Declassified MKULTRA documents

Project MK-ULTRA, or MKULTRA, was the code name for a covert CIA mind-control and chemical interrogation research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence, that began in the early 1950s and continued at least through the late 1960s.^[1][2][3] There is much published evidence that the project involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methodology, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function.^[4] MKULTRA may refer to: Project MKULTRA, the code name for a CIA mind-control research program that began in the 1950s mk Ultra, the Bay Area alternative band MK-ULTRA (Chicago band), the Chicago hardcore band MKULTRA Pop Culture Category: ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (553x713, 261 KB) Summary This a page from the declassified documents of MKULTRA. Source: Declassified MKULTRA Project Documents Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (553x713, 261 KB) Summary This a page from the declassified documents of MKULTRA. Source: Declassified MKULTRA Project Documents Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... CIA redirects here. ... Mind control is a general term for a number of controversial theories and/or techniques designed to subvert an individuals control of their own thinking, behavior, emotions, or decisions. ... A truth drug (or truth serum) is a drug used for the purposes of obtaining information from an unwilling subject, most often by a police, intelligence, or military organization on a prisoner. ...

Project MK-ULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress, through investigations by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission. Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed in 1973.^[5] Congress in Joint Session. ... The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a U.S. Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975. ... Rockefeller Commission can refer to either of two commissions in the US Congress, although it is not the proper name of either: The 1972 Presidents Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, headed by John D. Rockefeller 3rd. ... Richard Helms, Director of Central Intelligence, 1966-1973 Richard McGarrah Helms (March 30, 1913 – October 23, 2002) was the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. ...

Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been abandoned, 14-year CIA veteran Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinely conducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA mind control research continued. In a 1977 interview, Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA was abandoned a 'cover story.'.^[6][7] Mind control (or thought control) has the premise that an outside source can control an individuals thinking, behavior or consciousness (either directly or more subtly). ...

On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator Ted Kennedy said: For other persons named Ted Kennedy, see Ted Kennedy (disambiguation). ...

The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an 'extensive testing and experimentation' program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens 'at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign.' Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to 'unwitting subjects in social situations.' At least one death, that of Dr. [Frank] Olson, resulted from these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers.^[8] Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly called LSD, LSD-25, or acid. ... Frank Olson (born 1910, died November 28, 1953) was a U.S. Army scientist at the top secret Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland, who died under mysterious circumstances in New York City. ...

Title and origins

Dr. Sidney Gottlieb approved of an MKULTRA subproject on LSD in this June 9, 1953 letter.

The project's intentionally oblique CIA cryptonym is made up of the digraph MK, meaning that the project was sponsored by the agency's Technical Services Division, followed by the arbitrary dictionary word ULTRA. Other related cryptonyms include MK-NAOMI and MK-DELTA. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Download high resolution version (440x632, 101 KB)Dr. Sidney Gottliebs approval of an MKULTRA subproject on LSD. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (440x632, 101 KB)Dr. Sidney Gottliebs approval of an MKULTRA subproject on LSD. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Sidney Gottlieb Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 – March 7, 1999) was an American chemist probably best-known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency mind control program (MKULTRA). ... Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly called LSD, LSD-25, or acid. ... is the 160th day of the year (161st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... CIA cryptonyms are code words seen in declassified documents of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. ... MKNAOMI was the code name for a joint Department of Defense/CIA research program lasting from the 1950s through the 1970s. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ...

A precursor of the MK-ULTRA program began in 1945 when the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency was established and given direct responsibility for Operation Paperclip. Operation Paperclip was a program to recruit former Nazi spies, scientists and experts in torture and brain washing, some of whom had just been identified and prosecuted as war criminals during the Nuremberg Trials. Operation Paperclip scientists pose together. ... For the 1947 Soviet film about the trials, see Nuremberg Trials (film). ...

Several secret U.S. government projects grew out of Operation Paperclip. These projects included Project CHATTER (established 1947), and Project BLUEBIRD (established 1950), which was later renamed to Project ARTICHOKE in 1951. Their purpose was to study mind-control, interrogation, behavior modification and related topics. Project Chatter was instigated by the US Navy late in 1947. ... BLUEBIRD was the cryptonym for a CIA program involving special interrogation methods, including the use of drugs, hypnosis,[1] and isolation. ... Declassified pages of ARTICHOKE-MKULTRA Click Project ARTICHOKE was a CIA project that researched interrogation methods and arose from project BLUEBIRD in 1951 August 20. ...

