Psusennes II in hieroglyphs
praenomen or throne name
nomen or birth name

Titkheperure Psusennes II [Greek Ψουσέννης], or Hor-Pasebakhaenniut II [Egyptian ḥr-p3-sb3-ḫˁỉ-<n>-nỉwt], is the final king of the Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt. His royal name means "Image of the transformation of Re" in Egyptian.^[1] Psusennes II is often considered the same person as the High-Priest of Amun known as Psusennes III. The few contemporary attestations from his reign include a graffito in Seti I's Abydos temple, an ostracon from Umm el-Qa'ab, an affiliation at Karnak and his presumed burial – which consists of a gilded coffin with a royal uraeus and a Mummy, found in an antechamber of Psusennes I's tomb at Tanis. It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... Pharaoh was the ancient Egyptian name for the office of kingship. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-First Dynasty. ... Psusennes III (also known as Pasebakhaennuit III) was the High Priest of Amun (1080 - 945 BC) at the end of the Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt. ... The Graffito (archaeology), {plural Graffiti), have been created by humans, since Homo sapiens have been traversing this planet. ... Menmaatre Eternal is the Justice of Re Nomen Sety Merenptah Man of Set, beloved of Ptah Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset-Seankhtawy Nebty name Wehemmesut Sekhemkhepesh Derpedjetpesdjet Golden Horus Wehemkhau Weserpedjutemtawnebu[1] Consort(s) Queen Tuya Issues Ramesses II, Tia, Henutmire (?) Father Ramesses I Mother Sitre Died 1279 BC Burial KV17... Abydos (Arabic: أبيدوس), one of the most ancient cities of Upper Egypt, stood about 11 km (6 miles) west of the Nile at latitude 26° 10 N. The Egyptian name was Abdju (technically, 3bdw, hieroglyphs shown to the right), the hill of the symbol or reliquary, in which the sacred head... An ostracon with Pericles name written on it (c. ... General view of area, showing littering of pots Umm el-Qaab (or sometimes Umm el Gaab) is the necropolis of the Early Dynastic kings at Abydos, in Egypt. ... Map of Karnak, showing major temple complexes Interior of Temple First pylon of precinct of Amun viewed from the west Al-Karnak (Arabic الكرنك, in Ancient Egypt was named Ipet Sut, the most venerated place) is a small village in Egypt, located on the banks of the River Nile some 2. ... The Uraeus (plural Uraei or Uraeuses) is a stylised upright cobra (or snake / serpent), used as a symbol of sovereignty, royalty, deity and divine authority in ancient Egypt. ... A mummy is a corpse whose skin and dried flesh have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or airlessness. ... Gold burial mask of King Psusennes I, discovered 1940 by Pierre Montet. ... Tanis or The ruins of Tanis in 2004 Tanis (Τάνις), the Greek name of ancient Djanet (modern صان الحجر Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar), is a city in the north-eastern Nile delta of Egypt. ...

Items which can be added to this list include a Year 5 Mummy linen that was written with the High Priest Psusennes III's name. It is generally assumed that a Year 13 III Peret 10+X date in fragment 3B, line 6 of the Karnak Priestly Annals belongs to his reign.^[2] Unfortunately, however, the king's name is not stated and the only thing which is certain is that the fragment must be dated after Siamun's reign whose Year 17 is mentioned in lines 3-5.^[3] Hence, it belongs to either Psusennes II or possibly Shoshenq I's reign. More impressive are the number of objects which associate Psusennes II together with his successor, Shoshenq I, such as an old statue of Thutmose III which contains two parallel columns of texts – one referring to Psusennes II and the other to Shoshenq I – a recently unearthed block from Basta which preserves the nomen of Shoshenq I together with the prenomen of Psusennes II, and a now lost graffito from Theban Tomb 18.^[4] Menkheperre Lasting is the Manifestation of Re[1] Nomen Thutmose Neferkheperu Thoth is born, beautiful of forms Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes Nebty name Wahnesytmireempet Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven Golden Horus Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw Powerful of strength, holy of diadems Consort(s) Hatshepsut-Meryetre, Nebtu... nomen or birth name Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq I (Egyptian Å¡Å¡nq), also known as Sheshonk or Sheshonq I (for discussion of the spelling, see Shoshenq), was a Meshwesh Libyan king of Egypt and founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty. ... Thebes For the ancient capital of Boeotia, see Thebes, Greece. ...

