NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Prunus fruticosa

Prunus fruticosa (European Dwarf, Dwarf, European Ground, Ground , Mongolian or steppe Cherry ) is a deciduous, xerophytic, winter-hardy, cherry-bearing shrub native to Ciscaucasia, western Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Moldova, western Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Italy and Romania. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] As a shrub it grows 1-2 m high and as wide, in almost any soil, but best in loamy soil, spreading via suckers. Roots are abundant. For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Dirachmaceae Elaeagnaceae Moraceae (mulberry family) Rosaceae (rose family) Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Ulmaceae (elm family) Urticaceae (nettle family) For the Philippine municipality, see Rosales, Pangasinan. ... Global distribution of Rosaceae Subfamilies Rosoideae Spiraeoideae Maloideae Amygdaloideae or Prunoideae The Rosaceae or rose family is a large family of plants, with about 3,000-4,000 species in 100-120 genera. ... Genera Prunus Prinsepia Prunoideae, also called Amygdaloideae, is the subfamily containing the genera Prunus and Prinsepia. ... Species Prunus alabamensis Prunus alleghaniensis Prunus americana Prunus andersonii Prunus angustifolia Prunus armeniaca Prunus avium Prunus caroliniana Prunus cerasifera Prunus cerasus Prunus domestica Prunus dulcis Prunus emarginata Prunus fasciculata Prunus fremontii Prunus fruticosa Prunus geniculata Prunus glandulosa Prunus gracilis Prunus grayana Prunus havardii Prunus hortulana Prunus ilicifolia Prunus japonica Prunus... For other uses, see Cherry (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Peter Simon Pallas (September 22, 1741 - September 8, 1811) was a German-born Russian zoologist. ... Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off) and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally. ... A xerophyte describes a plant that has structural (xeromorphic) and physiological adaptations which enable them to survive, or even thrive, in areas with very little free moisture. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... A sucker emerging from the base of a young tree This stump is almost entirely obscured by suckers. ...

The plant requires full sun; that is, it is a steppe rather than a forest plant, although it does form thickets at the edges of open forest. A recent study of stands in north Poland finds it is disappearing there by "genetic erosion" or "disappearance of typical morphological characters". It hybridizes naturally with Prunus cerasus to form P. x eminens^[5] and with Prunus avium to form P. x stacei. Those forest plants are brought into closer contact with fruticosa by the modern disappearance of "contemporaneous sites of the steppe relics" once common in northern Poland, due to forest management since the 18th century, and the planting of stands of cerasus, which are more prolific in pollen.^[6] Washington, D.C. Tidal Basin showing cherry trees in flower Cherry tree blossoms Formation of the cherry fruit at beginning of May (France) Ripe Bing cherries Cherries (variety Lambert) - watercolor 1894 White Cherry Flowers A cherry is both a tree and its fleshy fruit, a type known as a drupe... Washington, D.C. Tidal Basin showing cherry trees in flower Cherry tree blossoms Formation of the cherry fruit at beginning of May (France) Ripe Bing cherries Cherries (variety Lambert) - watercolor 1894 White Cherry Flowers A cherry is both a tree and its fleshy fruit, a type known as a drupe...

The bark is dark brown with yellow lenticels. The leaves are oblanceolate to obovate, about 12 mm by 6 mm, with acumenate apex, glabrous above, thick, serrated with crenate margin, dark green, yellow in fall, with a short petiole. The flowers are white hermaphroditic blossoms in leafy bracts located 2-4 each on short peduncles in sessile umbels. They are pollinated by bees. The plant flowers in May. The fruit is light to dark red, globose to pyriform, about 8-25 mm in diameter, ripening in August. The taste is sour-sweet, or tart. For other meanings of bark, see Bark (disambiguation). ... A lenticel is either One of the small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue, either in the air, or more commonly when the stem or branch is covered with water or earth, or A... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In Botany, glabrous is used to describe something as smooth or having no hair or similar growth (see indumentum). ... A petiole (also called a pedicel) is the first abdominal segment of members of the Apocrita. ... For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... In zoology, a hermaphrodite is a species that contains both male and female sexual organs at some point during their lives. ... Toothed bracts on Rhinanthus minor In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, from the axil of which a flower or flower stalk arises; or a bract may be any leaf associated with an inflorescence. ... The term peduncle has several meanings: In botany, a Peduncle (botany) is a flower stalk, or stem. ... Look up sessile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Umbels on Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) An umbel is an inflorescence which consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) which are equal in length and spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. ... For other uses, see Western honey bee and Bee (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...

