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Part of the Politics series on Anarchism Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Politics is the process by which groups make decisions. ... Anarchism is a political philosophy or group of doctrines and attitudes centered on rejection of any form of compulsory government (cf. ...
Schools of thought
Capitalist • Christian Collectivist • Communist Democratic Eco • Feminist Green • Individualist Mutualist • Primitivist Philosophical • Social Syndicalist Without adjectives Image File history File links Anarchy-symbol. ... Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ... Christian anarchism is the belief that the only source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable is God, embodied in the teachings of Jesus. ... Left Anarchism is a term used almost exclusively by opponents of traditional anarchism to denominate philosophies that oppose private ownership of the means of production (or capitalism). ... Anarchist communism is a form of anarchism that advocates the abolition of the State and capitalism in favor of a horizontal network of voluntary associations through which everyone will be free to satisfy his or her needs. ... Demarchy is a term coined by Australian philosopher John Burnheim to describe a political system without the state or bureaucracies, and based instead on randomly selected groups of decision makers. ... Eco-anarchism argues that small eco-villages (of no more than a few hundred people) are a scale of human living preferable to civilization, and that infrastructure and political systems should be re-organized to ensure that these are created. ... Anarcha-feminism combines anarchism with feminism. ... Green anarchism is a set of related political theories that is derived from philosophical and social movements such as social ecologists, feminism, egoism, situationism, surrealism, the Luddites, Anarcho-primitivism, post- and anti-leftists, indigenous, anti-industrialism, and pre-civilized people. ... Individualist Anarchism is an anarchist philosophical tradition that has a strong emphasis on sovereignty of the individual[1] and is generally opposed to collectivism[2]. The tradition appears most often in the United States, most notably in regard to its advocacy of private property. ... Mutualism is an economic theory or system, largely associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, based on a labor theory of value which holds that in extreme laissez-faire, market competition will cause the market values (prices) of commodities and services to align with the amount of labor embodied in those things. ... Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of civilization. ... Philosophical anarchism is a type of anarchism that sees the state as lacking moral legitimacy but does not recommend any immediate revolutionary action for its elimination. ... Social anarchism is a term self-applied by many anarchists of the libertarian socialist thread of anarchism. ... Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Anarchism in culture
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Anarchist theory
Origins • Economics Anarchism and capitalism Anarchism and Marxism Symbolism • Post-left Especifismo • Platformism Propaganda of the deed Long before anarchism emerged as a distinct perspective, human beings lived for thousand of years in societies without government. ... Anarchist economics entails theory and practice relating to economic activity within the philosophical outlines of anarchism. ... Though the libertarian socialist critique of capitalism is rooted in socialist theory, there are certain key distinctions in their critiques, which this article attempts to elucidate. ... Even though anarchist communism and Marxism are two very different political philosophies, there is some similarity between the methodology and ideology of some anarchists and some Marxists, and the history of the two have often been intertwined. ... Post-left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchisms relationship to traditional leftism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Platformism is a tendency within the wider anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Nestor Makhnos Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists. ...
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Anarchism lists
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Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a concept of anarchist origin, which appeared towards the end of the 19th century, that promoted terrorism against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution. A concept is an abstract idea or a mental symbol, typically associated with a corresponding representation in language or symbology, that denotes all of the objects in a given category or class of entities, interactions, phenomena, or relationships between them. ... Anarchism is a political philosophy or group of doctrines and attitudes centered on rejection of any form of compulsory government (cf. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

There is no single definition of propaganda of the deed. Propaganda of the deed may take many forms, but in most cases utilizes violence which is often euphemized as "direct action".^[1] Direct action is a form of political activism which seeks immediate remedy for perceived ills, as opposed to indirect actions such as electing representatives who promise to provide remedy at some later date. ...

Due in particular to this concept of "propaganda of the deed", the anarchist movement has often been represented as violent and "terrorist", beginning with several bombings and assassinations at the end of the 19th century. “Direct action” may not involve violence; it may imply non-violent but illegal activity, legal alternatives to political participation, or violent actions ranging from bombings to explicit acts of murder and assassination. Peter Kropotkin described the effects of a single "act may, in a few days, make more propaganda than thousands of pamphlets."^[2] Terrorist redirects here. ... The Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) bomb produced in the United States. ... Peter Kropotkin Prince Peter Alexeevich Kropotkin (In Russian Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин) (December 9, 1842 - February 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of what he called anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society...

Anarchist origins

Various definitions of propaganda of the deed

An early proponent of propaganda by the deed was the Italian revolutionary Carlo Pisacane (1818-1857), who wrote in his "Political Testament" (1857) that "ideas spring from deeds and not the other way around." Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876), in his "Letters to a Frenchman on the Present Crisis" (1870) stated that "we must spread our principles, not with words but with deeds, for this is the most popular, the most potent, and the most irresistible form of propaganda."^[3] Carlo Pisacane duke of San Giovanni (1818 - June 28, 1857), Italian revolutionary, was born at Naples, and entered the Neapolitan army in 1839; but having become imbued with Mazzinian ideas he emigrated in 1847, and after a short stay in England and France served in the French army in Algeria. ... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin — on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (30 N.S.), 1814–June 19 (July 1 N.S.), 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary, and often considered one of the “fathers of modern anarchism. // In the spring of 1814, Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin was born...

The phrase "propaganda by the deed" was popularized by the French anarchist Paul Brousse (1844-1912). In his article of that name, published in the August 1877 Bulletin of the Jura Federation, he cited the 1871 Paris Commune, a workers' demonstration in Berne provocatively using the socialist red flag, and the Benevento uprising in Italy as examples of "propaganda by the deed."^[4] Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... Paul Brousse (Montpellier, January 23, 1844-April 1, 1912) was a French socialist, leader of the possibilistes group. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Le Père Duchesne looking at the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !… (Here! savage rascal, we will put you down just like your crook of a nephew!…) The... Location within Switzerland The city of Berne (German   , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna , Bernese German Bärn ), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland and the fourth most populous Swiss city (after Zürich, Geneva and Basel). ...

Some anarchists, such as Johann Most, advocated publicizing violent acts of retaliation against counter-revolutionaries because "we preach not only action in and for itself, but also action as propaganda."^[5] Most was an early influence on American anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. Berkman attempted propaganda by the deed when he tried in 1892 to kill industrialist Henry Clay Frick following the shooting deaths of several striking workers.^[6] Johann Most born in Augsburg, Germany, 1846, died in Cinncinnati, Ohio, 1906, was a German Anarchist during the late 1800s. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Emma Goldman Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Kaunas, Lithuania-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ... Alexander Berkman together with Emma Goldman in 1917 Alexander Berkman (November 21, 1870 - June 28, 1936) was a Russian immigrant who became an American writer, radical anarchist, and would-be assassin. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Henry Clay Frick Henry Clay Frick (December 19, 1849 – December 2, 1919) was an American industrialist and art patron. ...

By the 1880s, the slogan "propaganda of the deed" had begun to be used both within and outside of the anarchist movement to refer to individual bombings, regicides and tyrannicides. However, as soon as 1887, important figures in the anarchist movement distanced themselves from such individual acts. Peter Kropotkin thus wrote that year in Le Révolté that "it is an illusion to believe that a few kilos of dynamite will be enough to win against the coalition of exploiters".^[7] A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favor of collective revolutionary action, for example through the trade union movement. The anarcho-syndicalist, Fernand Pelloutier, argued in 1895 for renewed anarchist involvement in the labor movement on the basis that anarchism could do very well without "the individual dynamiter."[2] The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a king, or the person responsible for it. ... Tyrannicide literally means the killing of a tyrant. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Peter Kropotkin Prince Peter Alexeevich Kropotkin (In Russian Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин) (December 9, 1842 - February 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of what he called anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society... Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of nitroglycerin using diatomaceous earth (Kieselguhr) as an adsorbent. ... A Trade Union (Labour union) ... is a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. ... Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. ... Fernand Pelloutier (1 October 1867 – 13 March 1901) was a French anarchist (anarcho-syndicalist). ...

State repression (including the infamous 1894 French lois scélérates) of the anarchist and labor movements following the few successful bombings and assassinations may have contributed to the abandonment of these kinds of tactics, although reciprocally state repression, in the first place, may have played a role in these isolated acts. The destructuration of the French socialist movement, divided into many groups, and, following the suppression of the 1871 Paris Commune, the execution and exile of many communards to penal colonies, favored individualist political expression and acts. ^[8] Political repression is the oppression or persecution of an individual or group for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of society. ... The lois scélérates is the pejorative name for a set of French laws restricting the 1881 freedom of the press laws passed under the Third Republic (1870-1940), after several bombings and assassination attempts carried on by anarchist proponents of propaganda of the deed. The first law was... The labor movement (or labour movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... For information on mainstream political parties using the term Socialist, see Social democracy and Democratic socialism,For the governments of the USSR, the PRC, and others, see: Communist state, Other variants of Socialism include Marxism, Communism, and Libertarian Socialism. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Le Père Duchesne looking at the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !… (Here! savage rascal, we will put you down just like your crook of a nephew!…) The... The Communards were also an 80s Britpop group Communard is an archaic term that is a synonym of communist. With respect to the history of France, the Communards were the supporters/members of the short-lived Paris Commune formed in the disturbed period immediately after the Franco-Prussian War. ... A penal colony is a colony used to house prisoners. ...

