Baltic tribes and Prussian clans ca. 1200.

The Prussian Crusade was a series of 13th-century campaigns of Roman Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize the pagan Old Prussians. Invited after earlier unsuccessful expeditions against the Prussians by Polish princes, the Teutonic Knights began campaigning against the Balts in 1230. By the end of the century, having endured several Prussian Uprisings, the Knights had established control over Prussia and administered the Prussians through their monastic state. Image File history File links Baltic_Tribes_c_1200. ... Image File history File links Baltic_Tribes_c_1200. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... For the state, see Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. ... St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once, also includes the practice of converting pagan practices, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar... For Baltic mythology, see Estonian mythology, related to Finnish mythology Latvian mythology Lithuanian mythology Categories: Mythology by culture ... Prussian tribes settlements. ... The Prussian uprisings were a number of uprisings by the Old Prussian tribes against the Teutonic Order that took place in the 13th century during and following the Northern Crusades. ... Coat of arms Capital Königsberg (Kaliningrad) Religion Roman Catholicism Government Principality Hochmeister (Grand Master)  - 1209–39 Hermann von Salza  - 1510–25 Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach Historical era Middle Ages  - Northern Crusades 1224  - Absorbed Livonia 1237  - Purchased Neumark 1404  - Hanseatic cities¹ leave, found Prussian Confed. ...

Early missions and conflicts

Wulfstan of Hedeby, an agent of Alfred of Wessex, recorded the seafaring and cattle-herding Prussians as a strong and independent nation.^[1] Mieszko I of the Polans tried to extend his realm from the mouth of the Oder as far as Prussia.^[2] Boleslaw I of Poland sent Adalbert of Prague to preach amongst the Prussians in 997, but the missionary was martyred by the pagans. After some initial success amongst the Prussians, Adalbert's successor, Bruno of Querfurt, was also martyred in 1009.^[3] This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Combatants Christendom, Catholicism West European Christians, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Seljuks, Arabs and other Muslims The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and freeing the Eastern Christians from Muslim... // The Crusade of 1101 was a minor crusade of three separate movements, organized in 1100 and 1101 in the successful aftermath of the First Crusade. ... The fall of Edessa, seen here on the right of this map (c. ... The Northern Crusades, or Baltic Crusades, were undertaken by Western Europeans against the still heathen people of North Eastern Europe around the Baltic Sea. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... Combatants Livonian Order Denmark Sweden Livonians, Curonians, Latgalians, Estonians Commanders Albert of Riga Anders Sunesen Caupo of Turaida † Theoderich von Treyden Volquin Wenno William of Modena Lembitu of Lehola † Vyachko † The Livonian Crusade refers to the German and Danish conquest and colonization of medieval Livonia, the territory constituting modern Latvia... The Crusade of 1197 (also known as the Crusade of Henry VI or the German Crusade of 1197) was an abortive crusade launched by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI in response to the failure of Frederick I Barbarossas crusade in 1190. ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). ... The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209 - 1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the heresy of the Cathars of Languedoc. ... The Childrens Crusade is the name given to a variety of fictional and factual events in 1212 that combine some or all of these elements: visions by a French and/or German boy, an intention to peacefully convert Muslims to Christianity, bands of children marching to Italy, and children... Frisian crusaders confront the Tower of Damietta, Egypt. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. ... The Shepherds Crusade is two separate events from the 13th and 14th century. ... The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France, (who was by now in his mid-fifties) in 1270. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Aragonese Crusade or Crusade of Aragón was declared by Pope Martin IV against the king of Aragón, Peter III the Great, in 1284 and 1285. ... The Alexandrian Crusade of October 1365[1] was a seaborne[2] Crusade on Alexandria led by Peter I of Cyprus. ... // Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary, France, Wallachia, Holy Roman Empire Commanders Bayezid I Sigismund of Hungary, John of Nevers #, Mircea the Elder Strength About 100,000 About 100,000 estimated to be more due capabilites of the coilition (120,000-200,000) Casualties About 35,000 About 35,000... The Teutonic knights in Pskov in 1240. ... Crusades First – Peoples – German – 1101 – Second – Third – Fourth – Albigensian – Childrens – Fifth – Sixth – Seventh – Shepherds – Eighth – Ninth – Aragonese – Alexandrian – Nicopolis – Northern – Hussite – Varna – Otranto Hussite Wars Nekmer - SudomÄ•Å™ – Vítkov – VyÅ¡ehrad – Nebovidy - NÄ›mecký Brod – HoÅ™ice – Ústí nad Labem – Tachov – Lipany – Grotniki The Hussite Wars, also called... The Crusade of Varna was a string of events in 1443-1444 between the Kingdom of Hungary, the Serbian Despotate, and the Ottoman Empire. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Aragon Kingdom of Hungary Commanders Gedik Ahmed Pasha Francesco Largo † Alphonso II of Naples Strength Between 18,000 and 100,000 men. ... Wulfstan of Hedeby (Latin Haithabu) was a late 9th century traveller and trader. ... Alfred (849? – 26 October 899) (sometimes spelt Ælfred) was king of England from 871 to 899, though at no time did he rule over the whole of the land. ... Reign From c. ... Poland 960-992 Polans (also Polanes, Polanians, or Polians; Polish: Polanie) were a West Slavic tribe inhabiting the Warta river basin in the 8th century. ... The Oder (or Odra) River (German: Oder, Polish/Czech: Odra, Ancient Latin: Viadua, Viadrus, Medieval Latin: Odera, Oddera) is a river in Central Europe (mostly in Poland). ... BolesÅ‚aw I the Brave (or Valiant) (Polish: ; Czech: Boleslav Chrabrý; 967 - June 17, 1025), in the past also known as BolesÅ‚aw I the Great, in Polish: BolesÅ‚aw I Wielki), of the Piast Dynasty — son of Mieszko I and of his first wife, the Bohemian princess Dobrawa — ruled... Silver coffin of St. ... Saint Bruno of Querfurt (c. ...

