popular Liberation Front of Azawad (in French: Front Populaire de Libération... Monolithic Memories, Inc. ...

• Actel
• Advanced Micro Devices (PAL, PALCE)
• Altera (Flex, Max)
• Atmel
• Intel
• Lattice Semiconductor (GAL)
• National Semiconductor (GAL)
• Signetics (FPLA)
• Texas Instruments
• Xilinx
• Zytrex (PAL)

Current and former makers of PAL device programmers: Categories: Possible copyright violations ... “AMD” redirects here. ... Altera headquarters in San Jose Altera Corporation (NASDAQ: ALTR) is a leading manufacturer of programmable logic devices. ... Atmel ATMEGA32 microcontroller Atmel AT90S2333 microcontroller Atmel Corporation (NASDAQ: ATML) is a manufacturer of semiconductors, founded in 1984 by George Perlegos. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Lattice Semiconductor Corporation NASDAQ: [LSCC] is a leading manufacturer of high-performance programmable logic devices (PLDs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable mixed-signal and interconnect products, related software and intellectual property (IP). ... Categories: Electronics companies of the United States | Companies based in California | Corporation stubs ... Signetics, once a major player in semiconductor manufacturing, made a variety of devices which included integrated circuits, bipolar and MOS, the Dolby circuit, logic, memory and analog circuits and Motorola clone CPUs, some of which were included in the first Atari video games. ... Texas Instruments (NYSE: TXN), better known in the electronics industry (and popularly) as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA, renowned for developing and commercializing semiconductor and computer technology. ... Xilinx, Inc. ...

• Data I/O Corporation

// Data I/O Corporation Data I/O Corporation Logo Data I/O Corporation NASDAQ:DAIO, commonly known as Data I/O, is a manufacturer of programming and automated device handling systems for programmable integrated circuits. ...

References

• Monolithic Memories, Inc. "PAL Programmable Array Logic Handbook", third edition. 1983.