Other theorists advocating propaganda of the deed included the Italian anarchists Luigi Galleani and Errico Malatesta. Malatesta described "propaganda by the deed" as violent communal insurrections that were meant to ignite the imminent revolution.^[9] For the German anarchist Gustav Landauer "propaganda of the deed" meant the creation of libertarian social forms and communities that would inspire others to transform society.^[10] In "Weak Statesmen, Weaker People," he wrote that the state is not something "that one can smash in order to destroy. The state is a relationship between human beings... one destroys it by entering into other relationships"^[11] Luigi Galleani (1861—November 4, 1931) was a major 20th century anarchist and enthusiastic advocate of the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. ... Errico Malatesta Errico Malatesta (December 14, 1853 – July 22, 1932) was an anarchist with an unshakable belief, which he shared with his friend Peter Kropotkin, that the anarchist revolution would occur soon. ... Gustav Landauer (7 April 1870 in Karlsruhe, Germany — 2 May 1919 in Munich, Germany) was a German anarchist. ...

In 1886, French anarchist Clément Duval achieved a form of propaganda of the deed stealing 15 000 francs from the mansion of a Parisian socialite, before accidentally setting the house on fire. Caught two weeks later, he was dragged from the court crying "Long live anarchy!", and condemned to death. His sentence was later commuted to hard labor on Devil's Island, French Guiana. In the anarchist paper Révolte, Duval famously declared that, "Theft exists only through the exploitation of man by man... when Society refuses you the right to exist, you must take it... the policeman arrested me in the name of the Law, I struck him in the name of Liberty". 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... Clément Duval was a famous French anarchist and criminal. ... Devils Island Devils Island (French: ÃŽle du Diable) is the smallest and northernmost island of the three ÃŽles du Salut located off the coast of French Guiana at . ...

Propaganda of the deed is also related to illegalism, an anarchist philosophy that developed primarily in France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland during the early 20th century as an outgrowth of anarchist individualism. The illegalists openly embraced criminality as a lifestyle. Influenced by theorist Max Stirner's concept of "egoism", the illegalists broke from anarchists like Clément Duval and Marius Jacob who justified theft with a theory of la reprise individuelle (Eng: individual reclamation). Instead, the illegalists argued that their actions required no moral basis - illegal acts were taken not in the name of a higher ideal, but in pursuit of one's own desires. France's Bonnot Gang was the most famous group to embrace illegalism. Illegalism is an anarchist philosophy which developed primarily in France in the early 1900s parallel to anarchist individualism. ... Individualist anarchism (or anarchist individualism, anarcho-individualism, individualistic anarchism, philosophical anarchism or scientific anarchism) is an anarchist philosophical tradition that has a strong emphasis on the non-aggression principle and individual sovereignty. ... Crime is the current Good Article Collaboration of the week! Please help to improve this article to the highest of standards. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Clément Duval was a famous French anarchist and criminal. ... Marius Jacob at his trial (1905) Alexandre Jacob (1879-1954), known as Marius Jacob, was a French anarchist illegalist. ... Morality refers to the concept of human ethics which pertains to matters of good and evil — also referred to as right or wrong — used within three contexts: individual conscience; systems of principles and judgments — sometimes called moral values —shared within a cultural, religious, secular or philosophical community; and codes of... Look up desire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Bonnot Gang (la bande à Bonnot) was a French criminal anarchist group that operated in France and Belgium from 1911 to 1912. ...

Theorization of propaganda of the deed as a way to accelerate the coming of revolution

Propaganda of the deed thus included stealing (in particular bank robberies - named "expropriations" or "revolutionary expropriations" to finance the organization), rioting and general strikes which aimed at creating the conditions of an insurrection or even a revolution. These acts were justified as the necessary counterpart to state repression. As sociologist Max Weber had argued, the state has the "monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force", or, in Karl Marx's words, the state was only the repressive apparatus of the bourgeois class. Propaganda by the deed, including assassinations (sometimes involving bombs, named in French "machines infernales" - "hellish machines", usually made with bombs, sometimes only several guns assembled together), were thus legitimized by part of the anarchist movement and the First International as a valid means to be used in class struggle. The predictable state responses to these actions were supposed to display to the people the inherently repressive nature of the bourgeois state. This would in turn bolster the revolutionary spirit of the people, leading to the overthrow of the state. This is the basic formula of the cycle protests-repression-protests, which in specific conditions may lead to an effective state of insurrection. Burglars Tools Found in the Bank, printed in 1875 in the Canadian Illustrated News Bank robbery is the crime of robbing a bank. ... Expropriation is the act of removing from control the owner of an item of property. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... For other persons named Max Weber, see Max Weber (disambiguation). ... The monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force designs an essential attribute of the states sovereignty. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Bourgeoisie (RP [], GA []) is a classification used in analyzing human societies to describe a class of people who are in the middle class nobility, whose status or power comes from employment, education, and wealth as opposed to aristocratic origin. ... Assassin and Targeted killing redirect here. ... The International Workingmens Association (IWA), sometimes called the First International, was an international socialist organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing political groups and trade union organizations that were based on the working class and class struggle. ... Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a Marxist, libertarian socialist, or anarchist perspective. ...

This cycle has been observed during the 1905 Russian Revolution or in Paris in May 1968. However, it failed to achieve its revolutionary objective on the vast majority of occasions, thus leading to the abandonment by the vast majority of the anarchist movement of such bombings. However, the state never failed in its repressive response, enforcing various lois scélérates which usually involved tough clampdowns on the whole of the labor movement. These harsh laws, sometimes accompanied by the proclamation of the state of exception, progressively led to increased criticism among the anarchist movement of assassinations. The role of several agents provocateurs and the use of deliberate strategies of tension by governments, using false flag terrorist actions, work to discredit this violent tactic in the eyes of most socialist libertarians. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... A May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up, with stereotypical silhouette of General de Gaulle. ... The lois scélérates is the pejorative name for a set of French laws restricting the 1881 freedom of the press laws passed under the Third Republic (1870-1940), after several bombings and assassination attempts carried on by anarchist proponents of propaganda of the deed. The first law was... Clampdown is a song by The Clash, on the album London Calling. ... The labor movement (or labour movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... ... An agent provocateur (plural: agents provocateurs) is a person assigned to provoke unrest, violence, debate, or argument by or within a group while acting as a member of the group but covertly representing the interests of another. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... False flag operations are covert operations conducted by governments, corporations, or other organizations, which are designed to appear as if they are being carried out by other entities. ...

Regicides and other assassinations

Numerous heads of state were assassinated between 1881 and 1914 by members of the libertarian socialist movement. Regicides were for obvious reasons celebrated as popular victory over counter-revolutionary forces, which remained strong a century after the 1789 French Revolution. The first assassinations were carried out by Russian anarchists, which would lead to the creation of the term of "nihilism". For example, U.S. President McKinley's assassin Leon Czolgosz claimed to have been influenced by anarchist and feminist Emma Goldman. This was in spite of Goldman's disavowal of any association with him, his registered membership in the Republican Party, and never having belonged to an anarchist organization. Bombings were associated in the media with anarchists because international terrorism arose during this time period with the widespread distribution of dynamite. This image remains to this day. This perception was enhanced by events such as the 1886 Haymarket Riot, where anarchists were blamed for throwing a bomb at police who came to break up a public meeting in Chicago, Illinois. Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a king, or the person responsible for it. ... A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... i heart kate young The French Revolution was a period of major political and social change in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to... The history of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs, the ethnic group that eventually split into the Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. ... This article is about the Russian cultural and political movement. ... William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States. ... Photograph of Leon Czolgosz. ... Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Emma Goldman Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Kaunas, Lithuania-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States; the other being the Democratic Party. ... Terrorism is a controversial term with multiple definitions. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... The Haymarket Riot on May 4, 1886 in Chicago is generally considered to have been an important influence on the origin of international May Day observances for workers. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ...

