Psilocybe is a genus of small mushrooms growing worldwide. This genus is best known for its species with hallucinogenic properties, widely known as "magic mushrooms", though the majority of species do not contain hallucinogenic compounds. Psilocin and psilocybin are the hallucinogenic compounds responsible for the psychoactive effects of many species in the genus. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ... Psychedelic drugs are psychoactive drugs whose primary action is to alter the thought processes of the brain. ... Psychedelic mushrooms is a general term for fungi that contain psychoactive substances. ... Psilocin,(4-HO-DMT) sometimes called psilocine or psilotsin, is a psychedelic (hallucinogenic) mushroom alkaloid. ... Psilocybin (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. ...

The word psilocybe comes from the Greek words ψιλος + κυβη and literally means "bare headed", referring to the mushroom's plain cap. It may be pronounced with the accent on the first syllable (IPA: /ˈsɪləˌsaɪbi/; MWCD [ˈsi-lə-ˌsī-bē]) or the second (IPA: /saɪˈlɒsəbi/; MWCD [sī-ˈlä-sə-bē]). The final e is not silent. The marked difference between the Botanical Latin-based pronunciation (given here) and anglicized colloquial pronunciations (with a silent "e") is sometimes a source of confusion in oral communication about this genus. Many dictionaries and other language references give pronunciation guides for some or all words listed. ... Many dictionaries and other language references give pronunciation guides for some or all words listed. ... A colloquialism is an informal expression, that is, an expression not used in formal speech or writing. ...

Description

Psilocybe fruiting bodies are typically small, non-descript mushrooms with a typical "little brown mushroom" morphology. Macroscopically, they are characterized by their small to occasionally medium size, brown to yellow-brown coloration, with a typically hygrophanous pileus, and a spore print-color that ranges from lilac-brown to dark purple-brown (though rusty-brown colored varieties are known in at least one species^[1]). Hallucinogenic species typically have a blue-staining reaction when the fruiting body is bruised. Microscopically, they are characterized by cutis-type pileipellis, lack of chrysocystidia, and spores that are smooth, ellipsoid to rhomboid to subhexagonal in shape, with a distinct apical germ pore. Ecologically, all species of Psilocybe are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter.^{[2] [3]} In fungi, the fruiting body (also known as sporocarp) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. ... Morphological characteristics of the caps of mushroom, such as those illustrated in the above chart, are essential for correct mushroom identification. ... Hygrophanous mushrooms change color depending on how much water they have absorbed. ... The cap of a fungal fruiting body. ... Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print. ... The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fruiting body. ... A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the hymenium of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. ... A germ pore is a small pore in the outer wall of a mycelial spore through which the germ tube exits upon germination. ... A Saprotroph (or saprobe) is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. ...

Classification

A recent study of the molecular phylogeny of the agarics by Moncalvo et al,^[4] indicates that the genus Psilocybe as presently defined is polyphyletic, falling into two distinct clades that are not directly related to each other. The blue-staining hallucinogenic species constitute one clade and the non-bluing species constitute the other. The type species (Psilocybe montana) is in the non-bluing clade. Molecular phylogeny is the use of the structure of molecules to gain information on an organisms evolutionary relationships. ... In biology, a taxon is polyphyletic if it is descended from more than one root form (in Greek poly = many and phyletic = racial). ... Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. ... In botanical nomenclature, a type (typus, nomenclatural type) is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached . ...

Psilocybe is placed taxonomically in the agaric family Strophariaceae based upon its spore and pileipellis morphology. However, molecular studies indicate that the Strophariaceae may be a polyphyletic grouping of several clades that are fairly close to each other, but not necessarily sister taxa, hence, the precise relationship of Psilocybe to other agaric genera awaits further study. The phylogenetic study by Moncalvo, et al.^[4] has confirmed that the agaric genus Melanotus is simply a subgroup of the non-bluing Psilocybe, and also points to a close relationship between the latter group and the genera Kuehneromyces and Phaeogalera. Genera Hypholoma Kuehneromyces Melanotus Phaeogalera Pholiota Psilocybe Stropharia Strophariaceae is a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. ... It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ... Binomial name Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff. ...

Distribution and habitat

Geographically, species in this genus are found throughout the world in most biomes, with the exception of high deserts. 60 species of Psilocybe occur in the United States, of which 25 are hallucinogenic. ^[2] For the bluing Psilocybe, the greatest species diversity seems to be in the neotropics, from Mesoamerica through Brazil and Chile.^[2] Psilocybe are found in a variety of habitats and substrates. Many of the bluing species found in temperate regions, such as Psilocybe cyanescens, seem to have an affinity for landscaped areas mulched with woodchips and are actually rather rare in natural settings removed from human habitation. Contrary to popular belief, only a minority of Psilocybe species, such as P. coprophila and P. cubensis, grow directly on dung. Many other species are found in habitats such as mossy, grassy, or forest humus soils. A biogeographic region, that extends from Mexico southwards to Tierra del Fuego, and also includes the Caribbean islands. ... Binomial name Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield For information on the effects of this mushroom see the Psilocybin article. ... Binomial name Psilocybe cubensis Psilocybe cubensis are a psychedelic mushroom whose primary, pharmacologically active constituents are psilocybin and psilocin. ... Dung can refer to: (what lana belchers face looks like) Look up dung in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Psychoactivity

