| Prussian Blue | | — Color coordinates — | | Hex triplet | #003153 | | RGBB | (r, g, b) | (0, 49, 83) | | HSV | (h, s, v) | (205°, 100%, 43%) | | Source | [Unsourced] | B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
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A sample of Prussian blue Prussian blue (German: Preußischblau or Berliner Blau, in English Berlin blue) is a dark blue pigment used in paints and formerly in blueprints. Prussian blue was discovered by accident[1] by painter Heinrich Diesbach in Berlin, which is why it is also known as Berlin blue. (Diesbach was attempting to create a paint with a red hue.) It has several different chemical names, these being iron(III) ferrocyanide, ferric ferrocyanide, iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II), and ferric hexacyanoferrate. Commonly and conveniently it is simply called "PB."[2] Web colors are colors used in designing web pages, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors. ...
A representation of additive color mixing—In CRT based (analog electronics) television three color electron guns are used to stimulate such an arrangement of phosphorescent coatings of the glass, the resultant reemission of photons providing the image seen by the eye. ...
Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 625–750 nm. ...
Mossy, green fountain in Wattens, Austria. ...
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An image with the hues cyclically shifted The hues in the image of this Painted Bunting are cyclically rotated with time. ...
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Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to emit a given amount of light. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Prussian_blue. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Prussian_blue. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
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Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ...
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Modern blueprint of the French galleon La Belle. ...
This article is about the capital of Germany. ...
The ferrocyanide ion is Fe(CN)64-. Using IUPAC nomenclature, this would be called hexacyanoferrate(II) ion, but the old name is most common. ...
The ferrocyanide ion is Fe(CN)64−. Using IUPAC nomenclature, this would be called hexacyanoferrate(II) ion, but the old name is most common. ...
Composition
Despite being one of the oldest known synthetic compounds, the composition of PB was uncertain until recently. The precise identification of PB was complicated by three factors: (i) PB is extremely insoluble but also tends to form colloids, (ii) traditional syntheses tend to afford impure compositions, and (iii) even pure PB is structurally complex, defying routine crystallographic analysis. In general, a colloid or colloidal dispersion is a substance with components of one or two phases, a type of mixture intermediate between a homogeneous mixture (also called a solution) and a heterogeneous mixture with properties also intermediate between the two. ...
The chemical formula of PB is Fe7(CN)18(H2O)x where 14 ≤ x ≤ 16. The assignment of the structure and the formula resulted from decades of study using IR spectroscopy, Moessbauer spectroscopy and X-ray and neutron crystallography. Parallel studies were conducted on related materials such as Mn3[Co(CN)6]2 and Co3[Co(CN)6]2 (i.e., Co5(CN)12). Since X-ray diffraction cannot distinguish C from N, the locations of these lighter elements is deduced by spectroscopic means as well as distances from the Fe centers. By growing crystals slowly from 10M HCl, Ludi obtained crystals wherein the defects were ordered. These workers concluded that the framework consists of Fe(II)-CN-Fe(III) linkages, with Fe(II)-C distances of 1.92 Å and Fe(III)-N distances of 2.03 Å. The Fe(II) centers, which are low spin, are surrounded by six carbon ligands. The Fe(III) centers, which are high spin, are surrounded on average by 4.5 N centers and 1.5 O centers, the latter from water. Again, the composition is notoriously variable due to the presence of lattice defects, allowing it to be hydrated to various degrees as water molecules are incorporated into the structure to occupy four cation vacancies. The variability of PB's composition is attributable to its low solubility, which leads to its rapid precipitation vs. growth of a single phase. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
IR spectrum of a thin film of liquid ethanol. ...
Mößbauer spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect. ...
X-ray crystallography, also known as single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is the oldest and most common crystallographic method for determining the structure of molecules. ...
Neutron diffraction is a crystallographic method for the determination of the atomic structure of a material. ...
X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ...
Ligand field theory was developed during the thirties and fourties of the twentieth century as an expansion of the electrostatic crystal field theory, which offered a good description of the electronic structure of metal ions in coordination complexes but was not able to provide a proper explanation for their bonding. ...
In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule (see also: functional group) that generally donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to, or shares its electrons through a covalent bond with, one or more central atoms or ions (these ligands act as a...
Ligand field theory was developed during the thirties and fourties of the twentieth century as an expansion of the electrostatic crystal field theory, which offered a good description of the electronic structure of metal ions in coordination complexes but was not able to provide a proper explanation for their bonding. ...
