Proteaceae
Inflorescence of Protea cynaroides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Proteales Family: Proteaceae Juss.
Genera
About 80, see text Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 602 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1593 pixel, file size: 320 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photo of Protea cynaroides at the San Francisco Botanical Garden, taken June 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File historyClick on a date/time to view... Red clover inflorescence (spike) An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ... Binomial name L. The King Protea (Protea cynaroides) is a flowering plant. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... Families See text The Proteales are an order of flowering plants, which belong among the basal eudicots. ... Portrait of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French botanist. ...

Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family, with around 80 genera but fewer than 2000 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... southern hemisphere highlighted in yellow (Antarctica not depicted). ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... genera see text Platanaceae is a family of flowering plants. ... Species Nelumbo lutea (American Lotus) Nelumbo nucifera (Sacred Lotus) Nelumbo is a genus of water flowers commonly known as lotus, the only genus in the family Nelumbonaceae, superficially similar to but unrelated to the water-lilies of the family Nymphaeaceae. ... Families See text The Proteales are an order of flowering plants, which belong among the basal eudicots. ...

Description

Many proteaceae are highly variable, with Banksia in particular providing one of the most striking examples of adaptive radiation in plants^[1]. This variability makes it impossible to provide a simple, diagnostic identification key for the family, although individual genera may be easily identified. For other uses, see Banksia (disambiguation). ... Four of the 13 finch species found on the Galápagos Archipelago, and thought to have evolved by an adaptive radiation that diversified their beak shapes to adapt them to different food sources. ...

Proteaceae are generally trees or shrubs, except for some Stirlingia species which are herbs. They are evergreen, with leaves that vary greatly in size, shape and margin. In many genera, the most obvious feature is the large and often very showy inflorescences, consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. Even this character, however, does not occur in all Proteaceae: Adenanthos species, for example, have solitary flowers. In most Proteaceae species the pollination mechanism is highly specialised. It usually involves the use of a "pollen-presenter", an area on the style-end that presents the pollen to the pollinator.^[2] The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... For other uses, see Herb (disambiguation). ... This article is about plant types. ... Red clover inflorescence (spike) An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ... For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ...

Distribution and ecology

Inflorescence and leaves of the Pin-cushion Hakea (Hakea laurina)

Proteaceae are mainly a southern hemisphere family, with its main centres of diversity in Australia and South Africa. It also occurs in Central Africa, South and Central America, India, eastern and south-eastern Asia, and Oceania^[3]. Only two species are known from New Zealand although fossil pollen evidence suggests there were more previously^[4]. Download high resolution version (1280x1022, 371 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1280x1022, 371 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Red clover inflorescence (spike) An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ...

It is a good example of a Gondwanan family, with taxa occurring on virtually every land mass considered a remnant of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. The family and sub-families are thought to have diversified well before the fragmentation of Gondwana, implying that all of them are well over 90 million years old. Evidence for this includes an abundance of proteaceous pollen found in the Cretaceous coal deposits of the South Island of New Zealand. It is thought to have achieved its present distribution largely by continental drift rather than dispersal across ocean gaps. ^[5] For other uses of Gondwana and Gondwanaland, see Gondwana (disambiguation). ... In geology, a supercontinent is a land mass comprising more than one continental core, or craton. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... // The Cretaceous Period (pronounced ) is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... For other uses, see South Island (disambiguation). ... Plates in the crust of the earth, according to the plate tectonics theory Continental drift refers to the movement of the Earths continents relative to each other. ...

Many of the Proteaceae have specialised proteoid roots. These are dense masses of short lateral roots produced in the leaf litter layer during seasonal growth, and usually shrivelling at the end of the growth season. They are apparently an adaptation to growth in poor soil, greatly increasing the plants access to scarce water and nutrients by increasing the root's absorption surface.^[3] However, this adaptation leaves them highly vulnerable to dieback caused by the Phytophthora cinnamomi water mould, and generally intolerant of fertilization. Due to these specialized proteoid roots, the Proteaceae are one of few flowering plant families which do not form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Proteoid roots of Leucospermum cordifolium Proteoid roots, also known as cluster roots, are plant roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets. ... Binomial name Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called root rot or dieback. infects the roots by zoospores entering the root behind the root tip. ... Orders Lagenidiales Leptomitales Peronosporales Pythiales Rhipidiales Saprolegniales Sclerosporales Water moulds or Oomycetes are a group of filamentous protists, physically resembling fungi. ... Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... An arbuscular mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant. ...