Uses

As a sour cherry, the fruit is used in cooking, and for jams and jellies. It has medicinal uses as an astringent.^[7] The flowers are the basis of bee-keeping. The hardiness of the plant is a desirable quality in grafting and production of cultivars. It is often grafted to Prunus avium to form a tree with a round top. The roots of the shrub stabilize soil. It is planted in hedgerows as an ornamental windscreen.^[4] A bottle of tannic acid, an astringent Astringent medicines cause shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed tissues and are often used internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous secretions. ... Washington, D.C. Tidal Basin showing cherry trees in flower Cherry tree blossoms Formation of the cherry fruit at beginning of May (France) Ripe Bing cherries Cherries (variety Lambert) - watercolor 1894 White Cherry Flowers A cherry is both a tree and its fleshy fruit, a type known as a drupe...

Classification

Linnaeus was the first to define the species according to the system of binomial nomenclature, which he invented, but he always tried to reference the names and descriptions of previous authors, in this case the Pinax of Gaspard Bauhin, to whom he gives credit as "Bauh. pin. 450."^[8] The name assigned by Linnaeus is Prunus cerasus pumila, where pumila means "dwarf" (a rare word in Latin) and must come from Bauhin. He regards the shub as a variety of Prunus cerasus, the sour cherry. Gaspard Bauhin Gaspard Bauhin, or Caspar Bauhin (January 17, 1560 – December 5, 1624), was a Swiss-French botanist. ... Washington, D.C. Tidal Basin showing cherry trees in flower Cherry tree blossoms Formation of the cherry fruit at beginning of May (France) Ripe Bing cherries Cherries (variety Lambert) - watercolor 1894 White Cherry Flowers A cherry is both a tree and its fleshy fruit, a type known as a drupe...

It was first authoritatively defined by Peter Simon Pallas, the German naturalist invited by Catherine the Great to work in St. Petersburg. His unfinished Flora Rossica, a description of all the plants in the Russian Empire, dedicates one page to Prunus fruticosa, a shrub found in campis Isetensibus, "in the plains of the Iset;" that is, the Siberian steppe.^[9] He states the Linnaean synonym, giving the same reference to Bauhin, but makes the variety into a species, Pr. fruticosa. The last paragraph of Page 19 states his reasons for the classification, which have nothing to do with the name, but are in true Linnaean cryptic form, in this case a pun. Peter Simon Pallas (September 22, 1741 - September 8, 1811) was a German-born Russian zoologist. ... Catherine II (Екатерина II Алексеевна: Yekaterína II Alekséyevna, April 21, 1729 - November 6, 1796), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka, known as Catherine the Great, reigned as empress of Russia from... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Iset River (Russian: ) is a river in Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, and Tyumen Oblasts in Russia. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... A steppe in Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, a steppe (Russian: - , Ukrainian: - , Kazakh: - ), pronounced in English as , is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses... For other uses, see Pun (disambiguation). ...

The two Latin words of the pun are fructus or frux, from fruor, "enjoy" - a fruit is a result enjoyed - and frutex, "shrub", adjective fruticosus, "bushy", from a totally different root. Prunus is a grammatical feminine, so Prunus fruticosa agrees in gender. However, Pallas says Haec mihi tantum fructibus suis innotuit, qui distinctam itidem speciem indicare videntur, "It came to my attention at last because of its fruit, which repeatedly seemed to indicate a distinct species." The fruit seemed fere Pruni forma, "nearly in the form of Prunus", especially because praedita oblongo nucleo, "furnished with an oblong seed." So, Pallas moved it from Cerasus to Prunus.