Headed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the MK-ULTRA project was started on the order of CIA director Allen Dulles on April 13, 1953,^[9] largely in response to Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea.^[10] The CIA wanted to use similar methods on their own captives. The CIA was also interested in being able to manipulate foreign leaders with such techniques,^[11] and would later invent several schemes to drug Fidel Castro. Sidney Gottlieb Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 – March 7, 1999) was an American chemist probably best-known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency mind control program (MKULTRA). ... Allen Welsh Dulles (April 23, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was an influential director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1953 to 1961 and a member of the Warren Commission. ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... CCCP redirects here. ... North Korea, officially the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK; Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Hanja: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國), is a country in eastern Asia, covering the northern half of the peninsula of Korea. ... Mind control is a general term for a number of controversial theories and/or techniques designed to subvert an individuals control of their own thinking, behavior, emotions, or decisions. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ...

Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or consent.^[12] In some cases, academic researchers being funded through grants from CIA front organizations were unaware that their work was being used for these purposes.^[13]

In 1964, the project was renamed MK-SEARCH. The project attempted to produce a perfect truth drug for use in interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and generally to explore any other possibilities of mind control. A truth drug (or truth serum) is a drug used for the purposes of obtaining information from an unwilling subject, most often by a police, intelligence, or military organization on a prisoner. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

An MK-ULTRA program tagged "Operation Teapot" involved the testing of pregnant women with radiation, among other things. Also under this program, U.S. army soldiers were dosed with LSD to study the effects of panic. Operation Teapot was a series of thirteen nuclear test explosions conducted at the Nevada Test Site in the first half of 1955. ...

Another MK-ULTRA effort, Subproject 54, was the Navy's top secret "Perfect Concussion" program, which used sub aural frequency blasts to erase memory. During this program LSD's corollary effect on controlled and channeled mass panic was discovered. ^[14]

MK-ULTRA head Sidney Gottlieb was involved with both Operation Teapot and Subproject 54. The U.S. government officially denied involvement until 1995 when an official apology was issued to the pregnant women and to the affected U.S. army soldiers. However no apologies were offered to the affected U.S. Navy soldiers or to a group of Oregon prison inmates, whose testicles were irradiated without their knowledge. Compensation for medical treatment resulting from these experiments has been disputed and remains tied up in arbitration more than 40 years after the fact. Since 1995, most of the associated files have been reclassified as Top Secret.

Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by order of then CIA Director Richard Helms, it has been difficult, if not impossible, for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored by MK Ultra and related CIA programs.^[15] Richard Helms, Director of Central Intelligence, 1966-1973 Richard McGarrah Helms (March 30, 1913 – October 23, 2002) was the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. ...

Aims

The Agency poured millions of dollars into studies probing dozens of methods of influencing and controlling the mind. One 1955 MK-ULTRA document gives an indication of the size and range of the effort; this document refers to the study of an assortment of mind-altering substances described as follows:^[16]

1. Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public.
2. Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception.
3. Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
4. Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
5. Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way so that they may be used for malingering, etc.
6. Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise enhance its usefulness.
7. Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called "brain-washing".
8. Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use.
9. Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surreptitious use.
10. Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs, acute anemia, etc.
11. Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-down.
12. Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced.
13. A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that the individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning.
14. Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men when administered in undetectable amounts.
15. Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects.
16. A knockout pill which can surreptitiously be administered in drinks, food, cigarettes, as an aerosol, etc., which will be safe to use, provide a maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis.
17. A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a man to perform any physical activity whatsoever.

Historians have learned that creating a "Manchurian Candidate" subject through "mind control" techniques was undoubtedly a goal of MK-ULTRA and related CIA projects.^[17] However, there is no conclusive evidence the CIA actually succeeded in controlling a person's actions through mind control. The Manchurian Candidate is a 1959 novel by Richard Condon. ...

Budget

A secretive arrangement granted a percentage of the CIA budget. The MK-ULTRA director was granted six percent of the CIA operating budget in 1953, without oversight or accounting.^[18]

Experiments

CIA documents suggest that "chemical, biological and radiological" means were investigated for the purpose of mind control as part of MK-ULTRA.^[19]

Drugs

LSD

Early efforts focused on LSD, which later came to dominate many of MK-ULTRA's programs. Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly called LSD, LSD-25, or acid. ...

Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the subject's knowledge and informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code that the U.S. agreed to follow after WWII. Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typically manual stimulation, oral sex, sexual intercourse, or anal sex) for cash or other kind of return, generally indiscriminately with many persons. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Efforts to "recruit" subjects were often illegal, even discounting the fact that drugs were being administered (though actual use of LSD, for example, was legal in the United States until October 6, 1966). In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men were dosed with LSD, and the brothels were equipped with one-way mirrors and the "sessions" were filmed for later viewing and study.^[20] is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Operation Midnight Climax was an operation initially established by Dr. George Hunter White under the alias of Morgan Hall for the CIA. The project consisted of a web of CIA run brothels in San Francisco and New York. ... A brothel, also known as a bordello or whorehouse, is an establishment specifically dedicated to prostitution, providing the prostitutes a place to meet and to have sex with the clients. ...

Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in many of these cases, the subjects appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. In one case, volunteers were given LSD for 77 consecutive days.^[21]

LSD was eventually dismissed by MK-ULTRA's researchers as too unpredictable in its effects.[1] Although useful information was sometimes obtained through questioning subjects on LSD, not uncommonly the most marked effect would be the subject's absolute and utter certainty that they were able to withstand any form of interrogation attempt, even physical torture.

Other drugs

Another technique investigated was connecting a barbiturate IV into one arm and an amphetamine IV into the other.^[22] The barbiturates were released into the subject first, and as soon as the subject began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. The subject would begin babbling incoherently at this point, and it was sometimes possible to ask questions and get useful answers. Barbituric acid, the basic structure of all barbiturates Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ...

Other experiments involved heroin, morphine, temazepam (used under code name MK-SEARCH), mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol, and sodium pentothal.^[23] For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation). ... This article is about the drug. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names Restoril®, Normison®, Planum®, Tenox® and Temaze®) is a benzodiazepine derivative with powerful hypnotic properties. ... Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class. ... Psilocybin (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. ... Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). ... Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Sodium thiopental, better known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone sodium, or trapanal, is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anaesthetic. ...

Hypnosis

Declassified MK-ULTRA documents indicate hypnosis was studied in the early 1950s. Experimental goals included: the creation of "hypnotically induced anxieties," "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter," studying hypnosis and polygraph examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex arrangements of physical objects," and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis."^[24] For other uses, see Hypnotized (song). ... This article is about state anxiety. ... This article is about the forensic instrument. ...

Canadian experiments

The experiments were exported to Canada when the CIA recruited Scottish physician Donald Ewen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which the CIA found particularly interesting. Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and completely rebuilding the psyche. He commuted from Albany, New York to Montreal every week to work at the Allan Memorial Institute of McGill University and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKULTRA experiments there. Donald Ewen Cameron (1901-1967) was a Scottish-American psychiatrist. ... Psychic driving is a type of brainwashing where an essential piece of information that is in contradiction to the patients personality is implanted in the mind. ... For other uses, see Albany. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region Montréal Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... The Allan Memorial Institute (AMI) houses the Psychiatry Department of the Royal Victoria Hospital (a McGill University Health Centre hospital). ... McGill University is a public co-educational research university located in Montréal, Québec, Canada. ...

In addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs as well as electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "driving" experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements. His experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum depression, many of whom suffered permanently from his actions.^[25] His treatments resulted in victims' incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their parents.^[26] His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist Dr William Sargant at St Thomas' Hospital, London, and Belmont Hospital, Surrey, who also experimented extensively and very damagingly on his patients without their consent and was equally involved with the Intelligence Services. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are induced with electricity for therapeutic effect. ... Tape loops are loops of prerecorded magnetic tape used to create repetitive, rhythmic musical patterns. ... Look up incontinence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ... William Walters Sargant (24 April 1907 - August 27, 1988), psychiatrist, Founder and Director of the Department of Psychological Medicine at St Thomas Hospital in London, where he established a laboratory for mind control experiments. ... St Thomas Hospital is a large NHS hospital in Lambeth, London, England. ...

It was during this era that Cameron became known worldwide as the first chairman of the World Psychiatric Association as well as president of the American and Canadian psychiatric associations. Cameron had also been a member of the Nuremberg medical tribunal only a decade earlier.^[27] The World Psychiatric Association is an international umbrella organisation for psychiatrists that sets ethical, scientific and treatment standards in the practice of psychiatry. ... Karl Brandt at the Doctors Trial The Doctors Trial (or, officially, United States of America v. ...

Revelation

In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MK-ULTRA all but impossible. Richard Helms, Director of Central Intelligence, 1966-1973 Richard McGarrah Helms (March 30, 1913 – October 23, 2002) was the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. ...

In December 1974, The New York Times reported that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. That report prompted investigations by the U.S. Congress, in the form of the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI, and intelligence-related agencies of the military. The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Congress in Joint Session. ... Rockefeller Commission can refer to either of two commissions in the US Congress, although it is not the proper name of either: The 1972 Presidents Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, headed by John D. Rockefeller 3rd. ... F.B.I. and FBI redirect here. ...

In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential Rockefeller Commission report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the Department of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to influence and control human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least one subject had died after administration of LSD. The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a U.S. Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975. ... Rockefeller Commission can refer to either of two commissions in the US Congress, although it is not the proper name of either: The 1972 Presidents Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, headed by John D. Rockefeller 3rd. ... The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the military. ... An assortment of psychoactive drugs A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ... Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class. ...

