Propaganda Due or P2 was an irregular or "black" Masonic lodge that operated in Italy from 1877-1981, headed in its final decades by Licio Gelli. P2 was implicated in numerous Italian crimes and mysteries, including the nationwide bribe scandal Tangentopoli, the collapse of the Vatican-affiliated Banco Ambrosiano, and the murders of journalist Mino Pecorelli, Prime Minister Aldo Moro, and banker Roberto Calvi. P2 came to light through the Banco Ambrosiano scandal. P2 was also involved in Gladio's strategy of tension (Gladio being the name of Italy's secret "stay-behind" North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) paramilitary organization). Between 1965 and 1981, the P2 lodge entered the Italian political process by sending its members into the judiciary, the Parliament, the army and the press. Freemason and Freemasons redirect here. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the... Bettino Craxi, viewed by many as the symbol of Tangentopoli, leader of the Italian Socialist Party, is greeted by a salvo of coins as a sign of loathing by protesters contesting him. ... Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank which collapsed spectacularly in 1982. ... Carmine Pecorelli (September 14, 1928, Sessano del Molise - March 20, 1979) known as Mino, was an Italian maverick journalist with excellent secret service contacts [1], shot dead in Rome a year after Prime minister Aldo Moros 1978 kidnap. ... Aldo Moro (September 23, 1916 – May 9, 1978) was an Italian politician and five time Prime Minister of Italy, from 1963 to 1968 and then from 1974 to 1976. ... Roberto Calvi. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on April 4, 1949. ...

P2 was sometimes referred to as a "state within a state"^[1] or a "shadow government".^[2] The lodge was peopled by prominent journalists, parliamentarians, industrialists, and military leaders -- including the then-future Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi; the Savoy pretender to the Italian throne Victor Emmanuel; and the heads of all three Italian intelligence services.   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ... This article is about pretender as applied to a monarchy. ... Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amadeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria di Savoia) (born February 12, 1937) was the last Crown Prince of Italy and is considered to be a pretender to the defunct Italian throne. ...

When searching Licio Gelli's villa, the police found a document called the "Plan for Democratic Rebirth", which called for a consolidation of the media, suppression of trade unions, and the rewriting of the Italian Constitution.^[3] Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the... The Constitution of Italy (Italian: Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) is the supreme law of Italy. ...

Beside Italy, P2 was also active in Uruguay, Brazil and especially in Argentina's "Dirty War" (with Raúl Alberto Lastiri, Argentina's interim president from July 13, 1973 until October 12, 1973; Emilio Massera, who was part from 1976 to 1978 of the military junta led by Jorge Rafael Videla; José López Rega, minister of Social Welfare in Perón's government and founder of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ("Triple A"), and Guillermo Suárez Mason, in charge of the Batallón de Inteligencia 601 as members). Poster by the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo NGO with photos of disappeared. This article especially refers to the Argentine dirty war; however, the term has been used in other contexts, for example in Morocco; see also lead years. ... Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1915-1978) was an Argentine politician who was interim president of Argentina from July 13, 1973 until October 12, 1973. ... is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ... Emilio Eduardo Massera (born 1925 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine military. ... Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes, Buenos Aires) was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. ... José López Rega in the mid-1970s. ... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Spanish: , usually known as Triple A or AAA) was a far-right death squad active in Argentina during the mid-1970s, particularly active under Isabel Peróns rule (1974-1976). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Batallón de Inteligencia 601 (601 Intelligence Battalion) was a special military intelligence service of the Argentine Army active in the Dirty War and Operation Condor. ...

Foundation

The lodge was founded in 1877, under the Grande Oriente d'Italia ("Grand Orient of Italy"), as a lodge for visiting members unable to attend their own lodges. In the mid 1960s, it had only 14 permanent members, but when Licio Gelli took over in the 1960s and 1970s, he rapidly expanded the membership to over 1,000 (most of whom were prominent and elite Italians) within a year. The expansion was almost certainly illegal, as Italian civil servants are generally forbidden to join secret societies.^{[citation needed]} The Grande Oriente dItalia or Grand Orient of Italy (GOI) is based at Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the...