Reign Length

Unlike his immediate predecessor and successor – Siamun and Shoshenq I respectively– Psusennes II is generally less well attested in contemporary historical records even though various versions of Manetho's Epitome credits him with a 14 or a 35 year reign, (amended to 15 years by most scholars including the British Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen).^[5] However, the German scholar Rolf Krauss has recently argued that Psusennes II's reign was rather 24 years by adding 10 years to Manetho's original figure of 14 years.^[6] This is based on personal information detailed in the Large or Great Dakhla stela which is dated to Year 5 of Shoshenq I; the stela preserves a reference to a land-register record from Year 19 of a king Psusennes. Neterkheperre-setepenamun Siamun was the Sixth pharaoh of Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq I (Egyptian Å¡Å¡nq), also known as Sheshonk or Sheshonq I (for discussion of the spelling, see Shoshenq), was a Meshwesh Libyan king of Egypt and founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty. ... Manetho, also known as Manethon of Sebennytos, was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolematic era, circa 3rd century BC. Manetho recorded Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt). ... An epitome (Greek epitemnein—to cut short) is a summary or miniature form, also used as a synonym for embodiment. ... Emeritus Professor Kenneth A. Kitchen (University of Liverpool publicity photograph, 2006). ...

In Year 5 of Shoshenq I, this king and the founder of the 22nd Dynasty dispatched a certain Chief of the Ma (ie. Libyan) subordinate named Wayheset to the desert oasis town of Dakhla in order to reassert the king's authority over the western oasis region and to adjudicate certain water disputes; Wayheset's activities are recorded in the Large Dakhla stela.^[7] This stela states in an oracle that a land-register dated to Year 19 of a "Pharaoh Psusennes" was consulted in order to determine the water rights of a man named Nysu-Bastet.^[8] Kitchen notes that this individual filed made an appeal to the Year 19 land-register of his mother's time which historians assumed was made some "80 years" ago during the reign of Psusennes I.^[9] The land register noted that certain water rights were formerly owned by Nysu-Bastet's mother in Year 19 of a king Psusennes, who is generally assumed by Egyptologists to be Psusennes I rather than Psusennes II since the latter's reign was believed to have lasted only 14-15 years. Based on the land register evidence, Wayheset ordered that these watering rights should now be granted to Nysu-Bastet himself. However, if the oracle dates to Year 19 of Psusennes I as Kitchen and other scholars traditionally assumed, Nysu-Bastet would have been separated from his mother by a total of 80 years from this date into Year 5 of Shoshenq I--a figure which is clearly impossible since Nysu-Bastet would not have waited until extreme old age to uphold his mother's watering rights. This implies that the aforementioned king Psusennes must be Psusennes II instead, Shoshenq I's immediate predecessor.

Other scholars assumed that the large Dakhla stela belonged instead to Shoshenq III's reign due to the use of the title 'Pharaoh' directly with the king's name as in "Pharaoh Shoshenq"; this was an important palaeographical development in Egyptian history. Throughout the Old, Middle and New Kingdom of Egyptian history, the word pharaoh was never used as a title or attached to a king's nomen as in Pharaoh Ramesses or Pharaoh Shoshenq; instead, the word pr-`3 or pharaoh was used as a noun to refer to the activities of the king instead. (ie: Pharaoh ordered the creation of two temples or statues, etc) Rolf Krauss aptly notes that the earliest attested use of the word pharaoh as a title is documented in Year 17 of the 21st Dynasty king Siamun from Karnak Priestly Annals fragment 3B<sup>[10]</sup> while a second use of the title '[Pharaoh] [royal name]' occurs during Psusennes II's reign where a hieratic graffito in the Ptah chapel of the Abydos temple of Seti I explicitly refers to Psusennes as the High Priest of Amen-Re, King of the Gods, the Leader Pharaoh Psusennes.<sup>[11]</sup> As a result, the practice of employing the title of pr-`3 or pharaoh with a king's royal name had started prior to the beginning of Sheshonq I's reign. Consequently, the king Shoshenq mentioned in the large Year 5 Dakhla stela must have been Sheshonq I while the king Psusennes mentioned in the same document likewise can only be Psusennes II which means that only 5 years (or 10 years if Psusennes II ruled Egypt for 24 years) would separate Nysu-Bastet from his mother.^[12] The additional fact that the Large Dakhla stela contains a lunar date which dates king Shoshenq's accession to 943 BC also demonstrates that the ruler here was Shoshenq I, not Shoshenq III who ruled a century later.^[13] The editors of the final chronological chapter of the recent 2006 book on Ancient Egyptian Chronology--Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss and David Warburton--accept this logical reasoning and have attributed a minimum of 24 years to Psusennes II although it is uncertain if Psusennes II ruled this long.^[14] However, Psusennes II definitely ruled Egypt for a minimum of 19 years--if not more--based on the internal chronology of the Large Dakhla stela. Therefore, this king's rule has now been raised from 14 to 19 years. King Usimare Setepenamun Shoshenq III ruled Egypts 22nd Dynasty for 39 Years according to contemporary historical records. ... In the Roman naming convention used in ancient Rome, male names typically contain three proper nouns which are classified as praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or Gens name) and cognomen. ... Neterkheperre-setepenamun Siamun was the Sixth pharaoh of Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty. ...

References

• Aidan Dodson, RdE 38(1987), pp.50-51.
• Jean Yoyotte, "A propos de Psousennes II," BSSFT 1(1988).