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The Protestant Ascendancy refers to the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland by Anglican landowners, Church of Ireland clergy, and professionals during the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. The term Anglican (from Anglia, the Latin name for England) describes the people, institutions, and churches that adhere the religious traditions developed by the established Church of England. ...
The Church of Ireland is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ...
(16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...
(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Background The gradual dispossession of native Catholic landowners in Ireland took place in various stages of from the reign of Elizabeth I until reaching its highest following the Williamite Wars. English soldiers and nobles, and the more recent Scottish Presbyterian immigrants became the new ruling class (see Plantations of Ireland). This process was facilitated and formalized in the legal system of the time by the passing of various Penal Laws, which discriminated against the newly displaced majority Catholic population and non-conforming Protesant denominations such as Presbyterians. As a result, political, legal, and economic power resided with the Ascendancy to the extent that by the mid-eighteenth century, 95% of the land of Ireland was calculated to be under Protestant control. Elizabeth I, (7 September 1533–24 March 1603) was Queen of England, Queen of France (in name only), and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ...
For the context of this war see Jacobitism and Glorious Revolution. ...
Presbyterianism is a form of Protestant Christianity, primarily in the Reformed branch of Christendom, as well as a particular form of church government. ...
Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ...
Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland involved the seizure of land owned by the native Irish and granting of it to colonists (planters) from Britain. ...
The Penal laws in Ireland refers to a series of laws imposed under British rule that sought to discriminate against the majority native Catholic population but also against Protestant dissenters in favour of the established Church of Ireland. ...
Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ...
Protestantism is a movement within Christianity, representing the splitting away from the Roman Catholic Church during the mid-to-late Renaissance in Europe—a period known as the Protestant Reformation. ...
Act of Union The confidence of the Ascendancy was manifested towards the end of the 18th century by its adoption of a nationalist Irish, though still exclusively Protestant, identity, and the formation in 1760 of Henry Grattan's Patriot Party. The formation of the Irish Volunteers to defend Ireland from French invasion during the American Revolution effectively gave Grattan a military force, and he was able to force Britain to concede limited independence to the Ascendancy. Henry Grattan (July 3, 1746 - June 6, 1820) was a member of the Irish House of Commons and a campaigner for legislative freedom for the Irish Parliament in the late 18th century. ...
The American Revolution was an upheaval that ended two centuries of rule by the British resulting ultimately in the formation of the United States of America. ...
The parliament repealed some of the Penal Laws but did not abolish them, and, following the forced recall of the liberal Lord Fitzwilliam in 1795 by conservatives, it was effectively abandoned as a vehicle for change by liberal elements who began to plan for armed rebellion. The resulting rebellion was crushed with vicious brutality, and the Act of Union of 1801 was passed partly in response to a perception that the bloodshed was provoked by the misrule of the Ascendancy. In the most general sense, penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the State in its own name and impose penalties for their violation, as opposed to civil law that seeks to redress private wrongs. ...
William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam in Ireland, 2nd Earl Fitzwilliam in Great Britain (30 May 1748 - 8 February 1833) was a British politician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. ...
The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Éirà Amach 1798 in Irish Gaelic), or 1798 rebellion as it is known locally, was an uprising in 1798, lasting several months, against the British dominated Kingdom of Ireland. ...
Act of Union can mean: United Kingdom The Act of Union is a name given to several acts passed by the English, Scottish and British Parliaments from 1536 onwards. ...
Decline The abolition of the Irish parliament was followed by economic decline in Ireland, and widespread emigration of the ruling class to the new centre of power in London which led to the phenomenon of the absentee landlord. The eventual arrival of Catholic Emancipation in 1829, meant that the Ascendancy now faced competition from prosperous Catholics in parliament and the various professions. The festering sense of native grievance was magnified by the horrors of the Potato Famine of 1845-52, and popular perception of the Ascendancy became one of an absentee landlord shipping food to England while the population starved. London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England and is the most populous city in the European Union. ...
Absentee landlord is an economic term for a person who owns and rents out a profit-earning property, but does not live within the propertys local economic region. ...
Catholic Emancipation was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century which involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity, the Test Acts and the Penal Laws. ...
Bridget ODonnell and her two children during the famine The Great Famine or the Great Hunger (Irish: An Gorta Mór or An Drochshaol), known more commonly outside of Ireland as the Irish Potato Famine, is the name given to a famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1849. ...
Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid...
The economic position of many landowners became untenable as rents became uncollectable due to the emergence of secret and open societies such as the Land League challenging the power of the landlords. Such agitation peaked during the Land War of the 1880s, which saw a mass mobilisation of tenant farmers against the landlord class. At around the same time, the political power of the Ascendancy passed to a largely Catholic and middle class Irish nationalist movement. As a consequence, the remnants of the Ascendancy were gradually displaced during the 19th and early 20th centuries through impoverishment, bankruptcy, the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1869, and the Irish Land Acts, which allowed tenants to take ownership of the land. The Irish Land League was an Irish political organization of the late 19th century which aimed to help poor tenant famers. ...
The Land War in Irish History was a period of agrarian agitation in rural Ireland in the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s. ...
An Irish nationalist is generally one who seeks (greater) independence of Ireland from Great Britain, including since 1921 the goal of a United Ireland. ...
See also civil religion. ...
The Church of Ireland is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ...
During the Anglo-Irish War, many of the Loyalist landlords had their country homes burned down by the Irish Republican Army in retaliation for the government forces' destruction of property. The burning of stately homes of the old landed class was stepped up by a vengeful Anti-Treaty IRA during the subsequent Irish Civil War (1922-23), who identified them with what they saw as the continuing domination of Britain over Ireland. An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerrilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army under the proclaimed legitimacy of the First Dáil, the extra-legal Irish parliament...
In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be or The Establishment. ...
The West Cork Flying Column during the War of Independence. ...
The split in Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 led to the emergence of group of Anti-Treatyites, sometimes referred to as the Irregulars, who continued to use the name Irish Republican Army (IRA) or in Irish Óglaigh...
Combatants Irish Republican Army (1922-1969) Irish Army of the Irish Free State Commanders Liam Lynch Michael Collins Richard Mulcahy Strength c. ...
After the independence of most of Ireland in 1922, the Ascendancy lost real political influence and became a small, isolated minority in their own land. The Trade War with England between 1932-38 and resulting government intervention into the agricultural market wiped out any remaining economic clout held by the Ascendancy class. The Anglo-Irish Trade War (also called the Economic War) was a retalitory trade war between the Irish Free State and the United Kingdom lasting from 1933 until 1938. ...
See also The West Cork Flying Column during the War of Independence. ...
Dieu et mon droit (motto) (French for God and my right)2 Northern Irelands location within the UK Main language English Other recognised languages Irish, Ulster Scots Capital and largest city Belfast First Minister Office suspended Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain MP Area - Total Ranked 4th...
The Orange Order is a Protestant fraternal organisation largely based in the province of Northern Ireland and in western Scotland but which has a worldwide membership. ...
Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland involved the seizure of land owned by the native Irish and granting of it to colonists (planters) from Britain. ...
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA; more commonly referred to as the IRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the army or the RA is an Irish Republican paramilitary organisation dedicated to the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and to a United Ireland. ...
The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party ) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland, which formed its government between 1921 and 1972 and was supported by most unionists throughout the Troubles. ...
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