Taxonomy

Flowers, leaves and fruit of Banksia coccinea, from Ferdinand Bauer's 1813 flora Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae

Proteaceae is a fairly large family, with approximately eighty genera, but less than two thousand species. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea, Hakea, Dryandra and Macadamia. Banksia coccinea from Bauers 1813 flora Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae Ferdinand Lucas Bauer (1760 - 1826) was an Austrian botanical illustrator. ... Species See text Protea is both the botanical name and the English common name of a genus of flowering plants, sometimes also called sugarbushes. ... For other uses, see Banksia (disambiguation). ... Species See text Embothrium is a genus of two to eight species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) in the plant family Proteaceae, native to southern South America, in Chile and adjacent western Argentina and southern Peru; the genus occurs as far south as Tierra del Fuego. ... Species See text Grevillea is a diverse genus of evergreen flowering plants in the protea family (Proteaceae). ... Species See text Hakea (Hakea) is a genus of about 110 species of shrubs and small trees in the Proteaceae, native to Australia, with the highest species diversity in Western Australia. ... Species Vernicia anxius Vernicia cordata Vernicia fordii - tung tree Vernicia montana Vernicia pseudomargarettiae The genus Vernicia, commonly referred to as Candlenut, is a taxon of shrubs or trees. ... Species Macadamia claudiensis Macadamia grandis Macadamia hildebrandii Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia jansenii Macadamia ternifolia Macadamia tetraphylla Macadamia whelanii Macadamia neurophylla Macadamia is a genus of nine species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species), New Caledonia (one species M. neurophylla) and...

It is recognised by virtually all taxonomists. Firmly established under classical Linnaean taxonomy, it is also recognised by the cladistics-based APG and APG II systems. It is placed in the order Proteales, whose placement has itself varied. For the science of classifying living things, see alpha taxonomy. ... Title page of Systema Naturae, 10th edition, 1758. ... It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ... A modern system of plant taxonomy, the APG system of plant classification was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. ... A modern system of plant taxonomy, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG, in Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). ... Families See text The Proteales are an order of flowering plants, which belong among the basal eudicots. ...

The framework for classification of the genera within Proteaceae was laid in 1975 by L. A. S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs.^[6] Their classification has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, resulting in a fairly stable and widely accepted arrangement. Proteaceae is now divided into seven subfamilies: Persoonioideae, Bellendenoideae, Eidotheoideae, Proteoideae, Sphalmioideae, Carnarvonioideae and Grevilleoideae. Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson, (26 June 1925 – 1 August 1997) known as Lawrie Johnson, was an Australian taxonomic botanist. ... Barbara G. Briggs (1934- ) is one of the foremost Australian botanists. ... genera see text Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae family of flowering plants. ...

List of genera

Species See text. ... For other uses, see Banksia (disambiguation). ... Species 53 spp. ... Species Vernicia anxius Vernicia cordata Vernicia fordii - tung tree Vernicia montana Vernicia pseudomargarettiae The genus Vernicia, commonly referred to as Candlenut, is a taxon of shrubs or trees. ... Species See text Embothrium is a genus of two to eight species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) in the plant family Proteaceae, native to southern South America, in Chile and adjacent western Argentina and southern Peru; the genus occurs as far south as Tierra del Fuego. ... Species See text Grevillea is a diverse genus of evergreen flowering plants in the protea family (Proteaceae). ... Species See text Hakea (Hakea) is a genus of about 110 species of shrubs and small trees in the Proteaceae, native to Australia, with the highest species diversity in Western Australia. ... Species Knightia deplanchei Knightia excelsa For the genus of prehistoric fish, see Knightia. ... Species See text. ... Species about 50 The pincushions (Leucospermum) are a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Proteaceae. ... Species See text Lomatia is a genus of 12 species of evergreen flowering plants in the protea family Proteaceae, native to eastern Australia and southern South America, forming a part of the Antarctic flora. ... Species Macadamia claudiensis Macadamia grandis Macadamia hildebrandii Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia jansenii Macadamia ternifolia Macadamia tetraphylla Macadamia whelanii Macadamia neurophylla Macadamia is a genus of nine species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species), New Caledonia (one species M. neurophylla) and... Species See text Persoonia is a genus of 98 species in the plant family Proteaceae. ... Species See text Protea is both the botanical name and the English common name of a genus of flowering plants, sometimes also called sugarbushes. ... Species 25 spp. ... For other uses, see Waratah (disambiguation). ... Species Xylomelum angustifolium Xylomelum cunninghamianum Xylomelum occidentale Xylomelum pyriforme Xylomelum scottianum Xylomelum is a genus of five species in the plant family Proteaceae. ...

