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Encyclopedia > Protura
Wikipedia:How to read a taxobox
How to read a taxobox
Protura
Acerentomon doderoi
Acerentomon doderoi
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Class: Entognatha
Order: Protura
Silvestri, 1907
Families [1]

Acerentomata Image File history File links Acerantomon_doderoi. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... Animalia redirects here. ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... Classes & Orders Class Insecta (insects) Unplaced orders:    Order Diplura    Order Collembola (springtails)    Order Protura The subphylum Hexapoda constitutes the largest (in terms of number of species) grouping of arthropods and includes the insects as well as a few much smaller groups of wingless arthropods closely related to insects: Collembola, Protura... Orders The Entognatha are a class of ametabolous arthropods, which, together with insects, make up the hexapods. ...

  • Hesperentomidae
  • Protentomidae
  • Acerentomidae

Eosentomata

  • Antelientomidae
  • Eosentomidae

Sinentomata

  • Sinentomidae

The Protura, or proturans, are an order of hexapods previously treated as insects, and sometimes treated as a class [2]. They are very small (<2 mm long) soil-dwelling animals and are unique among arthropods for showing anamorphic development, whereby body segments are added during moults [3]. A total of around 500 species have been described worldwide, in four to eight families [1], making Protura the smallest class in the phylum Arthropoda [4]. Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Classes & Orders Class Insecta (insects) Unplaced orders:    Order Diplura    Order Collembola (springtails)    Order Protura The subphylum Hexapoda constitutes the largest (in terms of number of species) grouping of arthropods and includes the insects as well as a few much smaller groups of wingless arthropods closely related to insects: Collembola, Protura... Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... Segmentation in biology refers to the division of some metazoan bodies and plant body plans into a series of semi-repetitive segments, and the question of the benefits and costs of doing so. ... Ecdysis is the molting of the cuticula in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). ... In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ...

Contents

Morphology

Proturans have no eyes, wings or antennae and lack pigmentation: they are usually white or pale brown. The sensory function of the antennae is fulfilled by the first of three pairs of five-segmented legs, which are held pointing forwards and have many tarsal sensilla and sensory hairs [5]. The head is conical, and bear two pseudoculi which are used for sensing light and may be the remnants of eyes  [4]. The body is elongate and cylindrical [6]. The mouthparts are endognathous (enclosed within the head capsule) and consist of thin mandibles and maxillae [3]. There are no cerci at the end of the abdomen, which gives the group their name, from the Greek proto- (meaning "first", in this case implying primitive), and our, meaning "tail" [4]. The first three abdominal segments bear limb-like appendages [5] called "styli" [4]. The genitalia are internal and the genital opening lies between the eleventh segment and the telson of the adult[5]. Members of Eosentomoidea possess spiracles and a simple tracheal system while those in the Acerentomoidea lack these structures and perform gas exchange by diffusion [5]. For animal and plant pigments, see Pigment, biology. ... An insect leg The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. ... The human vermiform appendix is a vestigial structure: it no longer retains its original function. ... The mouthparts of arthropods have evolved into a number of forms, each adapted to a different style of feeding. ... Orders The Entognatha are a class of ametabolous arthropods, which, together with insects, make up the hexapods. ... Insect mandibles are a pair of appendages near the insect’s mouth. ... Cercus (plural cerci) is the scientific word for certain hair-like sensory structures on some types of insects. ... An appendage is, in general, an external body part that projects from the body, or a natural prolongation or projection from a part of any organism. ... A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, narrowly defined, is any of those anatomical parts of the body (which are not always bodily organs according to the strict definition) which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute the reproductive system in a complex organism; namely: Male: penis (notably the glans... The telson is the last division of the body of a crustacean. ... Spiracles are small openings on the surface of animals that usually lead to respiratory systems. ... Many terrestrial arthropods have evolved a closed respiratory system composed of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles to transport metabolic gasses to and from tissue. ... Gas exchange or respiration takes place at a respiratory surface - a boundary between the external environment and the interior of the body. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...


Ecology

Proturans live chiefly in soil, moss and leaf litter [3] of moist temperate forests [4] which are not too acidic [7], but have also been found beneath rocks or under the bark of trees [6], as well as in animal burrows [5]. They are generally restricted to the uppermost 10 cm [7], but have been found as deep as 10 inches (25 cm)[1]. Although they are sometimes considered uncommon [4], they are probably often overlooked because of their small size [6], and densities of over 90,000 individuals per square metre have been measured [8]. Loess field in Germany Soil horizons are formed by combined biological, chemical and physical alterations. ... Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1-10 cm tall, occasionally more. ... Fungus growing in leaf litter Leaf litter (sometimes called leaf mold or tree litter) is the layer of leaves and other forms of decomposing matter found on the ground beneath vegetation. ... For other meanings of bark, see Bark (disambiguation). ... A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A square metre (US spelling: square meter) is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 metre long. ...