As soon as the first Polish dukes were established, they undertook a number of crusades not only against Prussians and closely related Sudovians, but against Pomeranians and Wends as well. This historical aspect has for some time been lacking from Polish and Western accounts, but became a recent issue in Polish Historiography of the Crusades at the Fourth International Conference at London in 2005 (see external link below). Sudovian kurhan Sudovians are a subgroup of Baltic people, living at the left coast of river Nemunas, in the region known as Sudovia. ... Pomeranians (Pomorzanie) are a group of Slavic tribes living in historical region of Pomerania along the shore of Baltic Sea between Oder and Vistula rivers. ... Vend redirects here. ...

The Prussians and neighbouring Poles waged war over the following two centuries.^[4][5] While the Poles sought the conversion of the Prussians and control of their land, the Prussians engaged in lucrative raids for slaves in the bordering territories of Chełmno Land and Masovia.^[6] Many Prussians nominally accepted baptism only to revert to pagan beliefs after hostilities ended. Henry of Sandomierz was killed fighting the Prussians in 1166.^[7] Boleslav IV and Casimir II each led large armies into Prussia; while Boleslav's forces were defeated in guerilla warfare, Casimir imposed peace until his death in 1194.^[8] King Valdemar II of Denmark supported Danish expeditions against Samland until his capture by Henry, Count of Schwerin, in 1223. CheÅ‚mno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia CheÅ‚miÅ„ska, German: Kulmerland) is a historical region in central Poland bounded by the Vistula and DrwÄ™ca rivers. ... Historical division of Masovia Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a geographical and historical region situated in central Poland with its capital at Warsaw. ... This article is about the Christian religious act of Baptism. ... BolesÅ‚aw IV the Curly. ... Casimir II the Just on a painting by Jan Matejko Casimir II the Just (1138 - 5 May 1194; Polish: Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy) of the Piast dynasty was the youngest son of Boleslaus III of Poland. ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... Valdemar II (1170–1241), called Valdemar the Conqueror or Valdemar the Victorious, was the King of Denmark from 1202 until 1241. ... Sambia (German: ; Polish: ; Russian: ) is a peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. ...

In 1206, the Cistercian bishop Christian of Oliva, with the support of the King of Denmark and Polish dukes, found a better reception than expected upon his arrival in the war-torn Chełmno Land. Inspired, he travelled to Rome to prepare for a larger mission. When he returned to Chełmno in 1215, however, Christian found the Prussians hostile, possibly out of outrage at the actions of the Sword-Brothers in Livonia^[9] or fear of Polish expansion.^[10] The pagan Prussians invaded Chełmno Land, Masovia, and Pomerellia,^[11] besieged Chełmno and Lubawa, and forced converts to return to the old beliefs.^[12] Cistercians coat of arms The Order of Cistercians (OCist) (Latin: ), otherwise White Monks (from the colour of the habit, over which a black scapular or apron is sometimes worn) is a Roman Catholic order of enclosed monks. ... Christian of Oliva was the first bishop of Prussia. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... CheÅ‚mno (older English: ; German: ) is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of CheÅ‚mno Land (Culmerland). ... The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Latin Fratres militiae Christi, literally the brothers of the army of Christ), also known as the Christ Knights, Sword Brethren or The Militia of Christ of Livonia, was a military order started in 1202 by Albert von Buxhövden, bishop of Riga (or Prince... Baltic Tribes, ca 1200 CE This article is about the region in Europe. ... Eastern Pomerania (also Pomerelia, East Pomerania, GdaÅ„sk Pomerania, Vistula Pomerania) is a geographical and historical region in the east of Pomerania in northern Poland. ... Motto: none Voivodship Warmian-Masurian Municipal government Rada Miasta Lubawa Mayor Edmund Antoni Standara Area 16,84 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 9 726 (2004) none -/km² Founded City rights 12th century 1250 Latitude Longitude N 53°30 E 19°45 Area code +48 89 Car plates  ? Twin towns none...

Because of the growing intensity of attacks,^[13] Pope Honorius III sent a papal bull to Christian in March 1217 allowing him to begin preaching a crusade against the militant Prussians. The following year the pagans attacked Chełmno Land and Masovia again, plundering 300 cathedrals and churches.^[14] Duke Conrad of Masovia succceeded in expelling the Prussians by paying a huge tribute, which only encouraged the Prussians, however.^[14] Pope Honorius III (1148 – March 18, 1227 in Rome), born Cencio Savelli, was Pope from 1216 to 1227. ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Categories: Poland-related stubs | Dukes of Masovia | Polish monarchs | Dukes of Sieradz-Leczyca | Prussian history ...

Crusade of 1222/23

Map of the Prussian clans in the 13th century.

Honorius III called for a crusade under the leadership of Christian of Oliva and chose as papal legate the Archbishop of Gniezno, Wincenty I Niałek.^[14] German and Polish crusaders began gathering in Masovia in 1219, but serious planning only began in 1222 upon the arrival of nobles such as Duke Henry of Silesia, Archbishop Laurentius of Breslau, and Laurentius of Lebus. Numerous Polish nobles began endowing Christian's Bishopric of Prussia with estates and castles in Chełmno Land during the meantime. The lords agreed that the primary focus was to rebuild the defenses of Chełmno Land, especially Chełmno itself, whose fortress was almost completely rebuilt.^[15] By 1223, however, most of the crusaders had left the region, and the Prussians devastated Chełmno Land and Masovia yet again, forcing Duke Conrad to seek refuge in the castle of Płock. The Balts even reached Gdańsk in Pomerellia.^[16] A papal Legate, from the Decretals of Boniface VIII (1294 to 1303). ... Gniezno (pronounced: [gɲȋεznÉ”]) is a town in central-western Poland, some 50 km east of PoznaÅ„, inhabited by about 73,000 people. ... Categories: Poland-related stubs | Polish monarchs | Dukes of Greater Poland | Dukes of Poznan | Dukes of Gniezno | Dukes of Kalisz | Dukes of Wroclaw | 1241 deaths ... Motto: Miasto spotkaÅ„ (the meeting place) Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Lower Silesian Powiat city county Gmina WrocÅ‚aw Established 10th century City Rights 1262 Government  - Mayor RafaÅ‚ Dutkiewicz Area  - City 292. ... Lebus (-German, Polish: Lubusz) is a town in the southeast of the Märkisch-Oderland District in Brandenburg, Germany. ... Bridge across the Vistula at PÅ‚ock. ... Motto: Nec temere, nec timide (No rashness, no timidness) Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Pomeranian Powiat city county Gmina GdaÅ„sk Established 10th century City Rights 1263 Government  - Mayor PaweÅ‚ Adamowicz Area  - City 262 km²  (101. ...