The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church, concluded that "[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects". The committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers ... call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for experiments." Frank Forrester Church III (July 25, 1924 – April 7, 1984) was a four-term U.S. Senator representing Idaho as a Democrat (1957-1981). ...

Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President Gerald Ford in 1976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject" and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission. Subsequent orders by Presidents Carter and Reagan expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation. For other persons named Gerald Ford, see Gerald Ford (disambiguation). ... Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts and implications of an action. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... Reagan redirects here. ...

On the heels of the revelations about CIA experiments, similar stories surfaced regarding U.S. Army experiments. In 1975 the Secretary of the Army instructed the Army Inspector General to conduct an investigation. Among the findings of the Inspector General was the existence of a 1953 memorandum penned by then Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson. Documents show that the CIA participated in at least two of Department of Defense committees during 1952. These committee findings led to the issuance of the "Wilson Memo," which mandated--in accord with Nuremberg Code protocols--that only volunteers be used for experimental operations conducted in the U.S. armed forces. [2] In response to the Inspector General's investigation, the Wilson Memo was declassified in August 1975. The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Charles Erwin Wilson (July 18, 1890 - September 26, 1961), American businessman and politician, was United States Secretary of Defense from 1953 to 1957 under President Eisenhower. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

With regard to drug testing within the Army, the Inspector General found that "the evidence clearly reflected that every possible medical consideration was observed by the professional investigators at the Medical Research Laboratories." However the Inspector General also found that the mandated requirements of Wilson's 1953 memorandum had been only partially adhered to; he concluded that the "volunteers were not fully informed, as required, prior to their participation; and the methods of procuring their services, in many cases, appeared not to have been in accord with the intent of Department of the Army policies governing use of volunteers in research."

Other branches of the U.S. armed forces, the Air Force for example, were found not to have adhered to Wilson Memo stipulations regarding voluntary drug testing.

In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in 1984 on a CBC news show, The Fifth Estate. It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Dr. Cameron's efforts, but perhaps even more shockingly, the Canadian government was fully aware of this, and had later provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. This revelation largely derailed efforts by the victims to sue the CIA as their U.S. counterparts had, and the Canadian government eventually settled out of court for $100,000 to each of the 127 victims. Radio-Canada redirects here. ... The correct title of this article is the fifth estate. ... Donald Ewen Cameron (1901-1967) was a Scottish-American psychiatrist. ...

U.S. General Accounting Office Report

The U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies studied thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances. is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...

The quote from the study:

... Working with the CIA, the Department of Defense gave hallucinogenic drugs to thousands of "volunteer" soldiers in the 1950's and 1960's. In addition to LSD, the Army also tested quinuclidinyl benzilate, a hallucinogen code-named BZ. (Note 37) Many of these tests were conducted under the so-called MKULTRA program, established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Between 1953 and 1964, the program consisted of 149 projects involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human subjects...^[28] QNB redirects here. ... QNB redirects here. ...

Deaths

Harold Blauer, a professional tennis player in New York City, died as a result of a secret Army experiment involving MDA.^[29] New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA or Tenamfetamine), is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and empathogen/entactogen of the phenethylamine family. ...

Frank Olson, a United States Army biochemist and biological weapons researcher, was given LSD without his knowledge or consent in 1953 as part of a CIA experiment, and mysteriously committed suicide a week later following a severe psychotic episode. A CIA doctor assigned to monitor Olson's recovery claimed to be asleep in another bed in a New York City hotel room when Olson jumped through the window to fall ten stories to his death.^[30] Frank Olson (born 1910, died November 28, 1953) was a U.S. Army scientist at the top secret Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland, who died under mysterious circumstances in New York City. ... The United States Army is the largest, and by some standards oldest, established branch of the armed forces of the United States and is one of seven uniformed services. ... Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease_causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. ...

Olson's son disputes this version of events, and maintains that his father was murdered due to his knowledge of the often-lethal interrogation techniques employed by the CIA in Europe, used on Cold War prisoners. Frank Olson's body was exhumed in 1994, and cranial injuries indicated Olson had been knocked unconscious before exiting the window.^[31] For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

The CIA's own internal investigation, by contrast, claimed Gottlieb had conducted the experiment with Olson's prior knowledge, although neither Olson nor the other men taking part in the experiment were informed as to the exact nature of the drug until some 20 minutes after its ingestion. The report further suggested that Gottlieb was nonetheless due a reprimand, as he had failed to take into account Olsen's already-diagnosed suicidal tendencies, which might well have been exacerbated by the LSD.^[30]

Legal issues involving informed consent

The revelations about the CIA and the Army prompted a number of subjects or their survivors to file lawsuits against the federal government for conducting illegal experiments. Although the government aggressively, and sometimes successfully, sought to avoid legal liability, several plaintiffs did receive compensation through court order, out-of-court settlement, or acts of Congress. Frank Olson's family received $750,000 by a special act of Congress, and both President Ford and CIA director William Colby met with Olson's family to publicly apologize. For the first secretary of the Sierra Club, see William Edward Colby. ...