Discovery

"God's Banker" Roberto Calvi's connections with the Worshipful Master Licio Gelli became a particular focus of press and police attention, and caused the lodge (then secret) to be discovered. A list of adherents was found by the police in Gelli's house in Arezzo in March 1981, containing over 900 names, among which were very important state officers, some important politicians (four ministers or former ministers, and 44 deputies), and a number of military officers, many of them enrolled in the Italian secret services. Notably, the then future Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi was on the list, although he had not yet entered elective politics at the time. Another famous member was Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples, the current head of the House of Savoy. A document was also found in the possession of Licio Gelli titled "Piano di Rinascita Democratica" (Democratic Rebirth Plan) which amounted to a declaration of the lodge's intent; essentially, Gelli's goal was to form a new political and economic elite to lead Italy towards a more authoritarian form of democracy, in an anti-communist perspective. "The objective of the division of the trade-union must be a priority," the Plan stated, "in order to allow the reunification with the autonomous unions of those confederal components sensitive to the Plan's actuation".^[4] Roberto Calvi. ... In Freemasonry, the head of a Blue Lodge is called the Worshipful Master but only during the time that the lodge is actually in session while addressing him, much as a person would address a judge as your honor while court is in session. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the... Arezzo (Latin Arretium) is an old city in central Italy, capital of the province of the same name, located in Tuscany. ... Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (Military Intelligence and Security Service, SISMI) is the military intelligence agency of Italy. ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... Victor Emmanuel, prince of Naples, or Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria de Savoie, born February 12, 1937, is the head of the house of Savoy. ... The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ... The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ...

Then-prime minister Arnaldo Forlani was forced to resign, causing the fall of the Italian government. Giovanni Spadolini of the Italian Republican Party (PRI) was then appointed, leading a center-left coalition. Spadolini was the first Italian prime minister not belonging to the Democrazia Cristiana ("Christian Democrats") party. All the secret services' heads, among them Vito Miceli, had to resign. Arnaldo Forlani (born Pesaro, Marche December 8, 1925) was Prime Minister of Italy from October 18, 1980 through May 26, 1981. ... Giovanni Spadolini (Florence, June 21, 1925-[august 6[1994]]) was a liberal Italian politician, member of Italian Republican Party (PRI), who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1981-1982, the first in the 1st Republic not from Christian Democracy. ... The Italian Republican Party (Partito Repubblicano Italiano) is an old left liberal party in Italy, with roots to Giuseppe Mazzini. ... The term center-left has two distinct meanings in politics: Center-left can be used to describe a moderately left-wing political party. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... Vito Miceli was chief of the SIOS (Servizio Informazioni), Italian Army Intelligences Service from 1969 and SIDs head from October 18, 1970 to 1974. ...

"Criminal organization"

Parliamentary commission directed by Tina Anselmi

The lodge was then examined by a special commission of the Italian Parliament, directed by Tina Anselmi of the Democrazia Cristiana. The conclusion of the commission was that it was a secret criminal organization, even if no proof was found of specific crimes committed. Allegations of surreptitious international relationships, mainly with Argentina (Gelli repeatedly suggested he was a close friend of Juan Perón) and with some people suspected of belonging to the American Central Intelligence Agency were also partly confirmed; but soon a political debate overtook the legal level of the analysis. Tina Anselmi was born the 25th of march 1927 in Castelfranco Veneto, district of Treviso. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Organized crime. ... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an intelligence agency of the United States government. ... Debate is a formalized system of (usually) logical argument. ...

New Italian law prohibiting "secret lodges"

Even though outlawed by Benito Mussolini in 1925, masonic institutions have been tolerated in Italy, but a special law was issued that prohibited secret lodges. The Grande Oriente d'Italia, after taking disciplinary action against members with P2 connections, distanced itself from Gelli's lodge and claimed to have respect for only honest Freemasons. Other laws introduced a prohibition on membership in such organizations for some categories of state officers (especially military officers). Such laws have been recently questioned by the European Court of Human Rights^{[citation needed]}. Following an action brought by a serving British naval officer, the European Court has established as precedent the illegality of any member nation attempting to ban masonic membership for military officers, as being a breach of their human rights. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ... A secret society is a social organization that requires its members to conceal certain activities—such as rites of initiation or club ceremonies—from outsiders. ... In military organizations, a commissioned officer is a member of the service who derives authority directly from a sovereign power, and as such holds a commission from that power. ... European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by...