Biochemistry and pharmacology

psilocybin molecule

The blue-staining species of Psilocybe are characterized by the presence of psilocin and psilocybin. The blue-staining reaction, while not completely understood, is thought to be a caused by a degradation reaction of psilocin, hence the degree of bluing in a Psilocybe fruiting body correlates directly with the concentration of psilocin in the mushroom. Psilocybin is chemically far more stable than psilocin, the latter compound being largely lost when the mushroom is heated or dried. Chemical Structure of Psilocybin Author and Copyright: --Lupino License: GNU FDL Programs: bkchem and ImageMagick File links The following pages link to this file: Psilocybin Categories: GFDL images ... Chemical Structure of Psilocybin Author and Copyright: --Lupino License: GNU FDL Programs: bkchem and ImageMagick File links The following pages link to this file: Psilocybin Categories: GFDL images ... Psilocybin (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. ... Psilocin,(4-HO-DMT) sometimes called psilocine or psilotsin, is a psychedelic (hallucinogenic) mushroom alkaloid. ... Psilocybin (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. ...

(See Psilocybin for a more in-depth discussion of the pharmacology of psilocybin and psilocin.) Psilocybin (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. ...

Some psychoactive species contain baeocystin and norbaeocystin in addition to psilocin and psilocybin. Baeocystin is a mushroom alkaloid and analog of the psychedelic hallucinogenic drug psilocybin, a tryptamine derivative. ... Norbaeocystin is a mushroom alkaloid and analog of the psychedelic hallucinogenic drug psilocybin. ...

Medical and psychiatric aspects

Among some groups of Mesoamerican natives, hallucinogenic Psilocybe have been used by native healers for centuries for divining the causes of illness and as part of psychological counseling. Contemporary researchers have generally preferred to use purified psilocybin in medical and psychiatric research, though in practice, whole Psilocybe cubensis is often used. For other uses, see Divination (disambiguation). ...

For details on contemporary research, see: Psilocybin: Medicine. Psilocybin (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. ...

History and ethnography

Main article: Psilocybin_mushrooms#History

Hallucinogenic species of Psilocybe have a long history of use among the native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion, divination, and healing, from pre-Columbian times up to the present day. Hallucinogenic Psilocybe were known to the Mexicans as teonanácatl (literally "god mushroom") and were reportedly served at the coronation of Moctezuma II in 1502. After the Spanish conquest, the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms, like other pre-Christian traditions, was forcibly suppressed and driven underground. Psychedelic mushrooms redirects here. ... This article is about the culture area. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the Americas continent. ... Moctezuma or Montezuma II, also known as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (c. ...

By the twentieth century, hallucinogenic mushroom use was thought by non-Indians to have disappeared entirely. However, in 1955, Valentina and R. Gordon Wasson became the first Westerners to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their discovery, even publishing an article on their experiences in Life in 1957.^[5] In 1956, Roger Heim identified the hallucinogenic mushroom that the Wassons had brought back from Mexico as Psilocybe and in 1958, Albert Hofmann first identified psilocin and psilocybin as the active compound in these mushrooms. Richard Gordon Wasson (September 22, 1898 – December 23, 1986) was an author, amateur researcher and banker. ... Philippe Halsmans famous portrait of Marilyn Monroe Life generally refers to two American magazines: A humor and general interest magazine published from 1883 to 1936; A publication created by Time founder Henry Luce in 1936, with a strong emphasis on photojournalism. ... Dr. Dr. Albert Hofmann (born January 11, 1906) is a prominent Swiss scientist best known as the father of LSD. He was born in Baden, Switzerland, and studied chemistry at the University of Zürich. ...

At present, hallucinogenic mushroom use has been reported among a number of groups spanning from central Mexico to Oaxaca, including groups of Nahua, Mixtecs, Mixe, Mazatecs, Zapotecs, and others. The Nahua are a group of indigenous peoples of Mexico. ... Codex Zouche-Nuttall, a pre-Columbian piece of Mixtec writing, now in the British Museum The Mixtec (or Mixteca) are a Native American people centered in the Oaxaca state of Mexico. ... The Mixe are an indigenous group of people who live in the eastern highlands of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. ... Zapotec refers to a native people of Mexico, their language family consisting of more than 15 languages, and their historic culture and traditions. ...