List of assassinated important figures and other propaganda by the deed acts

• April 4, 1866. A bullet shot at Alexander II by Dmitry Karakozov misses narrowly. It is the first of many such assassination attempts by revolutionaries. He fails and is hanged, with four others, on September 3.
• January 1878. Vera Zasulich shot and wounded General Theodore Trepov, military governor of St. Petersburg, after he had ordered the flogging of political prisoner Arkhip Bogoliubov (real name: Alexander Emelianov). At her trial a sympathetic jury found her not guilty.
• 1878. Failed assassination attempt against Alfonso XII of Spain.
• May 11, 1878. Failed assassination attempt of Max Hödel against Kaiser Wilhelm I.
• June 2, 1878. Failed assassination attempt of Karl Nobiling against the Kaiser.
• August 1878. Sergey Kravchinsky stabs to death General Nikolai Mezentsov, head of the Tsar's secret police, in response of the execution of Ivan Kovalsky.
• February 1879. Grigori Goldenberg shoots to death the Governor of Kharkov, Prince Dmitri Kropotkin.
• April 1879. Alexander Soloviev shoots at Alexander II. This second attempt on the royal's life also fails.
• November 1879. Lev Bronstein attempts, without success, to blow up the Imperial railway carriage. His more famous nephew of the same name goes on to become a founding father of the Soviet Union.
• 1880. Stepan Khalturin’s successfully blows up of part of the Imperial Palace—8 dead, 45 wounded. Referring to the 1862 invention of dynamite, historian Benedict Anderson observes that "Nobel’s invention had now arrived politically."^[12]
• March 1 (Julian calendar) 1881. Tsar Alexander II is killed in a bomb-blast by Narodnaya Volya.
• December 9, 1893. Auguste Vaillant throws a nail bomb in the French National Assembly, killing nobody and injuring one. He is then sentenced to death and executed by the guillotine on February 4, 1894, shouting "Death to bourgeois society and long life anarchy!" (A mort la société bourgeoise et vive l'anarchie!). During his trial, Auguste Vaillant declared that he hadn't intended to kill anybody, but only to injure several deputies in retaliation against the execution of Ravachol, who had engaged himself in four bombings.
• December 11 and 18, 1893. Vote of the French lois scélérates.
• February 12, 1894. Emile Henry set a bomb in Café Terminus, killing one and injuring twenty. During his trial, he declares: "There is no innocent bourgeois". This act is one of the rare exceptions to the rule that propaganda of the deed targets only specific powerful individuals.
• June 24, 1894. Italian anarchist Caserio stabs to death French president Sadi Carnot to avenge Auguste Vaillant and Emile Henry. Caserio is then executed by guillotine on August 15.
• August 8, 1897. Michele Angiolillo assassinates Spanish Prime minister Cánovas, who had been a key figure in the 1874 overthrow of the Republic, helping the Bourbon monarchy back to the throne.
• September 10, 1898. Luigi Lucheni stabs to death with a needle file Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress consort of Austria and Queen consort of Hungary due to her marriage to Emperor Franz Joseph.
• July 29, 1900. Gaetano Bresci shoots dead Umberto I of Italy, avenging the Bava Beccaris massacre in Milan.
• September 6, 1901. Leon Czolgosz shoots at point-blank range on U.S. president William McKinley, killing him. He is then killed by electrocution on October 29 (Czolgosz' anarchist status is a matter of debate. He attended anarchist meetings and read anarchist texts yet was a registered Republican).
• October 1902. Gennaro Rubino attempts to murder Leopold II of Belgium.
• 1904. Yegor Sozonov throws a bomb in Russian minister of Interior von Plehve's carriage, killing him. Sozonov was a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Combat Group, which was headed by agent provocateur Evno Azef.
• 1905. Socialist-Revolutionary Ivan Kalyayev uses a bomb to kill Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, fifth son of tsar Alexander II.
• 31 May 1906. Catalan Anarchist Mateu Morral tries to kill Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg after their wedding.
• February 1, 1908. Two Portuguese Republicans shoot King Carlos I and his son Luis Filipe, both of whom die. Manuel, the other son who had been injured in the assassination attempt, succeeded to Carlos I.
• September 14, 1911. Dmitri Bogrov shoots to death Russian prime minister Pyotr Stolypin.
• November 12, 1912. Anarchist Manuel Pardiñas kills Spanish Prime Minister José Canalejas in Madrid.
• 18 March 1913. Aleksander Schinas assassinates king George I of Greece.
• September 16, 1920. The Wall Street bombing kills 38 and wounds 400 in Manhattan's Financial District. Anarchists associated with Luigi Galleani are widely believed responsible although the crime remains officially unsolved.
• 8 March 1921. Three anarchist shot Conservative politician Eduardo Dato dead from a motorcycle in Puerta de Alcalá, Madrid.
• 1922. Gustave Bouvet attempts to kill French president Alexandre Millerand.
• 1926. Sholom Schwartzbard assassinates Symon Petlura, head of the government-in-exile Ukrainian People's Republic, in Paris. After an eight-days trial, he is acquitted by the jury, who has been convinced of Schwartzbard's just cause: the core of his defence was that he was avenging the deaths of victims of pogroms organized by Symon Petlura.

April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevich (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (born April 17, 1818 in Moscow; died March 13, 1881 in St. ... Dmitry Vladimirovich Karakozov (Дмитрий Владимирович Каракозов in Russian) (10. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Vera Ivanovna Zasulich Vera Ivanovna Zasulich (July 27, 1849-May 8, 1919) (born August 8, New Style) was a Russian Marxist writer and revolutionary. ... 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Kharkov (rus: Ха́рьков) or Kharkiv (ukr: Ха́рків) is the second largest city in Ukraine, a center of Kharkivska oblast. It is situated in the northeast of the country and has a population of two million. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Alexander Soloviev (in Serbian Александар Соловјев, in Russian Александр Соловьёв) (1890-1971) was a Slavist, researcher of the Bogumils, Serbian heraldry, philately, archeology, translator from Russian and French, professor of history of Slavonic and Byzantine law at the Faculty of Law in Belgrade and Sarajevo. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a concept of anarchist origin, which appeared towards the end of the 19th century, that promoted terrorism against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution. ... Note: This page is very long. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Benedict Richard OGorman Anderson (born August 26, 1936) is professor emeritus of International Studies at Cornell University. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Narodnaya Volya (Народная воля in Russian, known as People’s Will in English) was a Russian revolutionary organization in the early 1880s. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Auguste Valliant, french anarchist most famous for his bomb attack on the french Chamber of Deputies in 1893. ... A nail bomb is an anti-personnel explosive device packed with nails to increase its destructive power. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... The Maiden, an older Scottish design. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Ravachol (François Koenigstein, 1859-1892), was a French anarchist best known for propaganda of the deed. ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... In the Gregorian Calendar, December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years), at which point there will be 13 days remaining to the end of the year. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... The lois scélérates is the pejorative name for a set of French laws restricting the 1881 freedom of the press laws passed under the Third Republic (1870-1940), after several bombings and assassination attempts carried on by anarchist proponents of propaganda of the deed. The first law was... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Emile Henry Emile Henry (1872 - May 21, 1894) was a French Anarchist, who on February 12, 1894 detonated a bomb at the Café Terminus in the Parisian Gare Saint-Lazare killing one person and wounding twenty. ... June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 190 days remaining. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Sante Jeronimo Caserio (Motta Visconti, Lombardy, Italy, September 8, 1873 - Lyon, France, August 15, 1894) was an Italian anarchist, assassin of Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of the French Third Republic. ... Marie François Sadi-Carnot, President of France Marie François Sadi Carnot (August 11, 1837 - June 24, 1894) was a French statesman, the fourth president of the third French Republic. ... Auguste Valliant, french anarchist most famous for his bomb attack on the french Chamber of Deputies in 1893. ... Emile Henry Emile Henry (1872 - May 21, 1894) was a French Anarchist, who on February 12, 1894 detonated a bomb at the Café Terminus in the Parisian Gare Saint-Lazare killing one person and wounding twenty. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Michele Angiolillo Lombardi (June 5, 1871, Foggia, Italy - August 20, 1897, Vergara, Guipúzcoa, Spain), Italian anarchist. ... Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Spanish statesman and historian Antonio Cánovas Del Castillo (Málaga, February 8, 1828 – Mondragón (Guipúzcoa), August 8, 1897) was an important 19th century Spanish politician and historian known principally for his role in supporting the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy to the... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Luigi Lucheni (April 22, 1873, Paris - October 19, 1910) was an Italian anarchist who assassinated the Austrian Empress Elisabeth of Bavaria (commonly referred to as Sisi) in 1898. ... Elisabeth in a riding habit, from Vanity Fair, 1884. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph I (in English also Francis Joseph) ( August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Gaetano Bresci (1869 - May 22, 1901), was an Italian-American anarchist who assassinated Italian king Humbert I. He is still considered a hero by many anarchists and republicans. ... Umberto I or Humbert I of Italy (Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio of Savoy), (14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900) was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death. ... Milan (Italian: ; Lombard: Milán (listen)) is the main city of northern Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. ... 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King Leopold II of the Belgians (April 9, 1835 – December 17, 1909) succeeded his father, Leopold I of Belgium, to the Belgian throne in 1865 and remained king until his death. ... Year 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Vyacheslav Konstantinovich von Plehve (Вячесла́в Константи́нович фон Пле́ве), also Pléhve, or Pleve (OS) April 8, (NS) April 20, 1846 Meshchovsk, Kaluga Guberniya – (OS) July 15, (NS) 28 July 1904 St Petersburg) was the director of the tsarist Russian Police and later Minister of the Interior. ... Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. ... Yevno Azef (Evno Fishelevich Azef) (1869-1918), organiser of the Fighting Organisation of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which was resposible for the most spectacular assassinations of imperial officials in 1904 and 1905, latter turned out to be playing the double role of terrorist and police agent(1908). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Sergei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov (April 29, 1857 - February 4, 1905, Old Style) was the seventh child and fifth son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his first Empress-consort Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Mateu Morral (Mateo in Spanish; 1880, Sabadell—June 2, 1906, Torrejón de Ardoz - part of Madrid) was a Catalan Anarchist, remembered for his assassination attempt on the lives of Alfonso XIII of Spain and his wife Victoria Eugenia (on May 31, 1906, the day the two were married). ... Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... A portrait of Princess Victoria Eugénie of Battenberg Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Victoria Eugénie Julia Ena), (24 October 1887-15 April 1969), later Queen Victoria Eugenia was the Queen consort of King Alfonso XIII of Spain. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Carlos I, King of Portugal KG RVC (pron. ... Prince Luís Filipe of the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (pron. ... 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A view up Broad Street in the Financial District in Manhattan The Financial District is the neighborhood in New York City on the southernmost section of the island of Manhattan which comprises the offices and headquarters of many of the citys major financial institutions, including the New York Stock... Luigi Galleani (1861—November 4, 1931) was a major 20th century anarchist and enthusiastic advocate of the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in leap years). ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... Eduardo Dato e Iradier (1856-1921). ... The Puerta de Alcalá is a monument in the Plaza de la Independencia (Independence Square) in Madrid (Spain), very close to the city centre and several metres away from the main entrance to the Parque del Buen Retiro. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Gustave Charles Bouvet was a French anarchist who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate Alexandre Millerand, the President of France. ... Alexandre Millerand, French statesman Alexandre Millerand (February 10, 1859 - April 7, 1943 at Versailles, France) was a French socialist and politician. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Sholom Schwartzbard (1886-1938) was an anarchist and political assassin, who was acquitted by a French jury of the assassination of Symon Petlura. ... Symon Petlura Symon Petlyura (Ukrainian: (Simon Petljura); in English, also spelled Simon Petliura or Petlura; May 10, 1879 â€“ May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian socialist politician and statesman, a leader of Ukraines unsuccessful fight for independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... Ukrainian Peoples Republic (Ukrainian: ), also sometimes translated as Ukrainian National Republic, abbreviated UNR (УНР), was a republic in part of the territory of modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution, eventually headed by Symon Petliura. ... Movie: Just Cause is a 1995 movie starring Blair Underwood, Ed Harris, and Sean Connery, among others. ... The Russian word pogrom (погром) refers to a massive violent attack on people with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). ...