Banco Ambrosiano scandal

Main article: Banco Ambrosiano

P2 became the target of considerable attention in the wake of the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano (one of Milan's principal banks, owned in part by the Vatican Bank), and the suspicious 1982 death of its president Roberto Calvi in London, initially ruled a suicide but later prosecuted as a murder. It was suspected by many that some of the plundered funds went to P2 or its members. Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank which collapsed spectacularly in 1982. ... Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank which collapsed spectacularly in 1982. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... The Vatican Bank is a common name given to the Istituto per le Opere di Religione (IOR) or Institute for Religious Works, the central bank for the Roman Catholic Church located in Vatican City. ... Roberto Calvi. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Aldo Moro and the strategy of tension

Main articles: Aldo Moro and strategy of tension

It has been repeatedly alleged that P2 was involved in the assassination of Prime Minister Aldo Moro, murdered by the Red Brigades, after the Italian Security Services refused to strike a deal with the abductors, but no concrete proof was ever found. It has also been suspected that P2 was involved in the 1980 Bologna massacre as part of the strategia della tensione followed by "stay-behind" secret NATO clandestine structure Gladio, which led to the opening of investigations, in the 1990s, by the Italian Chamber of Deputies. Aldo Moro (September 23, 1916 – May 9, 1978) was an Italian politician and five time Prime Minister of Italy, from 1963 to 1968 and then from 1974 to 1976. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as the BR) were a terrorist group[1] located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the... Rescue teams making their way through the rubble The Bologna massacre, also known in Italy as the Strage di Bologna, was a terrorist bombing against the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ...

Iran-Contra and assassination of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme

Main article: Iran-Contra affair

According to an interview given by former CIA agent Richard Brenneke and Ibrahim Razin to RAI journalist Ennio Remondino, P2 received funds from the CIA and had been involved in the Iran-Contra affair as well as in the strategy of tension; apparently the CIA supported it because of its determination to stage a coup should the Communist party take power. Due to the importance of the matters discussed, this interview gave rise to a letter from Italian president Francesco Cossiga to prime minister Giulio Andreotti. Extracts: The Iran-Contra Affair was a political scandal in the United States during the 1980s. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. ... Giulio Andreotti Giulio Andreotti (born in Rome, 14 January 1919) is an Italian political figure, among the most powerful in post-war Italy. ...

"Q: Excuse me, but your statements are very serious. You say that the P2 was a creation, the financial and organizational arm of the CIA to destabilize, to run covert operations in Europe?

Richard Brenneke: There is no doubt. The P2 since the beginning of the 1970s was used for the dope traffic, for destabilization in a covert way. It was done secretly to keep people from knowing about the involvement of the U.S. government. In many cases it was done directly through the offices of the CIA in Rome and in some other cases through CIA centers in other countries."

Richard Brenneke: "The P2 was involved in the operation for which I ended up in court, that is the delay in the liberation of the American hostages in Iran in 1980" (known as "October surprise").

Richard Brenneke claims to have met Licio Gelli in Paris in October 1980, in relationship to the "October surprise". According to him, William Casey, who would later become head of the CIA but was at that time manager of the Reagan-Bush campaign, was present, as well as Donald Gregg, who became ambassador to South Korea but at that time worked for the CIA and the U.S. National Security Council. The October Surprise conspiracy was an alleged plot that claimed representatives of the 1980 Ronald Reagan presidential campaign had conspired with Islamic Republic of Iran to delay the release of 52 Americans held hostage in Tehran until after the 1980 U.S. Presidential election. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... William Joseph Casey (March 13, 1913 - May 6, 1987) was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1981 to 1987. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the fortieth President of the United States (1981 – 1989) and the thirty-third Governor of California (1967 – 1975). ... Order: 41st President Vice President: Dan Quayle Term of office: January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: June 12, 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican George Herbert Walker Bush, KBE (born... Donald P. Gregg worked for the CIA for 31 years, from 1951-1982, then was National Security Advisor to Vice-President George H. W. Bush, US ambassador to South Korea (1989 - 1993), and the chairman of the board of the Korea Society, where he has called for greater engagement with... The White House National Security Council (NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President. ...

Also interviewed, agent Ibrahim Razin claimed that three days before Swedish prime minister Olof Palme's assassination, in 1986, Philip Guarino, a member of the Republican circle around George H.W. Bush, received a telegram signed by Licio Gelli and sent by one of his men, Umberto Ortolani, from "one of the southernmost regions of Brazil". The telegram said: "Tell our friend that the Swedish palm will be felled." As yet, Olof Palme's murder has not been solved. Sven Olof Joachim Palme ( ) (January 30, 1927 – February 28, 1986) was a Swedish politician. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Order: 41st President Vice President: Dan Quayle Term of office: January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: June 12, 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican George Herbert Walker Bush, KBE (born...