Meanwhile quite independently Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (Jacq.) published his own name,^[10] also selecting Prunus, utilising a Latinized Hellenic name from Pliny the Elder, chamaecerasi, plural of an implied chamaecerasus from Greek χαμαικέρασος, "ground cherry." Pliny bundles it with a Macedonian shrub, stating only that it is less than 3 cubits high.^[11] Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (February 16, 1727 - October 26, 1817) was an Austrian scientist who studied medicine, chemistry and botany. ... Hellenic may refer to: the Hellenic Republic (the modern Greek state) the Hellenes, itself a term for either ancient or modern Greeks anything related to Greece in general or Ancient Greece in particular. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ... Cubit is the name for any one of many units of measure used by various ancient peoples. ...

In 1925 Georg Gjurij Nikolaewitch Woronow (Voronov), 1874-1931, known botanically as (Ju.N, G., G.N. or GJN) Woronow, made an unsuccessful effort to retain Cerasus as a genus name and move fruticosa to it, creating another synonym, Cerasus fruticosa.^[12]

References

^ U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Prunus fruticosa Pall. (html). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Taxonomy for Plants.
^ Loudon, John Claudius (1838). Arboretum Et Fruticetum Britannicum: Or, The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, .... London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, page702. Under C. chamaecerasus. Downloadable Google Books.
^ Bailey, L.L. (1916). The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. New York: The Macmillan Company, page 2386.
^ ^a ^b Dzhangaliev, A.D.; T.N. Salova & P.M. Turekhanova (2003), "The Wild Fruit and Nut Plants of Kazakhstan", in Janick, Jules, Horticultural Previews, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 305-371, ISBN 0-471-21968-1
^ U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Prunus fruticosa Pall. (html). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Taxonomy for Plants.
^ Boratyński, Adam; Lewandowska, Amelia; Ratyńska, Halina (2003). "Cerasus fruticosa Pall. (Rosaceae) in the region of Kujavia and South Pomerania (N Poland)". Dendrobiology 49: pages 3-13.
^ Mongolian Cherry under External links below.
^ Linnaei, Caroli (1753). Species Plantarum. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii, page 474.
^ Pallas, P.S. (MDCCLXXXIV). Flora Rossica Edita Iussu et Auspiciis Augustissimae Rossorum Imperatricis Catharinae II Magnae, Piae, Felicis, Patriae Matris. Petropoli: E. Typographia Imperiali J.J. Weitbrecht, page 19. The title at the top of the page bears the cryptic notation "Tab. VIII. B."
^ Jacquin, N.J. (1786). Collectanea ad Botanicum, Chemiam et Historiam Naturalem Spectantia: Volume I, page 133. The plant gets a full-page illustration in Icon. pl. rar., or Jacquin, Nicolao Josepho (ab Anno 1781 ad 1786). Icones Plantarum Rariorum: Vol. I. Vindobonae: Prostant apud Christianicum Fredericum Wappler, Tabula (t.) 90.
^ Naturalis Historia, Book 15, Article 104.
^ (1925) "Trudy po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetikei Selektsii" 14 (3): page 52. Known botanically as Trudy Prikl. Bot. Selekc., translated as Bulletin of Applied Botany, of Genetics, and Plant-breeding.

Image File history File links Wikispecies-logo. ... Wikispecies is a wiki-based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that aims to create a comprehensive free content catalogue of all species (including animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protista). ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Liberty Hyde Bailey. ... A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish scientist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ... Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (February 16, 1727 - October 26, 1817) was an Austrian scientist who studied medicine, chemistry and botany. ...

Encyclopedia > Prunus fruticosa

Contents

Uses

Classification

References

External links