Later developments

The abandonment of bombings, and new forms of propaganda of the deed

Propaganda of the deed, as a violent form of direct action involving bombings and targeted assassinations, was abandoned by the vast majority of the anarchist movement after World War I (1914-18) and the 1917 October Revolution. There are various causes for this, but important factors include state repression, the level of organization of the labour movement (in particular the new importance of anarcho-syndicalism in European Latin countries such as France, Italy and Spain) and the influence of the October Revolution. Although the Leninist thesis of an avant-garde party composed of professional revolutionaries didn't break that much with the Socialist-Revolutionary organization, it did make completely individual acts of propaganda of the deed less relevant. Despite this abandonment, the concept of propaganda of the deed remained popular in the anarchist movement, and thus influenced various social and cultural movements, including the Underground, during the 20th century. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow... Red October redirects here. ... Red October redirects here. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ... Professional revolutionaries (also cadre) is in origin a Leninist term used to describe a body of devoted communists who spend the great majority (or all) of their time organizing their party toward proletarian revolution. ... Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

For example, the concept of direct action itself continued to be central in the socialist libertarian movement, in particular in the anarcho-syndicalism movement through the concept of the "revolutionary strike" inspired by French theorist Georges Sorel's Reflections on Violence (1908). In the 1950s, the Situationist International's conception of creating "situations" may be related quite easily to propaganda of the deed (which is not surprising, given the influence of council communism on Guy Debord). The autonomist movement and urban guerrilla group then took on the concept in the 1970s. It is also during this period that the concept of culture jamming, spass guerrilla, guerrilla communication and other kinds of non-violent and sometimes simultaneously artistic and political acts become popular as a new form of “direct action”. The Living Theater, in the 1970s, for example, mixed direct actions with an artistic intent, mixing, as did before them André Breton and the Surrealist movement, Arthur Rimbaud's "change life" with Karl Marx' XIth These on Feuerbach, "transform the world." Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. ... Georges Eugène Sorel (2 November 1847-29 August 1922) was a French philosopher and theorist of revolutionary syndicalism. ... // Recovering from World War II and its aftermath, the economic miracle emerged in West Germany and Italy. ... Situationist, Situationism refers to a cultural praxis developed by the Situationist International (SI), a very small group of international, political and artistic agitators with roots in Marxism and the early twentieth century European artistic avant garde. ... Council communism is a Radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ... Guy Ernest Debord (December 28, 1931, in Paris – November 30, 1994, in Champot) was a writer, film maker, hypergraphist and founding member of the groups Lettrist International and Situationist International (SI). ... Autonomism can refer to: Autonomism may refer to a bundle of left-wing movements historically bound-up with Italian Autonomist marxism. ... Urban guerrilla refers to someone who fights a government using unconventional warfare in an urban environment. ... Culture jamming is the act of transforming existing mass media to produce negative commentary about itself, using the original mediums communication method. ... Spass Guerilla is German for ‘fun (or joke) guerrilla”. Its associated with pranks, hoaxes, and buffoonery. ... The terms guerrilla communication and communication guerrilla refer to unconventional forms of communication and/or intervention in more conventional processes of communication. ... The Living Theater Founded in 1947 by Julien Beck and Judith Molina, the Living Theater is a theatrical troupe whose mission is a dedication to the transference of power in all societies from competitive control to cooperative and communal expression. ... André Breton André Breton (February 19, 1896 – September 28, 1966) was a French writer, poet, and surrealist theorist, and is best known as the main founder of surrealism. ... Surrealism is an artistic movement and an aesthetic philosophy that aims for the liberation of the mind by emphasizing the critical and imaginative powers of the subconscious. ... Rimbaud redirects here. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... The Theses on Feuerbach are eleven short philosophical notes written by Karl Marx in 1845. ...

The importance of riots and rebellions in the creation of the conditions of an insurrection has never been abandoned, going through anarcho-syndicalism to autonomism and today's anti-globalization mediatic Black blocs. In the 2000s, a Swedish group called the Invisible Party carried on various direct actions which could be related to the tradition of the propaganda of the deed. Black Bloc at April 12, 2003 anti-war demonstration in Washington DC. A black bloc is an affinity group of masked cowards, that come together during some sort of protest, demonstration, or event involving class struggle, anti-capitalism, or anti-globalization, and wear all black. ... The Invisible Party (Swedish: Osynliga partiet) is a secretive, conceptual, and anti-capitalist party in Sweden. ...

Urban guerrilla groups of the 1970s and the autonomist movement

The concept of "propaganda of the deed" received renewed attention in the 1970s-1980s, especially among "urban guerrilleros" and the Italian autonomist movement, which had a large part in the creation of the squatting and Social Center movement. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... Urban guerrilla refers to someone who fights a government using unconventional warfare in an urban environment. ... Autonomism can refer to: Autonomism may refer to a bundle of left-wing movements historically bound-up with Italian Autonomist marxism. ... The word squat has different meanings: Squatting is a term for inhabiting unused land without title, especially in a city. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Community centre. ...