Cultivation and Uses

Edible nuts of Macadamia

Many Proteaceae species are cultivated by the nursery industry, as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Some species are of importance to the cut flower industry, especially some Banksia and Protea species. Two species of the genus Macadamia are grown commercially for edible nuts. Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazelnut) tree is cultivated for its nuts in Chile and New Zealand, which are edible, and are used in pharmaceutical industry for skin treatment because of its moisturizing properties and as ingredient in sunscreens. Macadamia nut in its shell, dry roasted nut. ... Macadamia nut in its shell, dry roasted nut. ... Species Macadamia claudiensis Macadamia grandis Macadamia hildebrandii Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia jansenii Macadamia ternifolia Macadamia tetraphylla Macadamia whelanii Macadamia neurophylla Macadamia is a genus of nine species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species), New Caledonia (one species M. neurophylla) and... A nursery is a place where plants are propagated, usually for sale as a business, though some gardeners and farmers keep private nurseries. ... A vase arrangement of Tulips Floristry, flower arranging, floral arrangement, floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls and baskets, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliage, herbs, ornamental grasses and other botanical materials. ... For other uses, see Banksia (disambiguation). ... Species See text Protea is both the botanical name and the English common name of a genus of flowering plants, sometimes also called sugarbushes. ... Species Macadamia claudiensis Macadamia grandis Macadamia hildebrandii Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia jansenii Macadamia ternifolia Macadamia tetraphylla Macadamia whelanii Macadamia neurophylla Macadamia is a genus of nine species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species), New Caledonia (one species M. neurophylla) and... Sunscreen (also known as sunblock, suntan lotion) is a lotion, spray or other topical product that is intended to protect the skin from the suns ultraviolet (UV) radiation. ...

The most valuable species as ornamental are the southernmost trees because they can give to landscapes an exotic tropical appearance in temperate climates; the following Chilean species are good examples of this: Lomatia ferruginea (Fuinque), Lomatia hirsuta (Radal) have been introduced in Western Europe and Western United States. Embothrium coccineum (Chilean firetree or Notro) is very valued because of its deep red flowers in the British Isles and is found as north as Faroe Islands at 62° North Latitude. For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Another species, but smaller which is grown in several parts of the world is Telopea speciosissima (Waratah), from the mountains of New South Wales, Australia. Binomial name (Sm. ... NSW redirects here. ...

Some species in temperate climates are cultivated more locally in Australia because of their beauty: Persoonia pinifolia (Pine-leaved Geebung) is very appreciated for its vivid yellow flowers and its grape-like fruits. Adenanthos sericeus (Woolly Bush) is planted for its showy soft leaves and its little, and red or orange flowers. Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia (Beef nut) is commonly planted for its foliage and edible nuts. Species See text. ...

References

1. ^ Mast, A. R. and Givnish, T. J. (2002). "Historical Biogeography and the Origin of Stomatal Distributions in Banksia & Dryandra (Proteaceae) Based on Their cpDNA Phylogeny". American Journal of Botany 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. 
2. ^ Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M. J. (3 May 2006). Proteaceae. The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, Information retrieval. Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
3. ^ ^{a b} Orchard, Anthony E. (ed.). "Proteaceae", Flora of Australia, Volume 16: Elaeagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. Melbourne: Australian Biological Resources Study / CSIRO Publishing. 
4. ^ Pole M (1998). "The Proteaceae record in New Zealand". Australian Systematic Botany 11 (4): 343–372. doi:10.1071/SB97019. 
5. ^ Weston, P. H. and Crisp, M. D. (1996). "Trans-Pacific biogeographic patterns in the Proteaceae", in Keast, A. and Miller, S. E. (eds): The origin and evolution of Pacific Island Biotas, New Guinea to eastern Polynesia: Patterns and processes. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing, 215–232. ISBN 90-5103-136-X. 
6. ^ L. A. S. Johnson and Briggs, B. G. (1975). "On the Proteaceae – the evolution and classification of a southern family". Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany 70: 83–182. 

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson, (26 June 1925 – 1 August 1997) known as Lawrie Johnson, was an Australian taxonomic botanist. ... Barbara G. Briggs (1934- ) is one of the foremost Australian botanists. ...

External links

Wikispecies has information related to:

Proteaceae

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Proteaceae

• Images of proteaceae from the Australian National Botanical Gardens
• Proteaceae in the Flora of China
• Proteaceae in the NCBI Taxonomy Browser