In 1225^[17] or 1228,^[18] fourteen north German knights were recruited by Conrad and Christian to form a military order. First granted the estate of Cedlitz in Kuyavia until the completion of a castle at Dobrzyń, the group became known as the Order of Dobrzyń (or Dobrin).^[19] The Knights of Dobrzyń initially had success driving the Prussians from Chełmno Land, but a pagan counterattack against them and Conrad killed most of the Order. The survivors were granted asylum in Pomerania by Duke Swantopelk II. The Order of Calatrava, granted a base near Gdańsk, was also ineffective.^[11] Northern Germany is the the geographic area of the five German states Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen and Schleswig-Holstein in the German Lowlands known as the Northern German Plain with Low German as the historic language (see: Benrath line). ... Flag of the Knights Templar A military order is a Christian order of knighthood that is founded for crusading, i. ... KUYAVIA (sometimes spelt Cuyavia; in German KUJAWIEN, in Polish KUJAVY) is a historical region of Poland, named after the pagan tribe of the Kujawier (name in German) still known there under that name in the tenth century AD. It is the northernmost part of Greater Poland, west of Masovia and... Golub-DobrzyÅ„ is a town in Poland. ... Emblem of the Order The Order of DobrzyÅ„ (also known as Brothers of DobrzyÅ„, Polish Bracia DobrzyÅ„scy; German: Orden von Dobrin) was a military order created in Poland during the Northern Crusades of the 13th century to defend against Baltic Prussian raids. ... The order emblem, a greek cross in gules with fleur-de-lis at its ends. ...

Invitation of the Teutonic Knights

Hermann von Salza, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

While in Rome, Christian of Oliva had made the acquaintance of Hermann von Salza, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights from 1209-39. With the permission of Duke Conrad of Masovia and the Masovian nobility, Christian requested aid from the Teutonic Knights against the pagan Prussians in 1226. Stability with the Prussians would then allow Conrad to pursue becoming High Duke of Poland.^[20] While Hermann was interested in in the Polish offer, his focus was on assisting Emperor Frederick II with the Fifth Crusade. Because the Teutonic Order had recently been expelled from the Burzenland in the Kingdom of Hungary, Hermann also desired greater autonomy for his forces in future endeavors. Image File history File links Hermann_von_Salza_Painting. ... Image File history File links Hermann_von_Salza_Painting. ... Hermann of Salza (c. ... Hermann of Salza (c. ... Coat of Arms of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. ... For the state, see Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... Frisian crusaders confront the Tower of Damietta, Egypt. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Hermann met with Frederick II at Rimini and suggested that the subjugation of the Prussians would make the Holy Roman Empire's borders easier to defend against invaders.^[21] The Holy Roman Emperor gave his approval of the enterprise in the Golden Bull of Rimini of 1226, granting them Chełmno Land, or Culmerland, and any future conquests. The mission to convert the Prussians remained under the command of Bishop Christian of Oliva.^[22] Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... The Golden Bull of Rimini was issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in March 1226. ... CheÅ‚mno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia CheÅ‚miÅ„ska, German: Kulmerland) is a historical region in central Poland bounded by the Vistula and DrwÄ™ca rivers. ...

Before beginning the campaign against the Prussians, the Teutonic Knights allegedly signed the Treaty of Kruszwica with the Poles on June 16, 1234, by which the Order was to receive Culmerland and any future conquests, similar to the terms of the Golden Bull of Rimini. The agreement has been disputed by historians; the document has been lost and many Polish historians have doubted its authenticity and the Teutonic Order's territorial claims. From the viewpoint of Duke Conrad, Chełmno was only to be used as a temporary base against the Prussians and future conquests were to be under the authority of the Duke of Masovia. Hermann von Salza saw the document as granting the Order autonomy in all territorial acquistions, aside from allegiance to the Holy See and the Holy Roman Emperor.^[23] The Golden Bull of Rieti issued by Pope Gregory IX in 1234 reaffirmed the Order's control of conquered lands, placing them only under the authority of the Holy See. The Golden Bull of Rimini was issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in March 1226. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 1234. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... The Golden Bull of Rimini was issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in March 1226. ... Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino dei Conti, was pope from 1227 to August 22, 1241. ...

The 14th century chronicler Peter von Dusburg mentioned eleven tribal districts in Prussia: Bartia, Culmerland (formerly under Polish control), Galindia, Nadrovia, Natangia, Pogesania, Pomesania, Samland, Scalovia, Sudovia, and Ermland. Peter estimated that while most tribes could muster about 2,000 cavalry, Samland could raise 4,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, while Sudovia had 6,000 cavalry and "an almost innumerable multitude of other warriors".^[24] In contrast, the Prussians of ravaged Culmerland could raise fewer troops than the other tribes. Galindia, a forested wilderness of lakes and rivers, also had a small population to raise troops from. Modern estimates indicate a total Prussian population of 170,000, smaller than that suggested by Peter von Dusburg.^[24] Bartians (Barthi, Barti) is an extinct tribe of Prussians in the land of Barta/Bartia from the middle and lower flow of Lyna river, by Swina river, Lake Mamry, up to the Galindian woods. ... Chełmno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia Chełmińska, German: Kulmerland) is a historical region in central Poland bounded by the Vistula and Drwęca rivers. ... Image:Prussia. ... Natangen (Lithuanian: ) is an area in former East Prussia, situated today on both sides of the border between Poland and the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast. ... Pogesania (German: ; Latin: Pogesania; Lithuanian: ) was a territory of the Baltic Prussians. ... Pomesania is the former name of an area now in northern Poland, in the vicinity of the cities of Elblag (Elbing) and Malbork (Marienburg), to the east of the lower Vistula river. ... Sambia (German: ; Polish: ; Russian: ) is a peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. ... Scalovia (German: ) was the area originally inhabited by the now extinct tribe of Scalovians (German: ) which according to the Chronicon terrae Prussiae of Peter of Dusburg lived to the south of Curonians, by the lower Memel (Nemunas) river, in the times around 1240. ... Sudovia (Lithuanian: Sūduva / Suvalkija, Polish: Suwalszczyzna), or Suvalkija (pronouncing soo-vul-kee-uh), is the name of one of ethnographic regions of Lithuania. ... Warmia in 1547 Warmia (Polish: , German: , Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. ...