The diet of proturans is uncertain, but they are feed on mycorrhizal fungi, dead Acari, and mushroom powder in culture [5] and are thought to feed on decaying vegetable matter and fungi in the wild [6][4]. The styliform mouthparts suggest that Protura are fluid feeders and there is evidence that some species suck out the contents of fungal hyphae [7]. A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, Greek for fungus roots) is the result of a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant. ... Suborders Acariformes Parasitiformes Opilioacariformes Acarina or acari is an order of arachnids that consists of mites and ticks. ... Fluid feeders are organisms that feed on the fluids of other animals or even plants. ... Hyphae as seen under a log A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filament found primarily in fungi, but also in fungus-like bacteria such as Actinomyces and Streptomyces. ...


Proturans which live near the soil surface generally have one generation per year and have longer legs while those that live deeper have shorter legs and reproduce less seasonally, although there are also migratory species which move to deeper layers for the winter and shallower layers for the summer [7] This article is about non-human migration. ...


Development

The larva has nine abdominal segments, but the number increases through moulting until the full adult number of twelve is reached. This process of anamorphosis is not found in any other group of arthropods. Further moults may occur, but do not involve any additional body segments [4], and it is not known whether the adults continue to moult throughout their lives [5]. Eggs have only been observed in a few species [5]. Five developmental stages follow: the prelarva hatches from the egg and has only weakly developed mouthparts and nine abdominal segments; larva I follows and has fully developed mouthparts; larva II has ten adbominal segments; maturus junior has twelve abdominal segments and is followed by the adult [5]. The family Acerentomidae differs in having an extra pre-imago stage, with partially developed genitalia, between the maturus junior and the adult [5]. A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Ecdysis is the molting of the cuticula in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... In most birds and reptiles, an apple (Latin ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. ... The imago is the last stage of development of an insect, after the last ecdysis of an incomplete metamorphosis, or after emergence from pupation where the metamorphosis is complete. ...


History

Proturans were first discovered in the early twentieth century, when Filippo Silvestri and Antonio Berlese discovered the animals independently [7]. The first species to be described was Acerentomon doderoi, published in 1907 by Silvestri [5] based on material from near Syracuse, New York [4]. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901&#8211;2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900&#8211;1999... Nickname: The Salt City Location of Syracuse within the state of New York Coordinates: City Mayor Matthew Driscoll Area    - City 66. ...


References

  1. ^ a b c Protura. Tree of Life Web Project (2002-01-01).
  2. ^ Charles S. Henry (2005). Insect phylogeny. University of Connecticut.
  3. ^ a b c P. J. Gullan & P. S. Cranston. The insects: an outline of entomology. Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-49360-8. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i John R. Meyer (2005-03-05). Protura. North Carolina State University.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Christopher Tipping (2004). Proturans. University of Florida.
  6. ^ a b c d Protura. CSIRO.
  7. ^ a b c d e Gordon's Protura Page (2005-11-11).
  8. ^ Krauß, J. & W. Funke (1999). Extraordinary high density of Protura in a windfall area of young spruce plants. Pedobiologia 43: 44–46.

  Results from FactBites:
 
Checklist of the Collembola: Are Collembola terrestrial Crustacea? (8761 words)
Bitsch and Bitsch (2000) regard the fulcrotentorium of Protura as non-homologous with the true tentorium of Insecta, and interpreted the endoskeletal formations of Collembola and Diplura to be a complex endosternite composed of connective fibres rather than a cuticular tentorium (cited from Edgecombe and Giribet, 2002:150).
Protura either is sister to Collembola, forming Ellipura in a weakly supported relationship based on similarity of the entognathous mouthparts and lack of cerci, or is sister to all remaining Hexapoda.
Traditionally, Collembola, Protura and Diplura were grouped as "Entognatha", based on the apparently similar morphology of the mouthparts, that are enclosed in folds of the head.
proturans - Protura (585 words)
Protura are minute soil-inhabiting hexapods characterized by the lack of eyes and antennae, a 12-segmented abdomen, and development by anamorphosis.
Protura are divided into two suborders: Eosentomoidea and Acerentomoidea.
Unique among hexapods, Protura exhibit anamorphosis, i.e., the larvae hatch with a few abdominal segments with the number increasing with subsequent moults.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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