A cation is an ion with positive charge. ...
Solubility refers to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ...
Turnbull's Blue The story of "Turnbull's Blue" (TB) illustrates the complications and pitfalls associated with the characterization of a composition obtained by rapid precipitation. One obtains PB by the addition of Fe(III) salts to a solution of [Fe(CN)6]4-. TB supposedly arises by the related reaction where the valences are switched on the iron precursors, i.e. the addition of a Fe(II) salt to a solution of [Fe(CN)6]3-. One obtains an intensely blue colored material, whose hue was claimed to differ from that of PB. It is now appreciated that TB and PB are the same because of the rapidity of electron exchange through a Fe-CN-Fe linkage. The differences in the colors for TB and PB reflect subtle differences in the method of precipitation, which strongly affects particle size and impurity content.
"Soluble" Prussian Blue PB is insoluble, but it tends to form such small crystallites that colloids are common. These colloids behave like solutions, for example they pass through fine filters. According to Dunbar and Heintz, these "soluble" forms tend toward compositions with the approximate formula KFe2Fe(CN)6.[2]
The color of PB PB is strongly colored and tends towards black and dark purple when mixed with other oil paints. The exact hue depends on the method of preparation, which dictates the particle size. The intense blue color of Prussian blue is associated with the energy of the transfer of electrons from Fe(II) to Fe(III). Many such mixed valence compounds absorb visible light. Orange-red light at 680 nm is absorbed, and the transmitted light appears blue as a result. Black cat, thought by some to cause bad luck (see superstition) Black is the shade of objects that do not reflect light in any part of the visible spectrum. ...
An African Daisy of almost psychedelic purple Purple is any shades of color occurring between blue and red; this color is sometimes confused with the more narrowly-defined spectral color violet. ...
View of Delft in oil paint, by Johannes Vermeer. ...
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Look up orange in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 625–750 nm. ...
NM may stand for: National Master, a chess title Nautical mile, a unit of length used for maritime and aviation purposes Neal Morse, an American multi-instrumentalist Network marketing, a business model that combines direct marketing with franchising Neurofiber mitosis, a nerve disease, sometimes confused with neurofibromatosis New Mexico, in...
Other properties Prussian Blue has been extensively studied by inorganic chemists and solid-state physicists because of its unusual properties. Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ...
Solid-state physics, the largest branch of condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid matter, or solids. ...
- It undergoes intervalence charge transfer. Although intervalence charge transfer is well-understood today, PB was the subject of intense study when the phenomenon was discovered.
- It is electrochromic - changing from blue to colorless upon reduction. This change is caused by reduction of the Fe(III) to Fe(II) eliminating the intervalence charge transfer that causes PB's blue color.
- It undergoes spin-crossover behavior. Upon exposure to visible light the Fe(III) centers change from low spin to high spin. This spin transition also changes the magnetic coupling between the Fe atoms, making PB one of the few known classes of material that has a magnetic response to light.
Despite the presence of the cyanide ion, PB is not especially toxic because the cyanide groups are tightly bound. Other cyanometalates are similarly stable with low toxicity. However, treatment with acids can liberate hydrogen cyanide which is extremely toxic as discussed in the article on cyanide. The cyanide ion, CN−. From the top: 1. ...
An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion (NO3−). Areas coloured red are lower in energy than areas colored yellow An ion is an atom or group of atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons, making them negatively or positively charged. ...
Acidity redirects here. ...
Hydrogen cyanide is a chemical compound with chemical formula HCN. A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water is called hydrocyanic acid. ...
Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The cyanide ion, CN−. From the top: 1. ...
Production PB, such as that in inks, is prepared by adding a solution containing iron(III) chloride to a solution of potassium ferrocyanide. During the course of the addition, the solution thickens visibly and the color changes immediately to the characteristic hue of PB. R-phrases , S-phrases , Related Compounds Other anions Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) bromide Other cations Iron(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride Ruthenium(III) chloride Related coagulants Iron(II) sulfate Polyaluminium chloride Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25...
Potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O), also known as yellow prussiate of potash, is a coordination compound forming lemon-yellow monoclinic crystals at room temperature and decomposing at its boiling point. ...
Prussian blue in culture Architecture Section of the dome of Florence Cathedral. ...
Academics and Sports Cyanotype is an old monochrome photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print. ...
Modern blueprint of the French galleon La Belle. ...