Initial Teutonic campaigns

After receiving or forging the claim to Culmerland in 1230,^[25] Hermann dispatched Conrad von Landsberg^[26] as his envoy^[27] with a small force of seven Teutonic Knights and 70-100 squires and sergeants^[28] to Masovia as a vanguard. They took possession of Vogelsang (German for "bird song"), a castle being built by Conrad opposite the future Thorn (Toruń);^[28] other sources indicate that two knights constructed Vogelsang in 1229, but were killed by Prussians soon after.^[29] This region south of the Vistula River was relatively safe with a mixed Christian and pagan population, and Conrad von Landsberg ordered a small raid against pagans across the Vistula.^[28] Led by Hermann Balk, reinforcements numbering twenty knights and 200 sergeants arrived at Vogelsang in 1230 after the castle's completion.^[29] Hermann von Salza could not spare anymore, as the Order's primary bases of operation were in Outremer and Armenia. Motto: Durabo (lat. ... For other uses, see Vistula (disambiguation). ... Outremer, French for overseas, was the general name given the Crusader states established after the First Crusade; County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli and especially the Kingdom of Jerusalem. ...

While the earlier Polish expeditions had usually marched eastward into the Prussian wilderness, the Order focused in the west to establish fortresses along the Vistula River. They campaigned annually whenever crusading knights from the west arrived. The early campaigns were primarily composed of Polish, German, and Pomeranian crusaders, as well as some Prussian militiamen auxiliaries. The Polish and Pomerellian dukes proved essential through their providing of troops and bases. Most of the secular crusaders would return to their homes after the end of the campaigns, leaving the monastic Teutonic Knights the task of consolidating the gains and garrisoning the newly built forts, most of which were small and made of timber.^[30] Some secular Polish knights were granted vacant territories, especially in Culmerland, although most of the conquered territory was retained by the Teutonic Order. Colonists from the Holy Roman Empire began to immigrate eastward, allowing the foundation of a new town each year, many of which were granted Kulm law.^[31] Kulm law or Chelmno law (German: , Kulmer Handfeste; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ) was a legal constitution for a municipal form of government used in several Central European cities during the Middle Ages. ...

The crusaders began campaigning against the neighboring Pomesanians and their leader Pipin. Advancing from Nessau (Nieszawa) with the aid of Conrad of Masovia, Balk took control of ruins at modern Toruń and advanced toward the pagan-occupied Rogów. A local Prussian captain defected and handed that castle to the crusaders, who then destroyed the Prussian fort of Quercz or Gurske. The defecting captain then tricked Pipin into being captured by the Knights, ending Prussian resistance in the Culmerland.^[32] By 1232, the Knights had established or rebuilt fortresses at Culm (Chełmno) and Thorn. Pope Gregory IX called for reinforcements, which included 5,000 veterans under the leadership of the Burgrave of Magdeburg.^[33] Nieszawa is a town and a commune in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship, in north-central Poland. ... Motto: Durabo (lat. ... CheÅ‚mno (older English: ; German: ) is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of CheÅ‚mno Land (Culmerland). ... Burgrave, the Eng. ... This article is about the German city. ...

In summer 1233, the Knights led a crusading army of 10,000^[34] and established a fortress at Marienwerder (Kwidzyn) in Pomesania. The Pomerellian dukes Swantopelk and Sambor supported a smaller army for an invasion of Pogesania during the winter of 1233-34. After a close battle, the pagan Pogesanians were routed on the frozen Sirgune River by the arrival of the ducal cavalry,^[34] and the battlefield was subsequently known as the "Field of the Dead".^[35] The building of a fortress at Rehden (Radzyń Chełmiński stabilized the eastern Culmerland in 1234.^[36] For other places called Marienwerder, see Marienwerder (disambiguation) Kwidzyn (German: ) is a town in northern Poland on the Liwa River, with 40,008 inhabitants (2004). ... Pomesania is the former name of an area now in northern Poland, in the vicinity of the cities of Elblag (Elbing) and Malbork (Marienburg), to the east of the lower Vistula river. ... Pogesania (German: ; Latin: Pogesania; Lithuanian: ) was a territory of the Baltic Prussians. ...

The bishop of Prussia, Christian of Oliva, claimed two-thirds of conquered territory, granting one-third to the Teutonic Order. The papal legate William of Modena mediated between the two sides, granting the Knights two-thirds but reserving extra rights for the bishop. The Teutonic Knights also sought the incorporation of the small Order of Dobrzyń into the larger Teutonic Order. Conrad of Masovia was furious with this proposal and demanded the return of the Dobrzyń Land, which the Knights were reluctant to do; Duke Conrad subsequently refused to aid the crusaders any further.^[37] With the approval of the pope and the bishop of Płock, the Teutonic Knights assimilated the Order of Dobrzyń in a bull on April 19, 1235; the displeased Conrad of Masovia had the castle of Dobrzyń returned to him.^[17] In 1237 the Teutonic Knights assimilated the Sword-Brothers or Livonian Order, a military order active in Livonia, after they were nearly wiped out by Lithuanians in the Battle of Saule. William of Modena, Bishop of Modena in 1221, was frequently appointed a legate, or papal ambassador by the popes Honorius III and Gregory IX, especially in Livonia in the 1220s and in the Prussian questions of the 1240s. ... Emblem of the Order The Order of DobrzyÅ„ (also known as Brothers of DobrzyÅ„, Polish Bracia DobrzyÅ„scy; German: Orden von Dobrin) was a military order created in Poland during the Northern Crusades of the 13th century to defend against Baltic Prussian raids. ... DobrzyÅ„ Land (Polish: ; German: ) is the territory surrounding DobrzyÅ„ nad WisÅ‚Ä… in Poland. ... is the 109th day of the year (110th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht St. ... Map of the Livonian Confederation, showing the territories of the Order in 1260 Capital Fellin (Viljandi) Language(s) Low German Religion Roman Catholicism Government Principality Master of the Livonian Order  - 1204–09 Wenno von Rohrbach  - 1209–36 Volquin  - 1237–38 Hermann Balk¹  - 1559–61 Gotthard Kettler¹ Historical era Middle Ages... Baltic Tribes, ca 1200 CE This article is about the region in Europe. ... Combatants Livonian Brothers of the Sword Samogitians Semigalians Commanders Volquin Vykintas Strength 3000 4000 - 5000 Casualties 50-60 knights killed Unknown The Livonian Confederation in 1260, showing the site for the Battle of Saule. ...