According to Ibrahim Razin, "P2 was at the center, one of the main participants in the illegal arms traffic, which was connected to the drug traffic from the outset. P2 also made a substantial contribution to the recycling of large amounts of money used for this arms and drugs traffic from one country to another." Answering a question on CIA-P2 relations, Razin says: "Suffice it to see how the P2 was involved with Banco Ambrosiano and with Michele Sindona and how the CIA was involved with them in several financial manipulations. For example, in the United States the big scandal involving the S&L banks is big news. The Texas state prosecutor has found evidence of CIA involvement in the bankruptcy of many of these banks which used illegal funds for their operations. The man who knows a lot about this is Richard Brenneke, a former CIA agent from Oregon." ^[5] The Iran-Contra Affair was a political scandal in the United States during the 1980s. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ... Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank which collapsed spectacularly in 1982. ... Michele Sindona (died 1986) was an Italian banker and convicted felon. ... The Savings and Loan crisis of the 1980s was a wave of savings and loan association failures in the United States in which over 1,000 savings and loan institutions failed in the largest and costliest venture in public misfeasance, malfeasance and larceny of all time. ... Official language(s) No Official Language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ...

Licio Gelli's list of P2 members found in 1981

• Over 900 names (including Gelli); it has been said that at least a thousand names are still secret. It included 30 generals, 38 members of parliament, 4 cabinet ministers, former prime ministers, intelligence chiefs, newspaper editors, TV executives, businessmen, bankers, 19 judges, and 58 university professors.

• Michele Sindona, banker linked to the Mafia
• Roberto Calvi, "banker of God"
• Antonio D’Alì, owner of Banca Sicula (his son, Antonio D'Ali Jr., is senator of Trapani, elected on Forza Italia's list)
• Silvio Berlusconi, businessman, founder of the Forza Italia political party & former Prime Minister of Italy
• Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples
• Antonio Amato, Cagliari
• General Vito Miceli, chief of the SIOS (Servizio Informazioni), Italian Army Intelligence's Service from 1969 and SID's head from October 18, 1970 to 1974. Arrested in 1975 on charges of "conspiration against the state" concerning investigations about Rosa dei venti, a state-infiltrated group involved in the strategy of tension, he later became an Italian Social Movement (MSI) member
• Federico Umberto d'Amato, leader of an intelligence cell (Ufficio affari riservati) in the Italian Minister of Interior, former chief of the police under Mussolini ^[6][7]
• Aldo Alasia, Buenos Aires
• Luis Alberto Betti, Buenos Aires
• Antonio Calvino, Buenos Aires
• Cesar De la Vega, Argentina
• Raúl Alberto Lastiri, Argentina's interim president from July 13, 1973 until October 12, 1973.
• Emilio Massera, with Orlando Ramón Agosti, he was part from 1976 to 1978 of the military junta in Buenos Aires, led by Jorge Rafael Videla
• José López Rega, Argentinian minister of Social Welfare in Perón's government, founder of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ("Triple A")
• Alberto Vignes, Argentinian minister
• Argentinian amiral Carlos Alberto Corti
• Guillermo Suárez Mason, Argentine army officer in charge of the Batallón de Inteligencia 601
• Maurizio Costanzo, Italian journalist and television anchorman of Mediaset programs (Mediaset is Berlusconi's commercial television empire)
• Franco Di Bella, director of Corriere della Sera
• Angelo Rizzoli, owner of Corriere della Sera, today cinema producer
• Tassan Din, general director of Corriere della Sera
• Massimo Donelli, director of TV Sole 24 hours
• Paolo Mosca, former director of "Domenica del Corriere"
• Gino Nebiolo, at the time director of Tg1, has been now sent to direct RAI in Montevideo
• Franco Colombo, ex-correspondent of RAI in Paris, aspirant to P2, now vice-president of the society in charge of the Montblanc Tunnel
• Fabrizio Cicchitto, former Italian Socialist Party (PSI) member, now in Forza Italia
• Alberto Sensini, aspirant to P2
• Roberto Memmo, who did a lot to help Michele Sindona, is now director of the Fondazione Memmo per l'arte e la cultura, based in Palazzo Ruspoli in Rome
• Rolando Picchioni, ex-Democrazia Cristiana deputy, now secretary of the Salone del libro di Torino
• Giancarlo Elia Valori, the only member of P2 who had been expelled (possibly because he was trying to gain a bigger role than Licio Gelli), is now president of the Associazione industriali di Roma
• Roberto Gervaso, Italian journalist and writer
• Colonel Giuseppe Belmonte, member of the Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare military service, who maintained links with the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR) terror group, suspected of being responsible of the 1980 Bologna massacre
• Journalist Carmine Pecorelli (assassinated on March 20, 1979, he had drawn connections in a May 1978 article between Aldo Moro's kidnap and Gladio ^[8])
• Colonel Italo Poggiolini
• Giovambattista Palumbo
• General Pietro Musumeci
• Twll Dydindi Pharoh
• Giuseppe Siracusano
• Giovanni Allavena
• Franco Picchioni
• Giulio Grassini
• Colonel Antonio Labruna
• Colonel Manlio del Gaudio
• General Giuseppe Santovito
• Judge Giuseppe Renato Croce
• Judge Giovanni Palai
• Walter Pelosi (director of CESIS from 1978 to 1981)
• Gustavo Selva, journalist and National Alliance deputy
• Pietro Longo, secretary of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI)
• Publio Fiori, Democrazia Cristiana deputy, transferred to National Alliance in 1994, minister under Berlusconi's government
• Antonio Martino, minister under Berlusconi's government (aspirant to P2)
• Duilio Poggiolini
• Massimo de Carolis, Democrazia Cristiana in the 1970s, now member of Forza Italia, ex-president of Milan's municipal council thanks to Berlusconi's help
• Angelo de Carolis, politician
• Mario Tedeschi, politician
• Enrico Manca, socialist politician
• Pierluigi Accornero, businessman
• Mario Lebole, businessman
• Jorge de Souza, Brazil
• Pedro dos Santos, Brazil
• Claudio Perez Barruna, Costa Rica
• Osvaldo Brama, Dakar
• Guido Ruta, United States
• Randolph K. Stone, Los Angeles, USA
• Dott. Hatz Olah, Melbourne, Australia