- PB (Pantone 287) is the best match to "Duke Blue" and is the official color of Duke University.
Chemistry Chemistry - the study of atoms, made of nuclei (conglomeration of center particles) and electrons (outer particles), and the structures they form. ...
- The formation of PB is a "wet" chemical test for cyanide. This test was a key component of the Errol Morris film Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr..
- PB's ability to incorporate +1 cations makes it useful as a sequestering agent for certain heavy metals ions. In particular, pharmaceutical-grade PB is used for patients who have ingested radioactive caesium or thallium (also non-radioactive thallium). According to the IAEA an adult male can eat 10 grams of Prussian Blue per day without serious harm. It is also occasionally used in cosmetic products. The US FDA has determined that the "500 mg Prussian blue capsules, when manufactured under the conditions of an approved New Drug Application (NDA), can be found safe and effective for the treatment of known or suspected internal contamination with radioactive caesium, radioactive thallium, or non-radioactive thallium." - [1]
Engineering This page is devoted to the means in wet chemistry for the detection of cyanide and hydrogen cyanide. ...
Errol Morris Errol Morris (born February 5, 1948) is an American Academy Award winning documentary film director. ...
Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. ...
Chelation (from Greek χηλή, chelè, meaning claw) is the process of reversible binding (complexation) of a ligand - the chelant, chelator, chelating agent, sequestering agent, or complexing agent - to a metal ion, forming a metal complex, the chelate. ...
Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number caesium, Cs, 55 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 6, s Appearance silvery gold Standard atomic weight 132. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number thallium, Tl, 81 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 6, p Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 204. ...
IAEA The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), established as an autonomous organization on July 29, 1957, seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ...
Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ...
Laundering Prussian blue is a blue pigment used in paints and formerly in blueprints. ...
Laundry hung out for drying Laundry can be: items of clothing and other textiles that require washing the act of washing clothing and textiles History of laundry Laundry was probably first done by immersing cloth in streams and letting the stream carry away the materials causing stains and smells. ...
Manga Bluing, laundry blue, or washing blue is a household product used to improve the appearance of fabrics, especially white fabrics. ...
Manga ) (pl. ...
- Prussian Blue is a fictional Japanese rock band in the original German-language manga of the same name (known as Plastic Chew in the English version), and its sequel Yonen Buzz.
Music Manga ) (pl. ...
Yonen Buzz is an original German-language manga by Christina Plaka and the continuation of Plastic Chew (originally entitled Prussian Blue, but changed in order to avoid association with the white nationalist band Prussian Blue). ...
// Music is an art form consisting of sound and silence expressed through time. ...
Prussian Blue is a white nationalist folk teen duo formed in early 2003 by Lynx Vaughan Gaede and Lamb Lennon Gaede (pronounced gay-dee or in IPA, ), fraternal twin girls born June 30, 1992 (age 14) and brought up in the United States. ...
// White nationalism (WN) advocates a racial definition (or redefinition) of national identity, as opposed to multiculturalism. ...
References - ^ http://painting.about.com/cs/colourtheory/a/prussianblue.htm
- ^ a b *Dunbar, K. R. and Heintz, R. A., "Chemistry of Transition Metal Cyanide Compounds: Modern Perspectives", Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, 1997, 45, 283-391.
Further reading - Ludi, A., "Prussian Blue, an Inorganic Evergreen", Journal of Chemical Education 1981, 58, 1013.
- Sharpe, A. G., "The Chemistry of Cyano Complexes of the Transition Metals," Academic Press: London, 1976
See also Potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O), also known as yellow prussiate of potash, is a coordination compound forming lemon-yellow monoclinic crystals at room temperature and decomposing at its boiling point. ...
Potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]) also known as red prussiate, Prussian red or potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), is a coordination compound that is stable at room temperature and pressure and forms ruby red crystals and powder. ...
Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound with molecular formula: C16H18ClN3S. It has many uses in a range of different fields, such as biology or chemistry. ...
Egyptian Blue ( CaCuSi4O10 or CaO.CuO.4SiO2) is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. ...
Han Purple ( BaCuSi2O6 ) is a pigment that has been used in China for over 2,000 years. ...
Methyl Violet 10B Gentian violet (crystal violet, Methyl Violet 10B, hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride) is an antifungal agent. ...
External links - The FDA's page on prussian blue
- The CDC's page on prussian blue
- National Pollutant Inventory - Cyanide compounds fact sheet
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