Since some of the most radical autonomist or other far-left activists engaged not only in direct action (stealing, squatting, bank robberies - called expropriations - etc.) but also in assassination and bombing, "propaganda of the deed" again became synonymous with terrorism. For example, the German Red Army Faction (RAF) kidnapped and murdered Hanns Martin Schleyer, who was president of the German Employer's Association and a former high-ranking SS member during the Third Reich, and targeted NATO centers. Red Army Faction Insignia - a Red Star and a Heckler & Koch MP5 The Red Army Faction (or Red Army Fraction; also commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Group [or Gang]; in German: Rote Armee Fraktion or simply RAF), was postwar West Germanys most active and prominent left-wing terrorist... Hanns-Martin Schleyer Hanns Martin Schleyer (May 1, 1915, Offenburg – October 19, 1977 near Mulhouse, France) was a German manager, CDU member and employer representative. ... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

The appearance in developed countries during the 1970s of militant leftist groups - such as the Red Brigades, the RAF or the less important French Action Directe - which (although they did not claim to be specifically anarchist, did engage in “propaganda of the deed”) -, were part of a larger social movements. These included the autonomist movement in Italy, which practiced various types of “direct action” other than assassinations (in Italy, shootings in the legs was more often used). These new groups viewed their actions from a global point of view, in order to link them with “world struggles”, such as the Vietnam War (1965-75) or with South American struggles against military juntas (see for example the RAF's actions against NATO and its ideological relations with Uruguayan Tupamaros). In Italy, the concept of a "strategy of tension" (strategia della tensione) directly carried on by far-right forces linked to the security forces was popular in extra-parliamentary leftist movements; its existence was proved after Italian Premier Giulio Andreotti's 1990 revelations concerning Gladio, a NATO stay-behind anti-communist organization, and the parliamentary inquiries into the bombings carried on during this period (1969 Piazza Fontana bombing, 1980 Bologna massacre, etc.). World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ... RAF Logo The Red Army Faction (in German: Rote Armee Fraktion; RAF), also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang, was postwar Germanys most active radical leftist paramilitary group, which is widely regarded as a terrorist organization. ... Action Directe was a French left-wing urban guerrilla or terror group which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France in the 1980s. ... World revolution is a Marxist concept of a violent overthrow of capitalism that would take place in all countries, although not necessarily simultaneously. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... General Augusto Pinochet (sitting) as head of the newly established military junta in Chile, September 1973. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[2] (NATO; French: ; also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, the Western Alliance, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. ... Tupamaros, also known as the MLN (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional or National Liberation Army), was an urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... Giulio Andreotti Giulio Andreotti (born in Rome, 14 January 1919) is an Italian political figure, among the most powerful in post-war Italy. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... The Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana) refers to the terrorist bombing on December 12, 1969 in the offices of Banca Nazionale dellAgricoltura (National Agrarian Bank) in Piazza Fontana, Milan, Italy, carried out by far-right terrorists. ... Rescue teams making their way through the rubble The Bologna massacre, also known in Italy as the Strage di Bologna, was a terrorist bombing against the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. ...

Timeline of modern propaganda of the deed acts

• April 20 1963. Gabriel Hudon, member of the Front de libération du Québec (FLB - National Liberation Front of Quebec) kills a night watchman in a bombing.
• May 1968. Riots in Paris. The New-York based group "Black Mask" becomes Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers and carry out propaganda of the deed, excluding assassinations and bombings.
• October 8, 1969. The U.S. group Weatherman's first event is to blow up a statue in Chicago, Illinois, dedicated to police casualties in the 1886 Haymarket Riot. The "Days of Rage" riots then occur in Chicago during four days. 287 Weatherman members are arrested, and one of them killed.
• December 6, 1969. Several Chicago Police cars parked in a Precinct parking lot at 3600 North Halsted Street, Chicago, are bombed. The Weather Underground Organization (WUO) later stated in their book Prairie Fire that they had perpetrated the explosion to protest the shooting deaths of the Illinois Black Panther Party leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark two days earlier by police officers.
• December 12, 1969. Piazza Fontana bombing (carried out by neofascists), beginning of Italy's years of lead and of the strategy of tension. In 1998, David Carrett, officer of the U.S. Navy, was put under investigations on charge of political and military espionage and his participation in the Piazza Fontana bombing, among other events. Judge Guido Salvini also opened up a case against Sergio Minetto, Italian official for the US-NATO intelligence network, and pentito Carlo Digilio, who was suspected as a CIA informant. La Repubblica newspaper underlined that Carlo Rocchi, CIA's man at Milan, was surprised in 1995 searching for information concerning Operation Gladio, thus demonstrating that all was not over.^[13]
• 1970-1972. The British Angry Brigade group carries out at least 25 bombings (police numbers). Almost all property damage, although one person was slightly injured.
• June 1, 1970. The Montoneros, a Peronist left-wing group, kidnap and execute Pedro Aramburu, former dictator of Argentina, in retaliation for the June 1956 Leon Suarez massacre and the execution of Juan José Valle who had attempted a Peronist uprising against the military junta.
• September 12, 1970. The WUO helps Dr. Timothy Leary, LSD scientist, break out and escape from the California Men’s Colony prison.
• October 8, 1970. Bombing of Marin County Courthouse (US) in retaliation for the killing of Black activists Jonathan Jackson, William Christmas, and James McClain.
• October 10, 1970. The Queens Courthouse is bombed to express support for the New York prison riots.
• October 14, 1970. The Harvard Center for International Affairs is bombed to protest the war in Vietnam.
• May 1972. Peteano attack. Although the Italian Red Brigades were accused of it, it would be later discovered that neofascist Vincenzo Vinciguerra, who maintained links with the military intelligence services, was actually responsible for it. After the Peteano attack, Vinciguerra escaped to Franquist Spain.
• September 25, 1973. Following the June 20, 1973 Ezeiza massacre on the day of Juan Perón's return from a 20 years-old exile, the Montoneros assassinate right-wing Peronist José Ignacio Rucci, secretary of the CGT and co-founder of the Triple A death squad.
• September 28, 1973. The ITT headquarters in New York and Rome, Italy are bombed in response to ITT's role in the September 11, 1973 Chilean coup.
• November 6, 1973. The U.S. group Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) assassinates Oakland, California superintendent of schools Dr. Marcus Foster and badly wounded his deputy Robert Blackburn.
• 20 December, 1973. Operación Ogro: Basque nationalists from ETA blow Spanish Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco in his car in Madrid.
• July 1974. The Montoneros assassinate Arturo Mor Roig, former Interior minister of dictator Alejandro Lanusse (1971-1973).
• September 1974. The Montoneros kidnap two members of the Bunge and Born family, receiving as ransom $60 million in cash.
• September 11, 1974. Bombing of Anaconda Corporation (part of the Rockefeller Corporation) in retribution for Anaconda’s involvement in Pinochet's coup exactly a year before.
• 1975. The German group Movement 2 June kidnaps Peter Lorenz, CDU candidate for mayor in Berlin, who is exchanged against four emprisonned comrades.
• December 1975. Greek organization Revolutionary Organization 17 November allegedly responsible of the assassination of CIA station chief in Athens Richard Welch. According to a December 2005 article by Kleanthis Grivas, journalist in Proto Thema, Sheepskin, Gladio's branch in Greece, was in fact behind the killing. US State Department denied Grivas' allegations in January 2006.
• January 28, 1975. Bombing of the U.S. State Department in response to escalation in Vietnam.
• April 21, 1975. The remaining members of the SLA rob the Crocker National Bank in Carmichael, California and kill Myrna Opsahl, a bank customer, in the process.
• September 1975. Bombing of the Kennecott Corporation in retribution for Kennecott's involvement in the Chilean coup two years prior.
• 1977. German Autumn: Hanns-Martin Schleyer, president of the German Employer's Association and a former high-ranking SS member, is kidnapped by the Red Army Faction (RAF), who tried to negotiate the liberation of the "first generation" of RAF members. Before the state's refusal to negotiate, the RAF highjacked the Lufthansa airplane Landshut with help from the Palestinian PFLP. On July 30, 1977, RAF members Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Susanne Albrecht and Christian Klar assassinate banker Jürgen Ponto, chairman of the Dresdner Bank board of directors, during a botched kidnapping attempt.
• May 1978. Italian prime minister Aldo Moro and leader of the Christian Democracy (DC) is murdered by the Second Red Brigades, led by Mario Moretti, in obscure circumstances, involving a specific context of strategy of tension deliberately followed by Gladio, NATO's secret paramilitary "stay-behind" organization. Aldo Moro was kidnapped three months before, on the day the Italian Communist Party (PCI) was supposed to enter into the government aside the DC in virtu of the historic compromise.
• May 1, 1979. French group Action Directe carries out a machine gun attack on the employers' federation headquarters.
• 1980. Bologna massacre. Licio Gelli, head-master of Propaganda Due masonic lodge, would eventually be convicted of a sentence for investigation diversion, while two Italian intelligence agents are also involved. Two neofascists, members of the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR) are found directly responsible of the bombing (more than 80 killed), and charged with life-sentence in 1995.
• July 1980. Turkish left-wing organisation Dev Sol assassinates former Prime minister Nihat Erim.
• 15 September 1981 RAF member Brigitte Mohnhaupt take part in an assassination attempt on US General Frederick Kroesen using an RPG-7 anti-tank rocket. Kroesen only barely survived.
• May 30, 1982. The Canadian group Direct Action (aka "Squamish Five") set off a large bomb at an electricity transmission project. Four transformers were wrecked beyond repair, but no one was injured.
• 1984. Bomb-attacks of the Dutch organisation RaRa (Radical Anti-Racist Action) against the Van Heutsz monument (Van Heutzsch was the Dutch commander during the Aceh War).
• 1984-1985. Attacks on NATO and Belgian military infrastructures by the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC).
• 1985-1987: Dutch RaRa is responsible of several bomb-atacks on the Makro wholesale stores, which was active in South Africa.
• 1985. Action Directe assassinates René Audran, in charge of the state's arms-dealing.
• July 10, 1985. The French DGSE secret service sinks the Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior flagship to prevent her from interfering in a nuclear test in Mururoa. Fernando Pereira, a photographer, dies.
• 1986. Georges Besse, CEO of Renault but before leader of Eurodif nuclear consortium (in which Iran had a 10% stake), is allegedly assassinated by Action Directe (although this thesis would be questionned, in particular by investigative journalist Dominique Lorentz).
• June 28, 1988. US naval and defense attachee in Greece William Nordeen's assassination is reinvidicated by the Revolutionary Organization 17 November.
• September 26, 1989. Assassination of Pavlos Bakoyannis, parliamentary leader of the liberal New Democracy party, by Greek group 17 November.
• 1991. Dutch Rara blow up the house of state secretary of justice Aad Kosto.
• 1993. Dutch Rara are responsible of bomb-attacks on the Dutch ministery of social affairs and employment.
• November 30, 1999. Black blocs destroy the storefronts of GAP, Starbucks, Old Navy, and other multi-nationals with retail locations in downtown Seattle during the anti-WTO demonstrations.
• 2000. An Italian parliamentary report from the Olive center-left coalition concluded that the strategy of tension had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI [Italian Communist Party], and to a certain degree also the PSI [Italian Socialist Party], from reaching executive power in the country". It also stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organized or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of United States intelligence."^[14]
• 'June 8, 2000 Assassination of British military attache Stephen Saunders in Greece. Members of N-17 are arrested. In December 2005, Kleanthis Grivas, journalist in Proto Thema, claims that Sheepskin, Gladio's branch in Greece, was in fact behind the killing, along with the first violent act of N-17, Richard Welch CIA station chief's assassination in 1975. US State Department denied Grivas' allegations in January 2006.
• 2001. After the July Genoa G8 summit, the Publixtheatre Caravan, part of the No Border network, is accused of being part of a "criminal organization" called "Black blocs", although such "Black blocs" are not organized and only form themselves on a spontaneous manner during demonstrations, as in the older autonomist movement.
• May 6 2002. Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn was killed by veganist and left-wing activist Volkert van der Graaf.
• 2006. The Swedish Invisible Party announces its dissolving.