Michele Sindona (died 1986) was an Italian banker and convicted felon. ... The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra), is an Italian criminal secret society which first developed in the mid-19th century in Sicily. ... Roberto Calvi. ... Torre della Colombaia Trapani (2004 population 67,456) is a city in the west coast of Sicily in Italy. ... Forza Italia (Forward Italy) is an Italian party. ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... Victor Emmanuel, prince of Naples, or Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria de Savoie, born February 12, 1937, is the head of the house of Savoy. ... Cagliari City Hall Cagliari (Greek: ; Latin: Carales and Caralis[1]; Catalan: Càller; Sardinian: Casteddu) is the capital of the island of Sardinia, a region of Italy. ... Vito Miceli was chief of the SIOS (Servizio Informazioni), Italian Army Intelligences Service from 1969 and SIDs head from October 18, 1970 to 1974. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... The Italian Social Movement (Movimento sociale italiano ) (MSI) was a neo-Fascist party formed 1946 in the post-World War II period by supporters of the executed dictator Benito Mussolini under the lead of Giorgio Almirante. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1915-1978) was an Argentine politician who was interim president of Argentina from July 13, 1973 until October 12, 1973. ... is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ... Emilio Eduardo Massera (born 1925 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine military. ... Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes, Buenos Aires) was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. ... José López Rega in the mid-1970s. ... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Spanish: , usually known as Triple A or AAA) was a far-right death squad active in Argentina during the mid-1970s, particularly active under Isabel Peróns rule (1974-1976). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Batallón de Inteligencia 601 (601 Intelligence Battalion) was a special military intelligence service of the Argentine Army active in the Dirty War and Operation Condor. ... Maurizio Costanzo is an Italian television anchorman born in Rome, August 28, 1938. ... Mediaset is an Italian commercial television network. ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... Corriere della Sera (Evening Mail) is the most important Italian daily newspapers (first in sales [1]), printed in Milan. ... Domenica del Corriere was an italian weekly newspaper founded in 1899. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Department Montevideo Department Altitude 43 m Coordinates 34º 53S 56º 10W Founded 1726 Founder Bruno Mauricio de Zabala Population 1,325,968 (2004) (1st) Demonym Montevideano Phone Code +02 Postal Code 10000 Montevideo (IPA: ) is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Uruguay. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Fabrizio Cicchitto (born October 26, 1940) is an Italian politician, economist, journalist, and essayist. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Forza Italia (Forward Italy) is an Italian party. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (Military Intelligence and Security Service, SISMI) is the military intelligence agency of Italy. ... The Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR, Armed Revolutionary Nuclei) was an Italian neofascist terrorist organization active from 1977 to November 1981. ... Rescue teams making their way through the rubble The Bologna massacre, also known in Italy as the Strage di Bologna, was a terrorist bombing against the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. ... Carmine Pecorelli (September 14, 1928, Sessano del Molise - March 20, 1979) known as Mino, was an Italian maverick journalist with excellent secret service contacts [1], shot dead in Rome a year after Prime minister Aldo Moros 1978 kidnap. ... Aldo Moro (September 23, 1916 – May 9, 1978) was an Italian politician and five time Prime Minister of Italy, from 1963 to 1968 and then from 1974 to 1976. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... The town of Cēsis, in Latvia, is located in the northern part of Vidzeme Central upland, on the river Gauja, on high hillocks with terraces, overlooking the blue woods of the Gauja ancient river valley. ... National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) is a national-conservative Italian political party. ... The Italian Democratic Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, PSDI) was an Italian centre-left party. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ...   (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... Antonio Martino (born December 22, 1942 in Messina) has been Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1994 and Italian Minister of Defense from 2001 to 2006. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979. ... Forza Italia (Forward Italy) is an Italian party. ... Pedro Santos may refer to: Pedro Santos (politician), Peruvian Pedro Jorge Santos Santos, Portuguese footballer Category: ... (City of Dakar, divided into 19 communes darrondissement) City proper (commune) Région Dakar Département Dakar Mayor Pape Diop (PDS) (since 2002) Area 82. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... Melbournes CBD has grown to straddle the Yarra River in three major precincts. ...