With the support of Henry III, Margrave of Meissen, in 1236, the crusaders advanced north along both banks of the Vistula and forced the submission of most Pomesanians. Although Henry did not participate in the 1237 campaign against the Pogesanians, the margrave supplied the Order with two large river-boats which defeated the smaller craft used by the Prussian tribes. Near the Prussian settlement of Truso, Elbing (Elbląg) was founded with colonists from Lübeck, while Christburg (Dzierzgoń) protected the land east of Marienwerder. Henry III, der Erlauchte or Henry the Illustrious (ca. ... Truso, situated on Lake Druzno, was an Old Prussian (Pomesanian) town near the Baltic Sea just east of the Vistula River. ... ElblÄ…g (IPA: ; German: ) is a city in northern Poland with 127,892 inhabitants (2006). ... The title of this article contains the character ü. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Luebeck. ... Location of DzierzgoÅ„ in Poland DzierzgoÅ„ [] (-Polish, German: Christburg) is a town in the Pomeranian Voivodship in Poland. ...

From 1238-40, the Teutonic Knights campaigned against the Bartians, Natangians, and Warmians. A small force of crusading knights were slaughtered besieging the Warmian fort of Honeida,^[38] leading Marshal Dietrich von Berheim to return with a larger army. When the Warmian commander Kodrune advised that the pagans should surrender and convert, Honeida's own garrison killed him, leading Dietrich to order a successful capture of the fort.^[39] The fort on the Vistula Lagoon was renamed Balga and rebuilt in 1239 to protect the Order's territory in Ermeland. A Prussian counterattack to reclaim the fort failed, and the local Prussian leader Piopso was killed.^[40] Seasonal reinforcements led by Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg,^[40] consolidated Teutonic control over Natangia and Bartia.^[30] Bartians (Barthi, Barti) is an extinct tribe of Prussians in the land of Barta from the middle and lower flow of Lyna river, by Swina river, Lake Mamry, up to the Galindian woods. ... Notangians, Notangi, Nattangi, Nattangians is an extinct tribe of Prussians from lands of Natangia by the rivers Pregolya and Lyna. ... The Warmiak are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia, mostly Roman Catholics. ... Landsat photo Vistula Lagoon Vistula Lagoon (or Bay, Gulf) is the sweet water lagoon on the Baltic Sea that is cut off from Gdansk Bay by the Vistula Spit. ... Balga is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. ... Warmia in 1547 Warmia (Polish: , German: , Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. ... Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (about 1204 – 9 June 1252) was the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 until his death. ... Natangen (Lithuanian: ) is an area in former East Prussia, situated today on both sides of the border between Poland and the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast. ... Bartians (Barthi, Barti) is an extinct tribe of Prussians in the land of Barta/Bartia from the middle and lower flow of Lyna river, by Swina river, Lake Mamry, up to the Galindian woods. ...

In a bull of October 1, 1243, Pope Innocent IV and William of Modena divided Prussia into the Dioceses of Culm, Pomesania, Ermeland, and Samland, although the territory of the last had not yet been conquered. is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events Innocent IV was elected pope. ... Pope Innocent IV (Manarola, 1180/90 – Naples, December 7, 1254), born Sinibaldo de Fieschi, Pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to the feudal nobility of Liguria, the Fieschi, counts of Lavagna. ... The Archbishopric of Warmia (formerly Bishopric of Warmia) (Polish: Archidiecezja warmińska, Latin: Archidioecesis Varmiensis, German: Erzbistum Ermland) is a bishopric in Poland. ...

First Prussian Uprising

Area controlled by the Teutonic Knights ca. 1250.

The Teutonic Knights' further advance into Prussia was slowed by the outbreak of the First Prussian Uprising in 1242. Alarmed by the crusaders' rapid expansion into territory bordering his lands, the Christian Duke Swantopelk of Pomerellia allied with the conquered Prussians and supported an armed rebellion against the crusaders. The Teutonic Order's capacity to resist was weakened, as there were fewer German crusaders arriving and the Polish princes were feuding amongst themselves. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (823x670, 34 KB) Other versions (WP:EN) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Lithuania Livonia Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights Teutonic-Estonian War ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (823x670, 34 KB) Other versions (WP:EN) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Lithuania Livonia Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights Teutonic-Estonian War ... The Prussian uprisings were a number of uprisings by the Old Prussian tribes against the Teutonic Order that took place in the 13th century during and following the Northern Crusades. ... Eastern Pomerania (also Pomerelia, East Pomerania, Gdańsk Pomerania, Vistula Pomerania) is a geographical and historical region in the east of Pomerania in northern Poland. ...

