Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation project initiated in India in 1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers. It was launched on April 1, 1973 and has become one of the most successful wildlife conservation ventures. The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted tiger reserves representative of various bio-geographical regions throughout India. It strives to maintain a viable tiger population in their natural environment. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1122x750, 364 KB) Panthera tigris tigris, Bengaltiger, Indischer Tiger oder Königstiger Public Domain from http://images. ... India, lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, hosts significant biodiversity; it is home to 7. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... . ... Glimpses of biodiversity India is one of the high biodiversity regions of the world with three biodiversity hotspots - the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas and the Indo-Burma regions. ... This is a list of mammals found in India. ... This is a list of the bird species recorded in India. ... This is a list of the fish species found in India and is based on FishBase. ... // Butterflies of India Approximately 1439 species of butterfly have been described from India. ... The following is a list of the moths of India. ... This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... Conservation Areas in India refer to well-demarcated large geographical entities with an established conservation plan, and were part of a joint Indo-US project on landscape management and protection. The project ran from 1996 to 2002. ... Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Andaman Islands rain forests (India) Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests (India) Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma montane forests (India, Myanmar) Eastern highlands moist deciduous forests (India) Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests (Bhutan, India, Nepal) Malabar Coast moist forests (India) Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests... Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Government of India is an internationally renowned premiere institution in India which trains wildlife managers and wildlife researchers. ... This is a list of all national parks of India. ... The Indian government has established 4 Biosphere Reserves (UNESCO categories roughly corresponding to IUCN Category V Protected areas), which protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary), and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves, along buffer zones that are open to... A reserved forest (also called reserve forest) or a protected forest in India are terms denoting forests accorded a certain degree of protection. ... Private protected areas of India refer to protected areas inside India whose land rights are owned by an individual or a corporation / organization, and where the habitat and resident species are offered some kind of protection from exploitative activities like hunting, logging, etc. ... India has over 500 animal sanctuaries, referred to as Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN Category IV Protected Area). ... A communal forest in India is a specific term which refers to forests governed by local communities in a way compatible with sustainable development, and can be of various types. ... The Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests is a cabinet ministry in the Government of India, and is responsible for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of environmental and forestry programmes in the country. ... The Indian Forest Service (IFS) is one of the important All India Services of the Government of India. ... Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal (IIFM) (founded 1982) is an autonomous institution located at Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, India, established by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India with assistance from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad. ... Project Elephant was launched in 1992 by the Government of India to assist states having free ranging population of wild elephants. ... The Indian Forest Act, 1927 was largely based on previous Indian Forest Acts implemented under the British. ... The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 refers to a sweeping package of legislation enacted in 1972 by the Government of India. ... List of Zoos in India: Central Zoo Authority of India (CZA) is the Governing Authority of all Zoos in India Nehru Zoological Park, Hyderabad Indira Gandhi Park Jijamata Udyaan, Mumbai Arignar Anna Zoological Park (Vandalur Zoo), Chennai Alipore Zoological Gardens, Kolkata Mysore Zoo, Karnataka Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The conservation movement is a political and social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including plant and animal species as well as their habitat for the future. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Trinomial name Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bengal Tiger or Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is a subspecies of tiger primarily found in India, Bangladesh and also in Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and in southern Tibet. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation). ...

In 2007, there were 28 Project Tiger wildlife reserves covering an area of 37,761 km². Project Tiger helped increased the population of these tigers from 1,200 in the 1970s to 3,500 in 1990s. A nature reserve is an area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

History

At the turn of the 20th century, one estimate of the tiger population in India placed the figure at 40,000. The first ever all-India tiger census was conducted in 1972 which revealed the existence of only 1827 tigers..The project was launched in 1973, and various tiger reserves were created in the country based on a 'core-buffer'strategy.Management plans were drawn up for each tiger reserve based on the principles outlined below: (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... For the documentary series aired on Doordarshan, see Sanctuary Films The Royal Bengal Tiger. ...

• Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and biotic disturbance from the core area and rationalization of activities in the buffer zone.
• Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damages done to the eco-system by human and other interferences so as to facilitate recovery of the eco-system to its natural state.
• Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and carrying out research about wildlife.