Endnotes

The Democrats of the Left (Democratici di Sinistra, DS) is the main Italian left-wing political party, part of the Olive Tree electoral coalition. ... Giovanni Pellegrino (June 4, 1939, Lecce-) is the president of the Lecce Province in Italy. ... RésistanceS is a Belgium political review and asbl NGO (non-profit organization), specialized on analysis of far right movements. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ...

References

• BBC. "On this day. 26 May 1981. Italy in crisis as cabinet resigns." [1], accessed 23 December 2006
• deHoyos, Art. "The methods of anti-Masons." 1997. [2], accessed 23 December 2006
• Jones, Tobias. The Dark Heart of Italy. New York: North Point Press, 2003.
• Unger, Craig. "The war they wanted, the lies they needed." Vanity Fair. July 2006. [3], accessed 23 December 2006
• Philip Willan, The Last Supper: the Mafia, the Masons and the Killing of Roberto Calvi, Constable & Robinson, 2007(ISBN 978 1 84529 296 6)

See also

• Banco Ambrosiano scandal
• Licio Gelli, P2 grand master
• Iran-Contra affair
• Savings and Loan crisis
• Strategy of tension
• Gladio
• Dirty War
• Operation Gladio

Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank which collapsed spectacularly in 1982. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the... The Iran-Contra Affair was a political scandal in the United States during the 1980s. ... The Savings and Loan crisis of the 1980s was a wave of savings and loan association failures in the United States in which over 1,000 savings and loan institutions failed in the largest and costliest venture in public misfeasance, malfeasance and larceny of all time. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... Poster by the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo NGO with photos of disappeared. This article especially refers to the Argentine dirty war; however, the term has been used in other contexts, for example in Morocco; see also lead years. ... Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ...

Film

• LICIO GELLI - Poet and Conspirator, Feature Documentary by Gabor Harrach, Italy, USA, 2006

External links

• The list of P2 members
• List of P2 members
• Text of the Democratic Rebirth Plan (in Italian)
• Reproduction of original P2 membership card for Silvio Berlusconi
• An image listing some of the members of P2
• Skepticfiles on President Cossiga's letter to Giulio Andreotti following RAI interview with Richard Brenneke and Ibrahim Razin on Irangate
• Article by Gianni Barbacetto
• Revelation at the Internet Movie Database (mentions P2 as part of its storyline)
• Philip Willan, personal website of journalist and author with information on Roberto Calvi, Banco Ambrosiano, Licio Gelli, Propaganda Due.