The crusaders' cavalry and crossbow artillery proved overwhelming in level terrain, but the Prussians were more experienced and manueverable in smaller skirmishes in wooded terrain. While the Prussian and Pomerellian troops captured the majority of the Order's castles and defeated the Knights at Rensen in 1244, they lacked the siege capabilities to finish the Knights off. The Germans used their politics and diplomacy to divide Swantopelk from the Prussians. The Poles sought the Pomerellian prince's territory along the Vistula, while the papal legate, the future Pope Urban IV, wanted the Christians direct their energies against pagans instead of each other. Swantopelk ceased aiding the Prussians in 1248, while most of the latter agreed to peace in the Treaty of Christburg in February 1249. The treaty granted civil liberties and considerable autonomy to native converts to Christianity. While the majority of tribes followed the terms of the treaty, intermittent fighting continued until 1253, with the Natangians even defeating the Order at Krücken in November 1249. Urban IV, born Jacques Pantaléon (Troyes, ca. ... Treaty of Christburg was a peace treaty signed on February 2, 1249 between the pagan Prussian clans, represented by a papal legate, and the Teutonic Knights. ... Notangians, Notangi, Nattangi, Nattangians is an extinct tribe of Prussians from lands of Natangia by the rivers Pregolya and Lyna. ... Combatants Prussians (Natangians) Teutonic Knights Commanders Unknown Marshal Heinrich Botel Casualties None 54 knights massacred The Battle of Krücken was a medieval battle between the Teutonic Knights and Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, fought in 1249 during the Northern Crusades. ...

Samland

After the western Prussians were pacified by the early 1250s, the Teutonic Knights continued their advance north and east, next facing the Sambians of thickly-populated Samland. Komtur Heinrich Stango of Christburg led an army across the Vistula Lagoon in 1252, with the intention of attacking Romuve. The Sambians defeated the crusaders in battle, however, killing Stango in the process.^[41] To replace the fallen soldiers, the pope and Poppo von Osterna, the new Grand Master, began preaching a crusade against the Sambians. In 1253 Poppo and the Provincial Master, Dietrich von Grüningen, as well as the Margrave of Meissen, reduced the rebellious Galindians, but did not severely punish them; the Order was concerned that the Prussians would seek to join Poland if they were pressed too greatly.^[42] With the rebellious tribes pacified, Pope Innocent IV directed Dominican monks to preach the crusade, and the Order sent embassies to the Kings of Kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia and the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. While the Order waited for the crusaders to arrive in Prussia, the Livonian branch founded Memel (Klaipėda) along the Curonian Lagoon to prevent the Samogitians from assisting the Sambians. The Sambians were an Old Prussian tribe inhabiting land of Sambia, north of the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). ... Sambia (German: ; Polish: ; Russian: ) is a peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. ... Komtur was a rank within the Teutonic Knights. ... Poppo von Osterna was the ninth Grand Master of the Teutonic Order between 1252 and 1257. ... The Western Galindians in the context of the other Baltic tribes, circa 1200 CE. The Eastern Balts are shown in brown hues while the Western Balts are shown in green. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... Map of the Livonian Confederation, showing the territories of the Order in 1260 Capital Fellin (Viljandi) Language(s) Low German Religion Roman Catholicism Government Principality Master of the Livonian Order  - 1204–09 Wenno von Rohrbach  - 1209–36 Volquin  - 1237–38 Hermann Balk¹  - 1559–61 Gotthard Kettler¹ Historical era Middle Ages... Location Ethnographic region Lithuania minor County KlaipÄ—da County Municipality Geographic coordinate system Number of elderates 1 General Information Capital of KlaipÄ—da County KlaipÄ—da city municipality Population 187,316 in 2006 (3rd) First mentioned 1252 Granted city rights 1254 or 1258 (Lübeck); 1475 (Kulm) KlaipÄ—da ( (help... The Curonian Lagoon (or Bay, Gulf) is sundered from the Baltic Sea by the Curonian Spit and belongs to Lithuania and Russia. ...

The 60,000-strong crusading army which gathered for the campaign included Bohemians and Austrians under the command of King Ottokar II of Bohemia, Moravians under Bishop Bruno of Olmütz, Saxons under Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg, and a contingent brought by Rudolph of Habsburg.^[43] The Sambians were crushed at a battle near Rudau, and the fort's garrison surrendered quickly and underwent baptism. The crusaders then advanced against Quedenau, Waldau, Caimen, and Tapiau (Gvardeysk); the Sambians who accepted baptism were treated considerately, but those who resisted received no mercy from the crusaders. Samland was conquered in January 1255 in a campaign lasting less than a month.^[44] Near the pagan settlement of Tvangste, the Teutonic Knights founded Königsberg (Kaliningrad) ("King's Mountain"), named in honor of the Bohemian king. Braunsberg (Braniewo), possibly named in honor of Bruno of Olmütz or Bruno of Querfurt, was also founded nearby. The Knights built the castle Wehlau (Znamensk) at the junction of the Alle and Pregel Rivers to guard against pagan Sudovian, Nadrovian, and Scalovian attacks on Christian Prussians and Germans in Samland. Thirsko, a Christian Sambian chief, and his son Maidelo were entrusted with Wehlau.^[45] With the assistance of Sambian levies, the Teutonic Order advanced further into Natangia, capturing the fortresses of Capostete and Ocktolite near Wohnsdorf. The Natangian leader Godecko and his two sons were killed resisting the advance.^[46] Bohemian F.C. (Irish: An Cumann Peile Bóithéimeach) is an Irish football club playing in the Football League of Ireland. ... Ottokar II of Bohemia Areas ruled by Ottokar II Otakar II (also spelled Ottokar or PÅ™emysl Otakar/Ottokar) (c. ... A Moravian can be: an ethnic group a Christian denomination This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Saxon (disambiguation). ... The brass of the tomb of Rudolph I in Speyer Rudolph I (Rudolph of Habsburg) (May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was a German king, who played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the royal dynasties of Germany. ... Central square of Gvardeysk Gvardeysk (Russian: ; until 1946—Tapiau) is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, located on the right bank of the Pregolya River some 38 km east of Kaliningrad. ... Kaliningrad (Russian: ; Lithuanian: Karaliaučius; German  , Polish: Królewiec; briefly Russified as Kyonigsberg), is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. ... Braniewo (until 1945 Polish: ; German: ) is a city in northeastern Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with a population of 18,068 (2004). ... Znamensk (Russian: , German: Wehlau, Polish: Welawa, Lithuanian: VÄ—luva) is an urban settlement in Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia. ... Pregolya (Преголя), also spelt as Pregola (German: Pregel) is a river in the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. ... Sudovian kurhan Sudovians are a subgroup of Baltic people, living at the left coast of river Nemunas, in the region known as Sudovia. ... Upper Neman The Nadruvians took their name from their ancestral homeland, Nadruvia or Nadruva (Prussian: Nadrowite, Nadrovia, Nadrauen), also known in the sources as Nadravia, Nadrow and Nadra as well as other names. ... Skalvians, (Scalvians Scalowians) is an extinct tribe of Prussians which according the Chronicon terrae Prussiae of Peter of Dusburg, inhabited the land of Skalvi (Scalwia, Schalowia) to the south of Curonians, by the lower Nemunas river in the times around 1240. ...

