The term proteome was coined by Mark Wilkins in 1995 (1) and is used to describe the entire complement of proteins in a given biological organism or system at a given time, i.e. the protein products of the genome. The term has been applied to several different types of biological systems. A cellular proteome is the collection of proteins found in a particular cell type under a particular set of environmental conditions such as exposure to hormone stimulation. It can also be useful to consider an organism's complete proteome, wich can be conceptualized as the complete set of proteins from all of the various cellular proteomes. This is very roughly the protein equivalent of the genome. The term "proteome" has also been used to refer to the collection of proteins in certain sub-cellular biological systems. For example, all of the proteins in a virus can be called a viral proteome. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and are sometimes called the building blocks of life. ... A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ...

The proteome is larger than the genome, especially in eukaryotes, in the sense that there are more proteins than genes. This is due to alternative splicing of genes and post-translational modifications like glycosylation or phosphorylation. In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... Kingdoms Eukaryotes are organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... In genetics, splicing is a modification of genetic information prior to translation. ... Posttranslational modification means the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. ... Glycosylation is the process or result of addition of saccharides to proteins and lipids. ... Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or a small molecule. ...

Moreover the proteome has at least two levels of complexity lacking in the genome. When the genome is defined by the sequence of nucleotides, the proteome cannot be limited to the sum of the sequences of the proteins present. Knowledge of the proteome requires knowledge of (1) the structure of the proteins in the proteome and (2) the functional interaction between the proteins. A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxiribose), and a phosphate or polyphosphate group. ... Proteins are amino acid chains, made up from 20 different L-α-amino acids, also referred to as residues, that fold into unique three-dimensional protein structures. ...

Proteomics, the study of the proteome, has largely been practiced through the separation of proteins by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. In the first dimension, the proteins are separated by isoelectric focusing, which resolves proteins on the basis of charge. In the second dimension, proteins are separated by molecular weight using SDS-PAGE. The gel is dyed with Coomassie Blue or silver to visualize the proteins. Spots on the gel are proteins that have migrated to specific locations. Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. ... SDS-PAGE autoradiography DNA agarose gel Gel electrophoresis is a group of techniques used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point. ... Isoelectric focusing is a method of separating proteins based on their relative content of acidic and basic residues. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... Picture of an SDS-PAGE. The molecular marker is in the left lane SDS-PAGE stands for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. ... Coomassie (also known as Brilliant Blue dye) is a blue dye commonly used in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ...

The mass spectrometer has augmented proteomics. Peptide mass fingerprinting identifies a protein by cleaving it into short peptides and then deduces the protein's identity by matching the observed peptide masses against a sequence database. Tandem mass spectrometry, on the other hand, can get sequence information from individual peptides by isolating them, colliding them with a nonreactive gas, and then cataloging the fragment ions produced. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique which determines the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of ions. ... Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) is an analytical technique for protein identification that was developed by John Yates and colleagues (3). ... In the field of bioinformatics, a sequence database is a large collection of DNA, protein, or other sequences stored on a computer. ... ion (disambiguation) An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ...

Proteome is also the name of a formerly independent company involved in protein functional annotation; this company was purchased by Incyte Genomics and has been acquired by BIOBASE Biological Databases in January 2005.

See also

• Proteomics
• Bioinformatics
• List of omics topics in biology

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. ... Bioinformatics or Computational Biology is the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ... This article has been removed by the author per the Wikipedia policy against inclusion of original research. ...

External links

• Proteomics Bioinformatics Tools
• The Proteome Society
• Bioinformatics Journal
• Databases: PIR | Swissprot | Pfam