NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Psycho (1960 film)

Psycho is a 1960 suspense/horror film directed by auteur Alfred Hitchcock from the screenplay by Joseph Stefano about a psychotic killer. It is based on the novel of the same name by Robert Bloch, which was in turn inspired by the crimes of Wisconsin serial killer Ed Gein.^[1] The film depicts the encounter between a secretary, Marion Crane (Janet Leigh), who is in hiding at a motel after embezzling from her employer, and the motel's owner, the lonely Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins). Psycho movie poster File links The following pages link to this file: Psycho Categories: Fair use posters ... Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE (August 13, 1899 â€“ April 29, 1980) was an iconic and highly influential British-born film director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. ... Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE (August 13, 1899 â€“ April 29, 1980) was an iconic and highly influential British-born film director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. ... Alma Reville (August 14, 1899 â€“ July 6, 1982 in Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California) was an actress, assistant director and the wife of Alfred Hitchcock, whom she met while working as an assistant director on one of his first films. ... Robert Albert Bloch (April 5, 1917, Chicago-September 23, 1994, Los Angeles) was a prolific American writer. ... Joseph Stefano (5 May 1922 - 25 August 2006) was an American screenwriter. ... Samuel Taylor (June 13, 1912â€“May 26, 2000) was an American playwright and screenwriter. ... Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 â€“ September 12, 1992) was an Academy Award-nominated American stage and screen actor best known for his role as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho and its three sequels, Psycho II, Psycho III and Psycho IV: The Beginning. ... Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 â€“ October 3, 2004), born Jeanette Helen Morrison, was an American actress. ... Vera Miles (born August 23, 1929 or 1930[1]) is an American actress. ... For other persons named John Gavin, see John Gavin (disambiguation). ... Martin Henry Balsam (November 4, 1919 â€“ February 13, 1996) was an American actor. ... McIntire in The Asphalt Jungle Craggly-faced film actor John McIntire (June 27, 1907 - January 30, 1991) was born in Spokane, Washington and raised in Montana, growing up with ranchers and cowboys which would eventually inspire his performances in dozens of westerns later in life. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... George Tomasini (born April 20, 1909, died November 22, 1964) was the genius American film editor who often worked with very closely with film director Alfred Hitchcock. ... Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and distribution company, based in Hollywood, California. ... This article is about the American media conglomerate. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... USD redirects here. ... Psycho II is a 1983 sequel to Alfred Hitchcocks 1960 classic Psycho. ... See also: 1959 in film 1960 1961 in film 1950s in film 1960s in film years in film film // Events April 20 - for the first time since coming home from military service in Germany, Elvis Presley returns to Hollywood, California to film G.I. Blues August 10 - Filming of West... The thriller is a broad genre of literature, film, and television. ... â€œHorror Movieâ€ redirects here. ... The film director, on the right, gives last minute direction to the cast and crew, whilst filming a costume drama on location in London. ... The term auteur (French for author) is used to describe film directors (or, more rarely, producers, or writers) who are considered to have a distinctive, recognizable style, because they (a) repeatedly return to the same subject matter, (b) habitually address a particular psychological or moral theme, (c) employ a recurring... Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE (August 13, 1899 â€“ April 29, 1980) was an iconic and highly influential British-born film director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. ... Sample from a screenplay, showing dialogue and action descriptions. ... Joseph Stefano (5 May 1922 - 25 August 2006) was an American screenwriter. ... Psycho is a 1959 pulp thriller by Robert Bloch. ... Robert Albert Bloch (April 5, 1917, Chicago-September 23, 1994, Los Angeles) was a prolific American writer. ... Official language(s) None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Largest metro area Greater Milwaukee Area Ranked 23rd - Total 65,498 sq mi (169,790 kmÂ²) - Width 260 miles (420 km) - Length 310 miles (500 km) - % water 17 - Latitude 42Â° 30â€² N to 47Â° 05â€² N - Longitude 86Â° 46â€² W to... Serial killers are individuals who have a history of multiple slayings of victims who were usually unknown to them beforehand. ... â€œGeinâ€ redirects here. ... Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 â€“ October 3, 2004), born Jeanette Helen Morrison, was an American actress. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Holiday Inn Great Sign Exterior of a Howard Johnsons motor lodge. ... Norman Bates is a fictional character created by writer Robert Bloch as the central character in his novel Psycho. ... Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 â€“ September 12, 1992) was an Academy Award-nominated American stage and screen actor best known for his role as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho and its three sequels, Psycho II, Psycho III and Psycho IV: The Beginning. ...