The Great Prussian Uprising (1260–1274)

The Livonian Order had been campaigning into Samogitia, which was northeast of the Prussians. The pagan Samogitians received a two year truce in 1259, with the Christians expecting the pagans to accept Christianity. In 1259 the Samogitians decided to retain their pagan independence, however.^[47] They defeated the Livonian Order at the Battle of Skuodas in 1259, and then inflicted a crushing defeat on the crusaders in the Battle of Durbe in 1260. The pagan victory inspired the Prussians to rebel again, starting the Great Prussian Uprising the same year. In the minds of the indigenous peoples, the pagan victories reinforced the validity of their pre-Christian beliefs.^[47] The crusaders gradually killed or forced the surrender of each Prussian tribes' war leader. Etnographic regions of Lithuania. ... Note: this article is about the ethnographic region of Lithuania. ... The Battle of Skuodas was a medieval battle fought near Skuodas in present-day Lithuania during the Northern Crusades. ... Livonian Confederation in 1260, showing the location of the Battle of Durbe Baltic tribes at the beginning of the 13th century before the orders started their crusade The Battle of Durbe (Lithuanian: ) was a medieval battle fought near Durbe, 23 km east of Liepaja, in present-day Latvia during the... The Prussian uprisings were a number of uprisings by the Old Prussian tribes against the Teutonic Order that took place in the 13th century during and following the Northern Crusades. ...

As a result of the uprising, many native Prussians lost some of the rights they had received in the Treaty of Christburg and were subsequently reduced to serfdom. Numerous Prussians fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania or to Sudovia, while others were resettled by the crusaders. The tribal chiefs who remained in Prussia became vassals of the Teutonic Knights, who began rebuilding their castles in stone or brick. “Serf” redirects here. ... The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: , Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje, Ruskaje, Żamojckaje, Belarusian: , Ukrainian: , Polish: , Latin: ) was an Eastern and Central European state of the 12th[1] /13th century until the 18th century. ... Sudovia (Lithuanian: Sūduva / Suvalkija, Polish: Suwalszczyzna), or Suvalkija (pronouncing soo-vul-kee-uh), is the name of one of ethnographic regions of Lithuania. ...

Later campaigns

Although the Teutonic Knights' offensive capability was greatly weakened during the Great Pagan Uprising, they did engage in some campaigns against the pagan on their eastern flank. The Bartians, Natangians, and Warmians had ostensibly converted to Christianity, but the Sudovians and Lithuanians to their east remained pagan and continued their border warfare with the Teutonic Knights. Led by Skalmantas during the Great Uprising, the Sudovians sacked Bartenstein (Bartoszyce) in Bartia, which was to be the focal point of their borders. Defenseless against the Sudovians, the Natangians and Bartians allied with the Teutonic Knights for protection, although little assistance could be provided initially. The Christian Natangians clans gathered in 1274 and killed 2,000 of the Sudovian raiders; Grand Master Anno von Sangerhausen recruited Thuringians and Meisseners to complete the Teutonic recovery of Natangia.^[48] Sudovian kurhan Sudovians are a subgroup of Baltic people, living at the left coast of river Nemunas, in the region known as Sudovia. ... Gate in Bartoszyce Bartoszyce ( (help· info), German: ( (help· info))) is a town on the Łyna river in northeastern Poland with 25,621 inhabitants (2004). ... Bartians (Barthi, Barti) is an extinct tribe of Prussians in the land of Barta/Bartia from the middle and lower flow of Lyna river, by Swina river, Lake Mamry, up to the Galindian woods. ...

Anno's successor as Grand Master, Hartmann von Heldrungen, directed the Provincial Master of Prussia, Conrad von Thierberg the Elder, to attack eastward from Königsberg along the Pregel River to separate the Sudovians from the Nadrovians. Vogt Theodoric of Samland and his militia sacked two river forts and plundered a large amount of treasure and goods. Theodoric led another crusading force, including Teutonic Knights, 150 sergeants, and Prussian infantry, against another Nadrovian fort. Although the natives attempted to surrender after siege ladders were placed, most of the warriors were slaughtered by the crusaders, with only a few natives surviving to be resettled. Conrad then led the Knights past the destroyed border forts to assault the Nadrovians main redoubt of Kaminiswike, defended by 200 warriors. Most of the natives were killed after the Knights stormed the fortress, and the Nadrovian clans surrendered soon afterward to become auxiliaries of the crusaders.^[49] Upper Neman The Nadruvians took their name from their ancestral homeland, Nadruvia or Nadruva (Prussian: Nadrowite, Nadrovia, Nadrauen), also known in the sources as Nadravia, Nadrow and Nadra as well as other names. ... Vogt is a word of Germanic languages(except for English), originated from latin language vocatius, refers to: People named Vogt: Alfred Elton (A. E.) van Vogt Andrea Vogt Berti Vogts Erik Vogt Howard C. Vogts Jørgen Herman Vogt Karl Vogt Paul Vogt Roland Vogt Tom Vogt Other: Funker Vogt...