Gabriel Hudon (born March 1, 1942 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a convicted terrorist and drug dealer. ... The Front de libération du Québec (Québec Liberation Front), commonly known as the FLQ, was a left-wing terrorist group in Canada responsible for more than 200 bombings and the deaths of one man which culminated in 1970 with what is known as the October Crisis. ... A May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up, with stereotypical silhouette of General de Gaulle. ... Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers (often referred to as simply the Motherfuckers) was an anarchist affinity group based in New York City. ... John Jacobs and Terry Robbins at the Days of Rage, Chicago, October 1969 (Photo credit: David Fenton; publicity photo for film Weather Underground) Weatherman, known colloquially as the Weathermen and later the Weather Underground Organization, was a U.S. Radical Left organization consisting of splintered-off members and leaders of... The Haymarket Riot on May 4, 1886 in Chicago is generally considered to have been an important influence on the origin of international May Day observances for workers. ... Between October 8th and 11th, 1969 – The Days of Rage riots occured in Chicago when 287 members of the militant group, the Weathermen, converged on the city to confront the police in the streets. ... Species About 200 species, including: Castilleja chromosa Castilleja coccinea Castilleja miniata Castilleja mutis Castilleja pallida Castilleja is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, and also northeast Asia. ... This article is about the American political organization. ... Fred Hampton (August 30, 1948 – December 4, 1969) was a radical African American activist and deputy chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party (BPP). ... Mark Clark was a member of the Black Panther Party killed with Fred Hampton in an infamous police raid in 1969 Chicago. ... The Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana) refers to the terrorist bombing on December 12, 1969 in the offices of Banca Nazionale dellAgricoltura (National Agrarian Bank) in Piazza Fontana, Milan, Italy, carried out by far-right terrorists. ... The Years of lead was a period in the history of Morocco marked by state violence against dissidents and democracy activists. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... Tommaso Buscetta (in sunglasses), the first important pentito of Italian Mafia, escorted in a court of law. ... La Repubblica (meaning: The Republic) is an Italian daily newspaper. ... Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ... The Angry Brigade were a group of anarchist terrorists responsible for a long string of bomb attacks between 1970 and 1972. ... Official logo of Montoneros The Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentinian radical leftist nationalist-catholic guerrilla group, active during the 1970s. ... Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Cilveti (May 21, 1903 – June 1, 1970) was a de facto president of Argentina from November 13, 1955 to May 1, 1958. ... Juan José Valle (executed in Buenos Aires, July 12, 1956) was an Argentine military who headed a rebellion against General Aramburus dictatorship in 1956 (self-titled Revolución Libertadora), which had put an end the year before to Juan Peróns second term of presidency. ... For the American baseball player use Tim Leary (baseball player) Timothy Francis Leary, Ph. ... Jonathan Jackson (1953– August 7, 1970) was an American black activist from California. ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as BR) were a terrorist group located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the Western Alliance... Vincenzo Vinciguerra was a member of Avanguardia Nazionale (National Vanguard), a far-right terrorist organization founded by Stefano Delle Chiaie and involved in Italys strategy of tension promoted by Gladio networks. ... Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (Military Intelligence and Security Service, SISMI) is the military intelligence agency of Italy. ... The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ... Book cover of Horacio Verbitskys book on the massacre. ... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... Official logo of Montoneros The Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentinian radical leftist nationalist-catholic guerrilla group, active during the 1970s. ... The General Confederation of Labour (Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina, CGT) is a national trade union center of Argentina founded on September 27, 1930 as the result of the merge of the USA (Unión Sindical Argentina) and the COA (Confederación Obrera Argentina) trade... The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Spanish: , usually known as Triple A or AAA) was a far-right death squad active in Argentina during the mid-1970s, particularly active under Isabel Peróns rule (1974-1976). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... The Symbionese Liberation Army (S.L.A.) was an American terrorist group that considered itself a revolutionary vanguard army and a proponent of radical ideologies. ... Dr. Marcus Foster (1923–1973) was a charismatic and highly esteemed African-American educator who gained a national reputation for educational excellence while serving as principal of Gratz High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as Associate Superintendent of Schools in Philadelphia, and as the first black Superintendent of Schools in Oakland... Robert Blackburn may refer to: Robert Blackburn (1828-1894), a member of the Canadian House of Commons Robert Blackburn (1920-2003), an artist Robert Blackburn (-1990), former deputy-general of the International Baccalaureate Organisation Robert Blackburn (1885-1955), founder of Blackburn Aircraft Limited This is a disambiguation page — a list... The Operación Ogro (Operation Ogre) was the name given by ETA to the killing of Luis Carrero Blanco the then Prime Minister of Spain in 1973. ... ETA symbol or ETA (Basque for Basque Homeland and Freedom; IPA pronunciation: [) is a paramilitary Basque nationalist organization. ... Luís Carrero Blanco (March 4, 1903 – December 20, 1973) was a Spanish admiral and statesman. ... Alejandro Agustín Lanusse Gelly (August 28, 1918, Buenos Aires Argentina - August 26, 1996, Buenos Aires) was the military president of Argentina between March 22, 1971 and May 25, 1973. ... Bunge y Born was an Argentinian-based multinational corporation. ... This article is about the date September 11 in general. ... The Anaconda Copper Mine was a large copper mine in Butte, Montana. ... Rockefeller Rockefeller family Rockefeller Group International, Inc. ... Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was a general and President of Chile. ... The Movement 2 June also known as the June 2 Movement, June 2nd Movement or J2M was a well known West German militant group based in West Berlin. ... Peter Lorenz (December 22, 1922-December 6, 1987) was a German politician (CDU). ... 17 November logo November 17 (also known as 17N or N17) has been described as a Marxist Greek terrorist group (Greek: Επαναστατική Οργάνωση 17 Νοέμβρη, Epanastatiki Organosi dekaefta Noemvri); it is listed on the U.S. State Department list of designated foreign terrorist organizations, the list of EU designated terrorist organisations, and the... Richard Skeffington Welch (1929—December 23, 1975), a Harvard educated classicist, was a CIA Station Chief murdered by the radical leftist organization Revolutionary Organization 17 November. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... Crocker National Bank was a United States bank acquired by Wells Fargo in 1986. ... Myrna Opsahl was a church worker and murder victim of the notorious Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Kennecott Copper Corporation had its start when Enos A. Wall realized the potential of copper deposits in Bingham Canyon in Utah in 1887 and acquired claims to the land. ... The German Autumn (German: Deutscher Herbst) was a set of events revolving around the kidnapping of Hanns-Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane Landshut, by the Red Army Faction (RAF) and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) respectively, in autumn 1977. ... Hanns Martin Schleyer (May 1, 1915 (Offenburg) - October 19, 1977 (assassinated by the Red Army Faction near Mulhouse, France)) was a German manager and employer representative. ... Red Army Faction Insignia - a Red Star and a Heckler & Koch MP5 The Red Army Faction (or Red Army Fraction; also commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Group [or Gang]; in German: Rote Armee Fraktion or simply RAF), was postwar West Germanys most active and prominent left-wing terrorist... The Landshut at Mogadishu Airport, on October 18, 1977. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Arabic الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين - al-jabhah al-sha`biyyah li-tahrÄ«r filastÄ«n) is a Marxist-Leninist, nationalist Palestinian political and military organization, founded in 1967. ... Brigitte Margret Ida Mohnhaupt (born 24 June 1949) was a member of the Socialist Patients Collective (SPK) and from 1971 until 1982 she was an activist with the militant Red Army Faction (RAF). ... Susanne Albrecht (b. ... Christian Klar (born May 20, 1952 in Freiburg) was a leading member of the so called second generation of the German terrorist group Red Army Faction. ... Jürgen Ponto, (December 17, 1923 - July 30, 1977) was a German banker and chairman of the Dresdner Bank board of directors. ... The 1978 Silver Tower houses part of the head office of the Dresdner bank. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as BR) were a terrorist group located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the Western Alliance... Mario Moretti (born 1946 in Porto San Giorgio, Marche, Italy) is a founding member of the 2nd Red Brigades, who kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro on May 9, 1978. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... The term Historic Compromise (Italian:compromesso storico) most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the 1970s, after the latter embraced eurocommunism. ... Action Directe was a French left-wing urban guerrilla or terror group which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France in the 1980s. ... The Mouvement des Entreprises de France or MEDEF (in English: Movement of the French Enterprises) is the largest union of employers in France. ... Rescue teams making their way through the rubble The Bologna massacre, also known in Italy as the Strage di Bologna, was a terrorist bombing against the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the... P2 is the common name for the Italian Freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due (Italian: Propaganda Two). ... Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (Military Intelligence and Security Service, SISMI) is the military intelligence agency of Italy. ... The Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR, Armed Revolutionary Nuclei) was an Italian neofascist terrorist organization active from 1977 to November 1981. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Nihat Erim (1912 - July 19, 1980) was a Turkish political figure and jurist. ... Brigitte Margret Ida Mohnhaupt (born 24 June 1949) was a member of the Socialist Patients Collective (SPK) and from 1971 until 1982 she was an activist with the militant Red Army Faction (RAF). ... Frederick Kroesen Frederick James Kroesen was the Commanding General of the Seventh United States Army and the commander of NATO Central Army Group. ... An RPG-7 captured by the US Army The RPG-7 (Russian: ) is a widely-produced and used handheld anti-tank grenade launcher designed by the Soviet Union. ... Similar to the rocket-propelled grenade (RPG), this weapon propels an explosive projectile. ... The Squamish Five (sometimes referred to as the Vancouver Five) were a group of self-styled urban guerrillas active in Canada during the early 1980s. ... The Aceh War (also Achinese War) took place from 1873-1904 between the Netherlands and the people of Aceh in Sumatra as the Dutch attempted to colonize this independent state on the northern-most tip of Sumatra. ... Cellules Communistes Combattantes (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells) was a Belgian terrorist organization committed to a Left Communist ideology. ... A typical Makro warehouse in the UK Makro is a chain of self-service wholesale stores, so called cash and carrys. ... The Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (generally known as DGSE) is Frances external intelligence agency. ... The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Operation Satanic [1], was a special operation by the action branch of the French foreign intelligence services, the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE), carried out on July 10, 1985. ... Fernando Pereira (1950–July 10, 1985) was a freelance Dutch photographer, of Portuguese origin, who drowned when French intelligence (DGSE) used two underwater mines to sink the ship Rainbow Warrior, owned by the environmental organisation Greenpeace on July 10, 1985 (see sinking of the Rainbow Warrior). ... Georges Besse (born December 25, 1927 in Clermont-Ferrand, France, died November 17, 1986) was a French businessman who led several large state-controlled French companies during his lifetime. ... Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing cars, vans, buses, tractors, and trucks. ... Eurodif, which means European Gaseous Diffusion Uranium Enrichment Consortium, is a subsidiary company of French company Cogéma which exploits a uranium enrichment plant established in the nuclear site of Tricastin in Pierrelatte in Drôme. ... This article is about Irans nuclear power programme. ... Dominique Lorentz is a French investigative journalist who has written books on the stakes and reality of nuclear proliferation, as well as a film documentary, La République Atomique (The Atomic Republic), which related terrorist acts in France in the 1980s to the nuclear program of Iran. ... William Edward Nordeen was the United States defense and naval attache to the U.S. Embassy in Athens, Greece. ... 17 November logo November 17 (also known as 17N or N17) has been described as a Marxist Greek terrorist group (Greek: Επαναστατική Οργάνωση 17 Νοέμβρη, Epanastatiki Organosi dekaefta Noemvri); it is listed on the U.S. State Department list of designated foreign terrorist organizations, the list of EU designated terrorist organisations, and the... Pavlos Bakoyannis (Greek:Παύλος Μπακογιάννης) (died September 26, 1989) was a liberal Greek politician who was well known for his broadcasts against the Greek military dictatorship of 1967-1974 on Deutsche Welle radio. ... Party logo New Democracy (ND, Greek: Νέα Δημοκρατία, Nea Dhimokratia), founded in 1974, is the main center-right liberal-conservative political party in Greece. ... 17 November logo November 17 (also known as 17N or N17) has been described as a Marxist Greek terrorist group (Greek: Επαναστατική Οργάνωση 17 Νοέμβρη, Epanastatiki Organosi dekaefta Noemvri); it is listed on the U.S. State Department list of designated foreign terrorist organizations, the list of EU designated terrorist organisations, and the... Black Bloc at April 12, 2003 anti-war demonstration in Washington DC. A black bloc is an affinity group of masked cowards, that come together during some sort of protest, demonstration, or event involving class struggle, anti-capitalism, or anti-globalization, and wear all black. ... Gap, Incorporated (NYSE: GPS) is an American clothing and accessories retailer based in San Francisco, California and founded in 1969 by Donald Fisher and Doris Fisher. ... Starbucks is the worlds largest multinational chain of coffee shops. ... Old Navy is a brand of clothing and chain of stores owned by Gap Inc. ... Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of trade negotiations, occurred on November 30, 1999, when the World Trade Organization (WTO) convened in Seattle, Washington, USA. The negotiations were quickly overshadowed by massive and controversial street protests... For the Italian political alliance see Olive Tree, and the color, olive (color). ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Brigadier Stephen Saunders (1947 - 8 June 2000), the British military attaché in Athens, was murdered on 8 June 2000 by motorcycle gunmen who were members of Revolutionary Organization 17 November (N17). ... 17 November logo November 17 (also known as 17N or N17) has been described as a Marxist Greek terrorist group (Greek: Επαναστατική Οργάνωση 17 Νοέμβρη, Epanastatiki Organosi dekaefta Noemvri); it is listed on the U.S. State Department list of designated foreign terrorist organizations, the list of EU designated terrorist organisations, and the... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... Richard Skeffington Welch (1929—December 23, 1975), a Harvard educated classicist, was a CIA Station Chief murdered by the radical leftist organization Revolutionary Organization 17 November. ... Official family picture The 27th G8 summit took place in Genoa, Italy, in July 2001. ... The Publixtheatre Caravan is the English name for a travelling project of the Volxtheater Favoriten, a Vienna-based international theatrical troupe that has been creating site-specific theatrical interventions in public space as well as stage-based performances since 1994. ... The No Border Network is a loose association of autonomous organizations, groups, and individuals in Europe who resist human migration control by coordinating international border camps, demonstrations, direct actions, and anti-deportation campaigns. ... Autonomism can refer to: Autonomism may refer to a bundle of left-wing movements historically bound-up with Italian Autonomist marxism. ... Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn (surname pronounced somewhat like for-TOYN, IPA: ), (February 19, 1948 – May 6, 2002), was a controversial, openly gay, charismatic politician in the Netherlands who formed his own party Lijst Pim Fortuyn (List Pim Fortuyn or LPF). ... The logo of the worlds first Vegan Society, registered in 1944 Veganism (also known as strict vegetarianism or pure vegetarianism), as defined by the Vegan Society, is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude…all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing... Volkert van der Graaf (born July 9, 1969) is an animal welfare activist and is the confessed murderer of Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn. ... The Invisible Party (Swedish: Osynliga partiet) is a secretive, conceptual, and anti-capitalist party in Sweden. ...