Previously, the CIA and the Army had actively and successfully sought to withhold incriminating information, even as they secretly provided compensation to the families. One subject of Army drug experimentation, James Stanley, an Army sergeant, brought an important, albeit unsuccessful, suit. The government argued that Stanley was barred from suing under a legal doctrine—known as the Feres doctrine, after a 1950 Supreme Court case, Feres v. United States—that prohibits members of the Armed Forces from suing the government for any harms that were inflicted "incident to service." Holding The Court affirmed the decisions of the courts of appeals which held that the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) did not apply to claims by petitioner servicemen. ...

In 1987, the Supreme Court affirmed this defense in a 5–4 decision that dismissed Stanley's case (483 U.S. 669). The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and decision making would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hence intrusion upon, military matters." In dissent, Justice William Brennan argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of constitutional rights: The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS[1]) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. ... William Joseph Brennan, Jr. ... The United States Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. ...

The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally unacceptable. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a standard against which to judge German scientists who experimented with human subjects... . [I]n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials ... began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing a separate dissent, stated: Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who was the first woman to serve as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ...

No judicially crafted rule should insulate from liability the involuntary and unknowing human experimentation alleged to have occurred in this case. Indeed, as Justice Brennan observes, the United States played an instrumental role in the criminal prosecution of Nazi officials who experimented with human subjects during the Second World War, and the standards that the Nuremberg Military Tribunals developed to judge the behavior of the defendants stated that the 'voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential ... to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts.' If this principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the victims are compensated, as best they can be, by the perpetrators. United States criminal justice system flowchart. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... For the 1947 Soviet film about the trials, see Nuremberg Trials (film). ...

This is the only Supreme Court case to address the application of the Nuremberg Code to experimentation sponsored by the U.S. government. And while the suit was unsuccessful, dissenting opinions put the Army—and by association the entire government—on notice that use of individuals without their consent is unacceptable. The limited application of the Nuremberg Code in U.S. courts does not detract from the power of the principles it espouses, especially in light of stories of failure to follow these principles that appeared in the media and professional literature during the 1960s and 1970s and the policies eventually adopted in the mid-1970s. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

In another law suit, Wayne Ritchie, a former United States Marshall, alleged the CIA laced his food or drink with LSD at a 1957 Christmas party. While the government admitted it was, at that time, drugging people without their consent, U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel found Ritchie could not prove he was one of the victims of MKULTRA. She dismissed the case in 2007. See this PDF file for details. Judge Marilyn Hall Patel (b. ...

Extent of participation

44 American colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics (in addition to those associated with universities), and 3 prisons are known to have participated in MKULTRA.^[32][33] A college (Latin collegium) can be the name of any group of colleagues; originally it meant a group of people living together under a common set of rules (con-, together + leg-, law). As a consequence members of colleges were originally styled fellow and still are in some places. ... A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. ... A pharmaceutical company is a licensed drug company, licensed to discover, develop, markets and distribute drugs. ... A hospital today is an institution for professional health care provided by physicians and nurses. ...

Famous subjects

Considerable evidence supports the contention that Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski participated in CIA-sponsored MK-ULTRA experiments conducted at Harvard University by Henry A. Murray, a professor in Social Relations, from the fall of 1959 through the spring of 1962. Kaczynski was subjected to "a disturbing and what would now be seen as an ethically indefensible experiment on twenty-two undergraduates." Kaczynski was a precocious, though impressionable, sixteen-year-old when he began his participation; his assigned code name was "Lawful." He emerged, years later, as a terrorist and has been sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. ^{[34] [35]} The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... Harvard redirects here. ... This article is becoming very long. ... It has been suggested that Medical parole be merged into this article or section. ...

Merry Prankster Ken Kesey, author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, volunteered for MK-ULTRA experiments while he was a student at Stanford University. Kesey's ingestion of LSD during these experiments led directly to his widespread promotion of the drug and the subsequent development of hippie culture. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Kenneth Elton Kesey (September 17, 1935 – November 10, 2001) was an American author, best known for his novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, and as a counter-cultural figure who, some consider, was a link between the beat generation of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s. ... One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (1962) is a novel written by Ken Kesey. ... Stanford redirects here. ... For the British TV show, see Hippies (TV series). ...

Candy Jones, American fashion model and radio host, claimed to have been a victim of mind control in the '60s, but her account has not been verified. Candy Jones (born Jessica Wilcox in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on December 31, 1925, died January 18, 1990) was a fashion model in the 1940s and 1950s, and from 1972, a co-host of John Nebels talk radio show (he was her second husband) on WMCA in New York...

Conspiracy theories

MK-ULTRA, perhaps predictably, plays a part in many conspiracy theories given its nature and the destruction of most records. Some claim the MK-ULTRA project was linked with the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. They have argued that there is evidence that the assassin, Sirhan Sirhan, had been subjected to mind control, though such ideas are generally dismissed due to a lack of supporting evidence. Recently, these views have become more widespread after the evidence cited by Sirhan's most recent lawyer Lawrence Teeter, in the June 11, 2003 Interview with Sirhan's attorney Lawrence Teeter on KPFA 94.1 / Guns & Butter show. A conspiracy theory is a theory that defies common historical or current understanding of events, under the claim that those events are the result of manipulations by two or more individuals or various secretive powers or conspiracies. ... Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called RFK, was one of two younger brothers of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and served as United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964. ... This article is about Robert F. Kennedys assassin. ... Lawrence Teeter (1949 – July 31, 2005) was an American lawyer most well-known for being the attorney of Sirhan Sirhan, the man convicted of assassinating Robert F. Kennedy. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

After Leo Ryan was murdered at Jonestown, his children filed a lawsuit claiming that the CIA had been operating Jonestown as part of their MK-ULTRA program, and that Richard Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the US Embassy who had organized the trip on Ryan's behalf, was a CIA agent. The lawsuit was dismissed for reasons that have never been made public, and the majority of U.S. government records concerning Jonestown remain sealed to this day.^[36][37] Leo Joseph Ryan, Jr. ... For other uses, see Jonestown (disambiguation). ...

Popular culture

• MKULTRA is referenced in the plots of The Ambler Warning by Robert Ludlum, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by Tom Wolfe, Firestarter by Stephen King, Just a Couple of Days by Tony Vigorito, Murder in the CIA by Margaret Truman, The Manchurian Candidate by Richard Condon, The Telling of Lies by Timothy Findley; and The Watchmen by John Altman (author); the films Conspiracy Theory, The Good Shepherd, and Jacob's Ladder; the television series Angel, The Lone Gunmen, Numb3rs, and The X-Files; the games Conspiracy X and The Suffering: Prison is Hell; the character Deathstroke the Terminator in the Teen Titans by DC Comics.
• The bands mk Ultra and MK-ULTRA took their names from these projects. MKULTRA is also mentioned in songs or liner notes of such artists as Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Fatboy Slim, Green Magnet School, Immortal Technique, Canibus, The Manic Street Preachers, Muse, The Orb, Sirius Isness, and Lustmord side project Terror Against Terror.
• The Canadian band Tokyo Police Club uses scenes of a film based on MK Ultra in their video for "Citizens Of Tomorrow".
• MKULTRA also provides a name for a move by professional wrestler Sterling James Keenan and a strain of medical marijuana.
• The 1998 Canadian television film The Sleep Room dramatized the project.