The Teutonic Knights then used Nadrovia and Memel as bases against Scalovia on the lower Memel River. Scalovia would then serve as a base against pagan Samogitia, which separated Teutonic Prussia from Teutonic Livonia. Because of this threat, the Lithuanians provided assistance to the pagan Scalovians, and the crusaders and pagans each engaged in border raids to distract enemy forces. Because the pagans were strongly defended in the wilderness, the Teutonic Knights focused on travelling up the Memel River toward the strong pagan fort Ragnit. Theodoric of Samland led 1,000 men in the assault. Artillery fire forced the defenders from the ramparts, allowing the crusaders to storm the walls with ladders and slaughter most of the pagans. Theodoric also captured Romige on the other bank of the Memel. The Scalovians retaliated by sacking Labiau near Königsberg. Conrad von Thierberg escalated the conflict by sending a large raid against Scalovia. Nicholas von Jeroschin documented the crusaders as killing and capturing numerous pagans. When the Scalovian warriors went in pursuit of the captured pagans, Conrad shattered the would-be rescuers in an ambush which killed the pagan leader, Steinegele. Most Scalovian nobles quickly surrendered to the Knights in the battle's aftermath.^[50] Scalovia (German: ) was the area originally inhabited by the now extinct tribe of Scalovians (German: ) which according to the Chronicon terrae Prussiae of Peter of Dusburg lived to the south of Curonians, by the lower Memel (Nemunas) river, in the times around 1240. ... External links Wikimedia Commons has multimedia related to: Neman Categories: Belarus-related stubs | Rivers of Belarus | Rivers of Lithuania | Russian rivers ... Skalvians, (Scalvians Scalowians) is an extinct tribe of Prussians which according the Chronicon terrae Prussiae of Peter of Dusburg, inhabited the land of Skalvi (Scalwia, Schalowia) to the south of Curonians, by the lower Nemunas river in the times around 1240. ... Neman (German Ragnit, Lithuanian RagainÄ—, Polish Ragneta) is a town in Russias Kaliningrad Oblast, 11 kilometres East of the city of Sovetsk, on the bank of the Neman river. ... Polessk (Russian: ; German: ; Polish: ; Lithuanian: ) is a town in and the administrative center of Polessky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. ...

The Teutonic Knights planned to advance against Samogitia after conquering Scalovia, but the outbreak of a new rebellion engineered by Skalmantas of the Sudovians delayed the campaign. In 1276-77 the Sudovians and Lithuanians raided Culmerland and burned settlements near the castles of Rehden, Marienwerder, Zantir, and Christburg. Theodoric of Samland was able to convince the Sambians not to rebel, and the Natangians and Warmians followed suit.^[51] Conrad von Thierberg the Elder led 1,500 men into Kimenau in summer 1277, and crushed a Sudovian army of 3,000 near the Winse forest.^[52] Many Pogesanians fled to the Lithuanians and were resettled at Gardinas, while the ones who remained in Prussia were resettled by the crusaders, probably near Marienburg (Malbork). This new brick castle, built to replace Zantir, guarded against further rebellions with Elbing and Christburg. The central Prussian tribes surrendered to the crusaders by 1277.^[53] The Prussian uprisings were a number of uprisings by the Old Prussian tribes against the Teutonic Order that took place in the 13th century during and following the Northern Crusades. ... Hrodna City emblem Hrodna (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ; Lithuanian: ; Yiddish: Grodne; German: ) is a city in Belarus. ... Malbork Castle (German: ) was built by the Teutonic Order as Ordensburg and named Marienburg (literally Marys Castle). The city which grew around it was also named Marienburg, now called Malbork. ...

The crusaders and Sudovians engaged in guerilla warfare, which the Sudovians were particularly adept at. However, they lacked the sheer numbers to deal with their German, Polish, and Volhynian adversaries, and the Sudovian nobility began gradually surrendering one by one. Marshal Conrad von Thierberg the Younger raided Pokima, capturing large amounts of cattle, horses, and prisoners. They then successfully ambushed the 3,000-strong force of pursuing Sudovians, losing only six Christians in the process.^[54] In 1280 the Sudovians and Lithuanian invaded Samland, but the alerted Order had fortified their castles and deprived the raiders of provisions. While the pagans were in Samland, Komtur Ulrich Bayer of Tapiau led a devastating counter-raid into Sudovia.^[55] The Polish prince Leszek the Black achieved two significant victories over the pagans, securing the Polish border, and Skalmantas fled Sudovia to Lithuania. Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... Categories: Poland-related stubs | Polish monarchs | Dukes of Sieradz-Leczyca ...

In summer 1283, Conrad von Thierberg the Younger was named Provincial Master of Prussia and led a large army into Sudovia, finding little resistance. The Knight Ludwig von Liebenzell, who had once been a captive of the Sudovians, negotiated the surrender of 1,600 Sudovians and their leader Katingerde, who were subsequently resettled in Samland. Most of the remaining Sudovians were redistrubted to Pogesania and Samland; Skalmantas was pardoned and allowed to settle at Balga. Sudovia was left unpopulated, becoming a border wilderness that protected Prussia, Masovia, and Volhynia from the Lithuanians.^[56] The Prussians rebelled in short-lived uprisings in 1286 and 1295, but the crusaders firmly controlled the Prussian tribes by the end of 13th century. Balga is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. ...

The Prussian populace retained many of their traditions and way of life, especially after the Treaty of Christburg protected the rights of converts. The Prussian uprisings led to the crusaders only applying these rights to the most powerful converts, however, and the pace of conversion slowed. After the Prussians were militarily defeated in the second half of the 13th century, they were gradually subjected to Christianization and cultural assimilation during the following centuries as part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. With the fall of Acre and Outremer and the securing of Prussia, the Order then turned its focus against Christian Pomerellia, which separated Prussia from imperial Pomerania, and against pagan Lithuania. Treaty of Christburg was a peace treaty signed on February 2, 1249 between the pagan Prussian clans, represented by a papal legate, and the Teutonic Knights. ... Coat of arms Capital Königsberg (Kaliningrad) Religion Roman Catholicism Government Principality Hochmeister (Grand Master)  - 1209–39 Hermann von Salza  - 1510–25 Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach Historical era Middle Ages  - Northern Crusades 1224  - Absorbed Livonia 1237  - Purchased Neumark 1404  - Hanseatic cities¹ leave, found Prussian Confed. ... “Akko” redirects here. ... Outremer, French for overseas, was the general name given the Crusader states established after the First Crusade; County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli and especially the Kingdom of Jerusalem. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... West Pomeranian voivodship since 1999 West Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze Zachodnie, German: West Pommern; Latin Pomerania Occidentalis) or West Pomeranian Voivodship (Polish: województwo zachodniopomorskie) is an administrative region or voivodship in the northwestern part of Poland. ...

Footnotes