Justifications for the political use of violence

Anarchists and similar radicals often claim that their use of “political violence” is not terrorism, arguing that there is a fundamental difference between bombings carried out against a civilian population and targeted assassinations carried out against people in positions of political, military or economic power. They emphasize that many scholars define terrorism as the attempt to spread terror in the population through indiscriminate bombings, thus excluding anarchist propaganda of the deed from the definition of terrorism.

The use of political violence is understood by its proponents in the frame of a general conception of the state as the control apparatus of the “bourgeoisie”, and of “class struggle” as a form of effective civil war. Thus, as anarchists often put it, "peace without justice isn't peace", but war between exploited and exploiters. In their eyes, this "social war" morally legitimizes the use of violence against broader "social violence." This view, of course, is not shared by pacifist libertarians. Rioting is thus justified as a means to enhance class consciousness and prepares the objective conditions for a popular uprising (Georges Sorel, 1906). Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a Marxist, libertarian socialist, or anarchist perspective. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... The symbol of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, which has become a widely recognized peace symbol. ... This article is about the concept of justice. ... Georges Eugène Sorel (2 November 1847-29 August 1922) was a French philosopher and theorist of revolutionary syndicalism. ...

A heated controversy concerning the use of violence continues to take place inside the anarchist movement. Even those who are not opposed to the political use of violence for theoretical reasons (as pacifist anarchists are) may consider it unnecessary or strategically dangerous, in certain conditions. Many note that the events of 1970s showed clearly how terrorism may be used to influence politics in the frame of the "strategy of tension" by a state and its secret services, through agents provocateurs and false flag terrorist attacks. In Italy and other countries, the Years of lead led to reinforced anti-terrorism legislation, criticized by social activists as a new form of lois scélérates which were used to repress the whole of the socialist movement, not just militant groups. Many also note that the rare cases in which terrorism has achieved its revolutionary aims are mostly in the context of national liberation struggles, while the urban guerrilla movements have all failed (Gérard Chaliand). A strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, as differentiated from tactics or immediate actions with resources at hand. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... An agent provocateur (plural: agents provocateurs) is a person assigned to provoke unrest, violence, debate, or argument by or within a group while acting as a member of the group but covertly representing the interests of another. ... False flag operations are covert operations conducted by governments, corporations, or other organizations, which are designed to appear as if they are being carried out by other entities. ... The Years of lead was a period in the history of Morocco marked by state violence against dissidents and democracy activists. ... Anti-terrorism legislation designs all types of laws passed in the purported aim of fighting terrorism. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

References

It has been suggested that West Germany be merged into this article or section. ... Advertisement of the German Communist Party, Those who take nothing from the rich can give nothing to the poor. ... Red Army Faction Insignia - a Red Star and a Heckler & Koch MP5 The Red Army Faction (or Red Army Fraction; also commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Group [or Gang]; in German: Rote Armee Fraktion or simply RAF), was postwar West Germanys most active and prominent left-wing terrorist... Gustav Landauer (7 April 1870 in Karlsruhe, Germany — 2 May 1919 in Munich, Germany) was a German anarchist. ... Benedict Richard OGorman Anderson (born August 26, 1936) is professor emeritus of International Studies at Cornell University. ... In 1960 in the UK, the editors of the New Reasoner and the Universities and Left Review merged their boards and formed the New Left Review. ... La Repubblica (meaning: The Republic) is an Italian daily newspaper. ... For the Italian political alliance see Olive Tree, and the color, olive (color). ... Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ...

Bibliography

• Cockburn, Alexander. "Torture, Terrorism and the Rise of the Spanish Anarchists; 'There Are No Innocents'", Counterpunch, October 9/10, 2004.
• Hansen, Ann, Direct Action: Memoirs Of An Urban Guerrilla, AK Press, 2001
• Christie, Stuart, Granny Made me an Anarchist: General Franco, The Angry Brigade and Me, 2002
• Turgenev, Ivan, Fathers and Sons, 1862, paints the portrait of Russian nihilists.
• Billington, James. Fire in the Minds of Men, 1999
• Michael J. Schaack (1889). Anarchy and anarchists: a history of the red terror and the social revolution in America and Europe : communism, socialism, and nihilism in doctrine and in deed : the Chicago Haymarket conspiracy, and the detection and trial of the conspirators. Chicago: F.J. Schulte & Co. 

Alexander Claud Cockburn (pronounced , co-burn), born June 6, 1941, is a self-described radical Irish journalist who has lived and worked in the United States since 1973. ... Counterpunch can refer to: In traditional typography, a counterpunch is a type of punch used to create the negative space in or around a character. ... Ann Hansen is a Canadian anarchist. ... AK Press is a collectively owned and operated independent publisher and book distributor that specialises in radical and anarchist literature. ... Stuart Christie is a Scottish Anarchist most well-known for his part in the Spanish resistance to the dictator Franco: he was arrested in 1964 while carrying explosives to assassinate El Caudillo. He was sentenced to twenty years in prison but only served three, being released due to international pressure. ... Granny Made me and Anarchist: General Franco, The Angry Brigade and Me is the autobiography of well-known Scottish Anarchist, Stuart Christie. ... Ivan Turgenev, photo by Félix Nadar (1820-1910) For other uses, see Turgenev (disambiguation). ... Fathers and Sons is an 1862 novel by Ivan Turgenev, his best known work. ... This article is about the Russian cultural and political movement. ... James Hadley Billington (born June 1, 1929) is the current Librarian of Congress. ...

See also

• Autonomism movement
• Black blocks in the anti-globalization movement
• Bonnot gang (French group involved in illegalism during the Belle Epoque)
• Civil disobedience
• Direct Action
• Draft dodging and military desertions may also be considered forms of propaganda of the deed
• Endorsement terrorism
• Expropriation
• First International (International Workers Association)
• Greenpeace and the Wild Greens have engaged themselves in direct actions
• Hakim Bey's poetic terrorism
• Illegalism
• Invisible Party
• La Mano Negra, Andalucian group at the end of the 19th century
• The Living Theater, a U.S. group in the 1970s which theorized direct action in art
• State Monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force
• Russian Nihilist movement
• Performance, an art concept which may be related to propaganda of the deed under some aspects
• Regicide and tyrannicide
• Strategy of tension
• Urban guerrilla warfare

For other meanings of autonomism, see autonomism (disambiguation) page Raised fist, stenciled protest symbol of Autonome at the Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus in Vienna, Austria Autonomism refers to a set of left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. ... A black bloc is a group of protesters often dressed in black, who cooperate in small, autonomous police. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Bonnot Gang (la bande à Bonnot) was a French criminal anarchist group that operated in France and Belgium from 1911 to 1912. ... Illegalism is an anarchist philosophy which developed primarily in France in the early 1900s parallel to anarchist individualism. ... The Belle poque, or beautiful era, was a period in Frances history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until World War I. Occurring at the midpoint of the Third Republic, the Belle poque was considered a golden time of beauty, innovation, and peace between France and... An anti-war activist is arrested for civil disobedience on the steps of the Supreme Court of the United States on February 9, 2005. ... Direct action is a form of political activism which seeks immediate remedy for perceived ills, as opposed to indirect actions such as electing representatives who promise to provide remedy at some later date. ... Their actions were criminal offences and once they had left the country draft dodgers could not return or they would be arrested. ... // For other uses of Desertion, see Abandonment. ... Expropriation is the act of removing from control the owner of an item of property. ... The International Workingmens Association, sometimes called the First International, was an international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing political groups and trade union organizations which were based on the working class. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Wild Greens are a youth movement of the Greens, usually associated with one of the Green Parties. ... Peter Lamborn Wilson is a political writer, poet, and self-described anarchist ontologist. He sometimes writes under the name Hakim Bey (which may mean Mr Judge in Turkish, and which may or may not have been a name-of-convenience used by other radical writers since the 1970s). ... Illegalism is an anarchist philosophy which developed primarily in France in the early 1900s parallel to anarchist individualism. ... The Invisible Party (Swedish: Osynliga partiet) is a secretive, conceptual, and anti-capitalist party in Sweden. ... La Mano Megra (Spanish), in English, The Black Hand) was a supposed secret and violent Anarchist organization that was founded in Andalucia, Spain in the end of the 19th century. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force designs an essential attribute of the states sovereignty. ... This article is about the Russian cultural and political movement. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a king, or the person responsible for it. ... Tyrannicide literally means the killing of a tyrant. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... Urban guerrilla refers to someone who fights a government using unconventional warfare in an urban environment. ...

External links

• Associative Press Agency - information on political prisoners