Protoplast, from the ancient Greek πρώτον (first) + verb πλάθω or πλάττω (to mould: deriv. plastic), initially referred to the first organized body of a species. This meaning is similar to the non-biological definition, the first from which all subsequent forms are derived. Beginning of Homers Odyssey The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage of the Greek language[1] as it existed during the Archaic (9th–6th centuries BC) and Classical (5th–4th centuries BC) periods in Ancient Greece. ...

Subsequently it has several biological definitions:

• A protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means.
  • Protoplasts - Have their cell wall entirely removed
  • Spheroplasts - Have their cell wall only partially removed

• More generally protoplast refers to that unit of biology which is composed of a cell's nucleus and the surrounding protoplasmic materials.

For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... Plant cells separated by transparent cell walls. ... A spheroplast is a gram-negative bacterium from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed as by the action of penicillin. ... HeLa cells stained for DNA with the Blue Hoechst dye. ... In biology, protoplasm is the living substance inside the cell. ...

Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts

Cell walls are made of a variety of polysaccharides. Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading enzymes: Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...

During and subsequent digestion of the cell wall, the protoplast becomes very sensitive to osmotic stress. This means cell wall digestion and protoplast storage must be done in an isotonic solution to prevent rupture of the plasma membrane. Plant cell structure Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key respects from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms. ... Cellulase is an enzyme complex which breaks down cellulose to beta-glucose. ... Pectinase is a general term for enzymes that break down pectin, a polysaccharide substrate that is found in the cell walls of plants. ... xylanase is an enzyme which Breaks down hemicellulose (xylans), a major component of the plant cell wall. ... Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining, in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which are not affected by the stain. ... Lysozyme single crystal. ... EDTA is a widely-used acronym for the chemical compound ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (and many other names, see table). ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... Chitinase (barley seed chitinase: PDB 1CNS, EC 3. ... Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a solution with a high solute concentration, down a solute concentration gradient. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Chemistry stubs ... Drawing of a cell membrane A component of every biological cell, the cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell. ...

Uses for protoplasts

Protoplast can be used to study membrane biology, including the uptake of macromolecules and viruses. A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating tissue which acts as a barrier within or around a cell. ... Illustration of a polypeptide macromolecule The term macromolecule by definition implies large molecule. In the context of biochemistry, the term may be applied to the four conventional biopolymers (nucleotides, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids), as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as macrocycles. ... This article is about biological infectious particles. ...

Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. Protoplasts may be regenerated into whole plants first by growing into a group of plant cells that develops into a callus and then by regeneration of shoots (caulogenesis) from the callus using plant tissue culture methods. Growth of protoplasts into callus and regeneration of shoots requires the proper balance of plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium that must be customized for each species of plant. The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Transfection. ... GMO redirects here. ... In biology research a Callus of Cells is a mass of undifferentiated cells. ... Plant tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clones of a plant. ...

Protoplasts may also be used for plant breeding, using a technique called protoplast fusion. Protoplasts from different species are induced to fuse by using an electric field or a solution of polyethylene glycol. booooo This technique may be used to generate somatic hybrids in tissue culture. Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes. ... In physics, the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field. ... Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) are polymers composed of repeating subunits of identical structure, called monomers, and are the most commercially important polyethers. ...