The Ambler Warning is a Robert Ludlum spy thriller that takes us to a place on Parrish Island, a restricted island off the coast of Virginia. ... Robert Ludlum Robert Ludlum (May 25, 1927 New York City â€“ March 12, 2001 Naples, Florida) was an American author of 21 thriller novels. ... The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is a literary journalism novel written by Tom Wolfe early in his career in 1968. ... For the early 20th century American novelist, see Thomas Wolfe. ... FireStarter (Japanese ファイスタ Fai Suta) is the second episode of the anime FLCL. Spoiler warning: Summary The Episode starts out with Mamimi playing some handheld videogame about burning stuff to please a dark god Cantide. ... For other persons named Stephen King, see Stephen King (disambiguation). ... Just a Couple of Days is the debut novel by author Tony Vigorito. ... Mary Margaret Truman–Daniel (born February 17, 1924 in Independence, Missouri) is an American writer and the author of biographies, books on the White House and several best-selling mystery novels. ... The Manchurian Candidate is a 1959 thriller novel written by Richard Condon, later adapted into films in 1962 and 2004. ... Richard Thomas Condon (born March 18, 1915 in New York, New York; died April 9, 1996 in Dallas, Texas), was a satirical and thriller novelist best known for conspiratorial books such as The Manchurian Candidate. ... Timothy Irving Frederick Findley, OC , O. Ont. ... See also Alan Moores comic book series, The Watchmen. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Good Shepherd is a nautical novel by CS Forester, the author of the novels about fictional Royal Navy officer Horatio Hornblower. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For the South Korean TV series of the same name, see Angel (2007 TV series). ... The Lone Gunmen is a spin-off of the popular series The X-Files, it is a television show created by Chris Carter that was shown on FOX, featuring the three characters called The Lone Gunmen, who were originally from The X-Files. ... Numb3rs (also capitalized as NUMB3RS and pronounced as Numbers) is an American television show produced by brothers Ridley Scott and Tony Scott. ... The X-Files is an American Peabody, Golden Globe and Emmy Award-winning science fiction television series created by Chris Carter, which first aired on 10 September 1993, and ended on 19 May 2002. ... Conspiracy X is a role-playing game published by Eden Studios, Inc. ... The Suffering is a video game developed by Surreal Software and published by Midway Games, released in 2004 for the Xbox, PlayStation 2, and the PC. A sequel, called The Suffering: Ties That Bind, was released in September 2005 and a film adaptation was announced by Midway and MTV Films... Slade Wilson, also known as Deathstroke the Terminator, is a fictional character appearing in the DC Comics universe. ... The Teen Titans, also known as “The New Teen Titans”, “New Titans”, or “The Titans”, a DC Comics superhero team. ... DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company. ... Project MKULTRA (also known as MK-ULTRA) was the code name for a CIA mind control research program lasting from the 1950s through the 1970s. ... MK-ULTRA (also spelled Mk-Ultra, MK Ultra, or Mk Ultra) was a hardcore/thrash band from Chicago, Illinois. ... Black Rebel Motorcycle Club (BRMC for short) is an American garage rock band from San Francisco, California, now based in Los Angeles. ... FatBoy Slim (born Quentin Leo Cook on July 31, 1963,[1] also known as Norman Cook) is a British big beat musician. ... -1... Felipe Coronel (born February 19, 1978), better known as Immortal Technique, is a hip hop MC and political activist. ... Germaine Williams (born December 9, 1974), better known as Canibus and also as Can-I-Bus and Rip the Jacker, is a Jamaican-born American MC and rapper. ... The Manic Street Preachers are a Welsh rock band, one of the biggest in Britain for a period in the late 1990s, known for their early wild exploits; the mysterious disappearance and alleged suicide of Richey James Edwards (Richey James, as he preferred to be known); and for a progression... For other uses, see Muse (disambiguation). ... The Orb are an English electronic music group known for popularising chill out music in the 1990s and spawning the genre of ambient house. ... Sirius Isness is a Spanish band formed in 2000, producing psychedelic trance music. ... Brian Lustmord Williams is a musician credited with creating the dark ambient genre with the influential album, Heresy - a relentlessly dark work that sounds like a journey through Hell. ... This article is about the rock band. ... ... Matt Polinsky is an American professional wrestler known better by his ring name, Sterling James Keenan, the second part of which is taken from Maynard James Keenan of Tool. ... A catalog page offering Cannabis sativa extract. ...

See also

Brainwashing (also known as thought reform or as re-education) consists of any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and beliefs in a person — sometimes unwelcome beliefs in conflict with the persons prior beliefs and knowledge. ... CIA cryptonyms are code words seen in declassified documents of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. ... Since the discovery of ionizing radiation, a number of human radiation experiments have been performed to understand the effects of ionizing radiation and radioactive contamination on the human body. ... Louis Jolyon (Jolly) West (1924 in Brooklyn, New York - January 2, 1999 in Los Angeles) was an American psychiatrist, human rights activist and expert on brainwashing, mind control, torture, substance abuse, post traumatic stress disorder and violence. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... MKNAOMI was the code name for a joint Department of Defense/CIA research program lasting from the 1950s through the 1970s. ... Operation Paperclip scientists pose together. ... Declassified pages of ARTICHOKE-MKULTRA Click Project ARTICHOKE was a CIA project that researched interrogation methods and arose from project BLUEBIRD in 1951 August 20. ... BLUEBIRD was the cryptonym for a CIA program involving special interrogation methods, including the use of drugs, hypnosis,[1] and isolation. ... Project Chatter was instigated by the US Navy late in 1947. ... Sidney Gottlieb Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 – March 7, 1999) was an American chemist probably best-known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency mind control program (MKULTRA). ... Holding Serviceman could not maintain a tort action against the federal government, because his injuries were service-related. ... William Walters Sargant (24 April 1907 - August 27, 1988), psychiatrist, Founder and Director of the Department of Psychological Medicine at St Thomas Hospital in London, where he established a laboratory for mind control experiments. ...

Sources

References

Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... John R. Marks, III is the mayor of the city of Tallahassee, Florida. ... Victor Marchetti was born in 1930. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Government Documents

• [3] U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394.
  • A link to the first page on MKULTRA.
  • A link to the first page on Frank Olson.
• [4] U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Committee on Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. August 3, 1977
• [5] U.S. Department of Energy: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals
• [6] U.S. Department of Energy: The Records of Our Past
• [7] Office of the Director of Central Intelligence (ODCI): Studies in Intelligence - Fifteen DCIs' First 100 Day
• Entire MKULTRA Document Archive
• Entire MKULTRA Document Archive in PDF format

is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ...