It initially received mixed reviews but outstanding box-office returns, prompting a re-review which was overwhelmingly positive and led to four Academy Award nominations. Regarded today as one of Hitchcock's best films^[2] and highly praised as a work of cinematic art by international critics,^[3] Psycho is also acclaimed as one of the most effective horror films.^[4] It was a genre defining film, and almost every scene have become cinematic legends and have been copied extensively. The film spawned several sequels and a remake, which are generally seen as works of lesser quality. Although he never won an Oscar for any of his movie performances, the comedian Bob Hope received two honorary Oscars for his contributions to cinema. ... Psycho is a 1960 suspense/horror film directed by auteur Alfred Hitchcock from the screenplay by Joseph Stefano about a psychotic killer. ...

"The Shower Scene" has been studied, discussed, and cited countless times in print and in film courses with debate focusing on why it is so terrifying and how it was produced, including how it passed the censors and who directed it.

Plot summary

The movie opens in Phoenix, Arizona, with discreet lovers Marion Crane (Leigh) and Sam Loomis (Gavin) together in a downtown hotel room. Until Sam's finances improve, the two cannot marry, as he is in debt and must also pay heavy alimony to his ex-wife. Unhappy and desperate to improve their situation, Marion steals $40,000 cash tendered as payment for a real estate deal at the office where she works. Asked to deposit the money at the bank for the weekend, she instead packs and leaves town with the money, which she sees as the ticket to her and Sam's happiness. Nickname: Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government - Type Council-Manager - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area - City 515. ... Alimony, maintenance or spousal support is an obligation established by law in many countries that is based on the premise that both spouses have an absolute obligation to support each other during the marriage (or civil union) unless they are legally separated. ...

Sam lives in a California town where he runs a hardware store. Marion heads there, and her behavior along the way draws the attention of others. In one scene, she trades her car (and pays an additional $700) for another used car while a suspicious police officer watches. Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...

While driving fatigued in the dark, in pouring rain, she sees a seemingly deserted 12-cabin motel. There, Marion encounters Norman Bates (Perkins), the young owner who looks after the motel and his ailing mother in the nearby mansion on a hill. Norman offers to make her a sandwich; while going into the house to prepare the sandwich, Marion hears his mother shouting at him as though his meal with Marion was part of a sordid affair. While talking with Norman, she considers him something of an eccentric, especially when he shows surprising knowledge of the interior of a mental asylum. Unfortunately for Marion, Norman has completely understated his overbearing mother's illness. Ultimately, as Marion showers in her motel room, she is stabbed to death in the now-famous "shower scene" by a shadowy woman's figure while Bernard Herrmann's screeching string score plays. A psychiatric hospital (also called, at various places and times, mental hospital or mental ward, historically often asylum, lunatic asylum, or madhouse), is a hospital specialising in the treatment of persons with mental illness. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Norman is horrified when he finds the bloody corpse. To protect his mother, he disposes all evidence of the crime by sinking Marion, her car, and her belongings (including the money, which Bates has not seen) in a swamp behind the Bates' property. Marion's disappearance, with the money, sets a search in motion. A private detective, Milton Arbogast (Balsam), is hired to find and recover the money. He traces Marion to the Bates Motel, questions Norman (who sweats and seems very nervous and edgy) and is similarly slashed to death by Norman's mother after being pushed down a flight of stairs. Image File history File links The shower scene from Psycho. ... Image File history File links The shower scene from Psycho. ...

Sam and Marion's sister, Lila (Miles), immediately become concerned when Arbogast does not telephone them after reaching the motel and decide to alert the local sheriff. However, when they mention Mrs. Bates, his wife asks: "Oh, Norman took a wife?" Apparently, Mrs. