According to Gloria Anzaldúa (1990), "the difference between appropriation and proliferation is that the first steals and harms; the second helps heal breaches of knowledge."
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Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations which do not already have such capabilities.
Earnest international efforts to stem nuclear proliferation did not begin until the late-1960s, after five nations had acquired nuclear weapons (see List of countries with nuclear weapons for more information).
The greatest risk of nuclear weapons proliferation lies with countries which have not joined the NPT and which have significant unsafeguarded nuclear activities.