Articles

(sorted by date)

• "Book Disputes CIA Chief on Mind-Control Efforts", by Bill Richards. The Washington Post, January 29, 1979, page A2.
• "The CIA's Attempt At Mind Control: Bad Trips?", The Washington Post, February 15, 1979, page C2.
• "Canadians Sue U.S. Over CIA Tests Of Behavior Modification Methods", by Laura A. Kiernan. The Washington Post, December 12, 1980, page A44.
• "Tests Contradict U.S. Story of Man's Suicide; Family Suspects CIA Killed Researcher", by Brian Mooar. The Washington Post, July 12, 1994, page B1.
• "New Study Yields Little on Death of Biochemist Drugged by CIA", by Brian Mooar. The Washington Post, November 29, 1994, page B3.
• "Mk Ultra", by Mark Jenkins. The Washington Post, September 25, 1998, page N15.
• "CIA Official Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies", by Bart Barnes. The Washington Post, March 11, 1999, page B5.
• "The Coldest", by Ted Gup. The Washington Post, December 16, 2001, page W9.
• [8] "Government-linked 'suicide' probed", H.P. Albarelli Jr., 8 September 2002.
• [9] "Operation Midnight Climax", by Lawrence Segel. The Medical Post, September 17, 2002, Volume 38 Issue 33.
• [10] "Woman awarded $100,000 for CIA-funded electroshock" - CBC news, 10 June 2004
• [11] "Brainwash victims win cash claims" - Sunday Times, October 17, 2004

is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Books

• Black, David (1998). Acid: The Secret History of LSD. London: Vision. ISBN 1-901250-11-3.  Later edition exists.
• Bowart, W. H. (1978). Operation Mind Control: Our Secret Governments's War Against Its Own People. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-16755-8. 
• Camper, Frank (1997). The Mk/Ultra Secret. Savannah, GA: Christopher Scott Publishing. ISBN 1-889149-02-0. 
• Collins, Anne ([1988] 1998). In the Sleep Room: The Story of CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada. Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN 1-55013-932-0.  (Reprint edition.)
• Douglass, Joseph (2002). Betrayed. 1st Books Library, 492. ISBN 140330131X. 
• Douglass, Joseph (1999). Red Cocaine: The Drugging of America and the West. Edward Harle, 178. ISBN 1899798048. 
• Fahey, Todd (1996). Wisdom's Maw. Far Gone Books, 224. ISBN 0-965-18390-4. 
• Lee, Martin; Shlain, Bruce (1985). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3062-3. 
• Marks, John (1979). The Search for the Manchurian Candidate. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-0773-6. 
• McCoy, Alfred (2006). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Metropolitan Books, 21 sqq.. ISBN 0-8050-8041-4. 
• Ranelagh, John (1988). The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. Sceptre, 208-210. ISBN 0-340-41230-5. 
• Ronson, Jon (2004). The Men Who Stare at Goats. Picador. ISBN 0-330-37548-2. 
• Stevens, Jay (1987). Storming Heaven: LSD and The American Dream. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3587-0. 
• Thomas, Gordon (1989). Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse. New York: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-28413-4. 
• Vankin, Jonathan; Whalin, John (2004). 80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2531-2.  Chapter 1, "CIAcid Drop".

Jonathan Vankin is an author and journalist. ...

External links

• Inventory list of materials in the National Security Archive's collection from John Marks' FOIA request results (which he utilized while researching his book, The Search For The Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control, The Secret History of the Behavioral Sciences, W. W. Norton, 1979; published as Norton paperback in 1991, ISBN 0-393-30794-8).
• The Frank Olson Project - a website created by Frank Olson's family to explore the issues surrounding his death.
• Declassified MKULTRA Documents at the Black Vault - the full 4-CD collection of MKULTRA (and related) FOIA documents, online.
• Declassified MKULTRA Project Documents
• The Most Dangerous Game Downloadable 8 minute documentary by independent filmmakers GNN
• Results of the 1973 Church Committee Hearings, on CIA misdeeds, and the 1984 Iran/Contra Hearings
• XXVII. Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Community
• U.S. Research on Hypnosis and Mind Control Begins
• Amy Goodman Interviews Professor Alfred McCoy of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. [12]
• mindkiller.org's archive of MK-ULTRA declassified files 19900+ from the Freedom of Information act requested in early 2003.
• Interview with a Canadian victim of CIA and Canadian Government Brainwashing, The Hour, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, January 9, 2007.
• Erowid MKULTRA Vault.
• Demon Technology Videos.