Initially, 9 tiger reserves were established in different States during the period 1973-74, by pooling the resources available with the Central and State Governments. These nine reserves covered an area of about 13,017km² -- viz Manas (Assam), Palamau (Bihar), Similipal (Orissa), Corbett (U.P.), Kanha (M.P.), Melghat (Maharashtra), Bandipur (Karnataka), Ranthambhore (Rajasthan) and Sunderbans (West Bengal). The World Wildlife Fund For Nature has given Project Tiger assistance in the form of equipments, expertise and literature worth US $ 1 million . There are 28 tiger reserves in India.]]Project Tiger was a pet project of Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India. The main achievements of this project are excellent recovery of the habitat and consequent increase in the tiger population in the reserve areas, from a mere 268 in 9 reserves in 1972 to above one thousand in 28 reserves in 2006. Tigers, being at the apex of the food chain, can be considered as the indicator of the stability of the ecosystem. Thus, 'Project Tiger' is basically the conservation of the entire ecosystem and apart from tigers, all other wild animals population have also increased in the project areas. Note: After losing a court case in 2002 on the use of the initials WWF, the organization previously known as the World Wrestling Federation has rebranded itself as World Wrestling Entertainment, or WWE. WWF - The Conservation Organization was formerly known as World Wildlife Fund and Worldwide Fund for Nature. ... A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latters fasts Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: ) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... == HEADLINE TEXT== Food chains, food webs and/or food networks describe the feeding relationships between other species to another within an ecosystem. ...

Tiger Reserves

For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... A herd of Indian wild elephants at Corbett National Park. ... , Uttarakhand (Hindi: उत्तराखंड), known as Uttaranchal from 2000 to 2006, became the 27th state of the Republic of India on November 9, 2000. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Bandipur National Park is one of Indias best known sanctuaries, and is an important Project Tiger reserve. ... Nagarhole National Park (also known as Rajiv Gandhi National Park) is located 94 km away from Mysore. ... , Karnataka (Kannada: , IPA:  ) is a state in the southern part of India. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Kanha National Park, part of Project Tiger, is located in Madhya Pradesh, India. ... , Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP)   (HindÄ«: मध्य प्रदेश, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Manas National Park is a National Park, UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger Reserve, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve in Assam, India. ... , Assam (  ) (Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a north eastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Guwahati. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... ... , Jharkhand   (Hindi: झारखंड, Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ড,IPA: ) is a state in eastern India. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Ranthambore National Park, part of Project Tiger, is located in Rajasthan, India. ... , Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... , Orissa   (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା), is a state situated on the east coast of India. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Where the land meets the sea at the southern tip of West Bengal lies the Indian Sunderbans, a stretch of impenetrable mangrove forest of great size and bio-diversity. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Central Indian forests has been defined by Birdlife International as a Secondary Area for bird endemism, as it includes the range of the critically endangered Forest Owlet. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... Sariska is a national park in the Indian state of Rajasthan. ... , Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... A national park located on the banks of the Brahmaputra River close to Miao in the Changlang District of Arunachal Pradesh. ... , Arunachal Pradesh   (Hindi:   ) is the easternmost state of India. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Nagarhole National Park is located 94 km away from Mysore. ... Andhra redirects here. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... A national park located in the Dantewada district of Chhattisgarh. ... Chhattisgarh (छत्तीसगढ़), a state in central India, formed when the sixteen southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained statehood on November 1, 2000. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Buxar is an administrative district in the state of Bihar in India. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Dudhwa National Park in a Nutshell Location: Dudhwa (Dist. ... , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , IPA:  , translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Panthera tigris tigris Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) is situated in the Southern Western Ghats in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu state, South India. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Valmiki composes the Ramayana Valmiki (Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि, vālmÄ«ki) born as Ratnakar is a legendary Hindu sage (maharishi) traditionally regarded as the author of the epic, Ramayana, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself[1]. He was the tenth child of Pracheta. ... For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... , Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP)   (HindÄ«: मध्य प्रदेश, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Bandhavgarh National Park (Devanagari: बांधवगढ राष्ट्रीय उद्दान) is located in Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh state in India. ... , Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP)   (HindÄ«: मध्य प्रदेश, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Panna can refer to: Panna, India, a city in the state of Madhya Pradesh; Paññā is the Pāli equivalent of the Sanskrit prajñā, a term used in Buddhist philosophy. ... , Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP)   (HindÄ«: मध्य प्रदेश, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... , Mizoram   is one of the Seven Sister States in northeastern India on the border with Myanmar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Nagpur, situated in the northeastern corner of Maharashtra, known as Vidharbha, is also the geographic center of India. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... In Hinduism, Bhadra is a goddess of the hunt and one of Shivas servants. ... , Karnataka (Kannada: , IPA:  ) is a state in the southern part of India. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Located in the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas in the Sonitpur District of Assam, India. ... , Assam (  ) (Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a north eastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Guwahati. ... This article is about the year. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... This article is about the year. ... Satpura National Park is located in district Hoshangabad of Madhya Pradesh in India. ... , Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP)   (HindÄ«: मध्य प्रदेश, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Located in the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas in the Sonitpur District of Assam, India. ... , Arunachal Pradesh   (Hindi:   ) is the easternmost state of India. ...

Present Organization and aims

The Project Tiger was to identify the limiting factors and to mitigate them by suitable management. The damages done to the habitat were to be rectified so as to facilitate the recovery of eco-system to the maximum possible extent. The overall administration of the project is monitored by a 'Steering Committee'.A 'Field Director' is appointed for each reserve, who is assisted by the field and technical personnel. At the Centre, a full-fledged 'Director' of the project coordinates the work for the country. In law, damages refers to the money paid or awarded to a claimant (as it is known in the UK) or plaintiff (in the US) following their successful claim in a civil action. ...