The popularization of entheogens by Wasson, Timothy Leary, and others has led to an explosion in the use of hallucinogenic Psilocybe throughout the world. By the early 1970s, a number of psychoactive Psilocybe species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating Psilocybe cubensis in large quantities were also published. The relatively easy availability of hallucinogenic Psilocybe from wild and cultivated sources has made it among the most widely used of the hallucinogenic drugs. Entheogens are psychoactive substances that have traditionally been used in a religious context, such as psilocybin-containing mushrooms and Peyote cactuses. ... Timothy Francis Leary, (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer, psychologist, modern pioneer and advocate of psychedelic drug research and use, and one of the first people whose remains have been sent into space. ... Binomial name (Earle) Singer Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. ... Hallucinogenic drugs or hallucinogens are drugs that can alter sensory perceptions, elicit alternate states of consciousness, or cause hallucinations. ...

Legal status

Main article: Psilocybin_mushrooms#Legal_status

Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Schedule I drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[1] Schedule I drugs are drugs with a high potential for abuse that have no recognized medical uses. This status is reflected in the drug laws of the majority of the world's nations. Possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including the bluing species of Psilocybe, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms, as well as a strong element of selective enforcement in some places. The legal status of Psilocybe spores is even more ambiguous, as the spores contain neither psilocybin nor psilocin, and hence are not illegal to sell or possess in many jurisdictions, though many jurisdictions will prosecute under broader laws prohibiting items that are used in drug manufacture. A few jurisdictions (such as the US states of California, Georgia, and Idaho) have specifically prohibited the sale and possession of psilocybin mushroom spores. Cultivation of psilocybin mushrooms is considered drug manufacture in most jurisdictions and is often severely penalized, though some countries and one US state have ruled that growing psilocybin mushrooms does not qualify as "manufacturing" a controlled substance^{[citation needed]}. Psychedelic mushrooms redirects here. ... Convention on Psychotropic Substances Opened for signature February 21, 1971 in Vienna Entered into force August 16, 1976 Conditions for entry into force 40 ratifications Parties 175 The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, and psychedelics. ... Enforcement discretion is the ability that executors of the law (such as police officers or administrative agencies, in some cases) have to select who they want to enforce laws against. ...

Notable species

Main article: List of Psilocybe species

• Psilocybe cubensis, (= Stropharia cubensis); the most commonly grown and consumed Psilocybe, due to ease of cultivation and large size of carpophores; also commonly collected throughout the tropics and subtropics, including the US Gulf Coast; nicknamed the commercial psilocybe.
• Psilocybe semilanceata, found in northern temperate climates; nicknamed the liberty cap.
• Psilocybe cyanescens, native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, but also found in western Europe; nicknamed the wavy-cap or wavies.
• Psilocybe azurescens, a highly potent species native to Oregon, but popular in outdoor cultivation, and expanding its range as a result; nicknamed azies.

The following list are the majority of known in the bluing/psychoactive clade of Psilocybe. ... Binomial name (Earle) Singer Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. ... The Gulf of Mexico is a major body of water bordered and nearly landlocked by North America. ... Binomial name (Fr. ... For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ... Binomial name Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield For information on the effects of this mushroom see the Psilocybin article. ... The Pacific Northwest from space The Pacific Northwest, abbreviated PNW, or PacNW is a region in the northwest of North America. ... A current understanding of Western Europe. ... Binomial name Psilocybe azurescens Stamets & Gartz Psilocybe azurescens is a psychedelic mushroom whose main active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. ...

References

is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

General information

• AmericanMushrooms.com: A New Look at Hallucinogenic (Psilocybin) Mushrooms
• Erowid - Psilocybin Mushrooms
• Erowid Psilocybe Mushroom FAQ
• Visionary Mushrooms
• Zauberpilz.com Comprehensive Magic Mushroom Information Source & Forums

Taxonomy

• MushroomExpert.com Taxonomy in Transition: The Strophariaceae - Taxonomic issues of Psilocybe and other stropharioid fungi.
• Machiel E. Noordeloos: Psilocybe - taxonomy and characteristics of non-bluing Psilocybe.

History and ethnography

• The Ones that Stain Blue
• The Sacred Mushroom Teonanácatl - Chapter from "LSD: My Problem Child" by Albert Hofmann
• Timeline of mushroom use at Erowid.org

Legal aspects

• Erowid - Psilocybin Mushrooms: Legal Status
• EMCDDA Thematic Paper: Hallucinogenic mushrooms - an emerging trend case study , June 26, 2006

is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Other

• Visionary Mushrooms Psychedelic mushrooms.
• The Shroomery Detailed information about psilocybe mushrooms including identification, cultivation and spores, psychedelic images, trip reports, a dosage calculator and an active community.
• Mycotopia Interactive Global community devoted to all things mushroom.
• Mushroom John's Shroom World 13,000 Images of Shrooms and related items, dozens of articles, books, and art.
• Psilocybe mushrooms from The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances
• INCHEM - Psilocybe and others - Toxicology of psilocybin mushrooms.
• A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Psilocybe

Wikispecies has information related to:

Psilocybe

• Psilocybin mushroom
• María Sabina