Wireless communication system and outstation patrol camps have been developed within the tiger reserves, due to which poaching has declined considerably. Fire protection is effectively done by suitable preventive and control measure Voluntory Village relocation has been done in many reserves, especially from the core area.. Live stock grazing has been controlled to a great extent in the tiger reserves. Various compensatory developmental works have improved the water regime and the ground and field level vegetations, thereby increasing the animal density It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Wireless. ... For other uses, see Poaching (disambiguation). ... Fire protection engineering is the practice of application of science and engineering principles and experience to protect people and their environments from the destructive effects of fire. ... Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants, and is, by far, the most abundant biotic element of the biosphere. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ...

Future plans

 Wildlife protection and crime risk management in the present scenario requires a widely distributed Information Network, using state-of-the-art information and communication technology. This becomes all the more important to ensure the desired level of protection in field formations to safeguard the impressive gains of a focused project like 'Project Tiger'. The important elements in Wildlife protection and control are: Mapping/plotting the relative spatial abundance of wild animals, identification of risk factors, proximity to risk factors, sensitivity categorization, crime mapping and immediate action for apprehending the offenders based on effective networking and communication. Space technology has shown the interconnectivity of natural and anthropogenic phenomena occurring anywhere on earth. Several Tiger Reserves are being linked with the Project Tiger Directorate in the GIS domain for Wildlife Crime Risk Management. 

A Tiger Atlas of India and a Tiger Habitat & Population Evaluation System for the country is being developed using state-of-the-art technology. This involves: The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... For the Bobby Womack album, see Communication (1972 album). ... underwear is a tool used by a state to restrain international trade to protect a certain home industry from foreign competition. ... The word mapping has several senses: In mathematics and related technical fields, it is some kind of function: see map (mathematics). ... Plotting is the process of depicting mathematical functions or data visually. ... Wild, in zoology or botany, is a rough if problematic antonym to domesticated: see wildlife. ... A risk factor is a concept in finance theory such as the CAPM, APT and other theories that use pricing kernels. ... Look up anthropogenic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

• Mapping , data acquisition and GIS modeling
• Field data collection and validation
• Data Maintenance , Dissemination and Use

The following potential tiger habitats in the country are being covered:

• Shivalik-Terai Conservation Unit (Uttaranchal, UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Nepal)
• North east Conservation Unit
• Sunderbans Conservation Unit
• Central Indian Conservation Unit
• Eastern Ghat Conservation Unit
• Western Ghat Conservation Unit

Satellite data is being used and classified into vegetation and land use maps on a 1:50,000 scale, with digitized data relating to contour, villages, roads, drainage, administrative boundaries and soil. The spatial layers would be attached with attribute data, viz. human population, livestock population, meteorological data, agricultural information and field data pertaining to wildlife, habitat for evolving regional protocols to monitor tiger and its habitat. For other uses, see Satellite (disambiguation). ... Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants, and is, by far, the most abundant biotic element of the biosphere. ...

Future activities

The dynamics of forest management and wildlife conservation have been distorted due to need for income, lack of awareness, lack of landuse policy approach in landscapes having Tiger Reserves is of utmost importance in the country. It should be viewed as a mosaic of different landuse patterns, viz, tiger conservation and preservation, forestry, sustainable use and development, besides socio-economic growth. Forest management includes a range of human interventions that affect forest ecosystems. ... cheese ... This article is about a decorative art. ...

Tiger habitats exist in environments of thousands of indigenous communities which depend on them. Therefore we cannot view these protected areas in isolation from the surrounding socio-economic realities and developmental priorities of the Govt. This calls for a cross-sectoral and cross-disciplinary approach. The term indigenous people has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ...

Tigers now need a "preservationist" approach. Regional planning is important around Tiger Reserves to foster ecological connectivity between protected areas through restorative inputs with integrated landuse planning. The management plan of a Tiger Reserve, therefore, needs to be integrated in larger regional management plans.

Criticism

In an Animal Planet special named Tiger Zero, Indian naturalist Valmik Thapar has said that for several years, Project Tiger officials have inflated India's wild tiger numbers so as to save their jobs. Project Tiger itself is now being threatened by government activities like the newly passed Tribal Bill, which allows tribal population to reside inside designated tiger sanctuaries. Furthermore, all the tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve have been poached, showing the ineffectiveness of Project Tiger.^{[citation needed]} Animal Planet, launched in 1996, is a cable and satellite television network co-owned by Discovery Communications, Inc. ... Valmik Thapar - Tiger Expert Valmik Thapar, who graduated with a first class degree in Anthropology from Delhi University, is one of Indias foremost chroniclers of natural history. ...

References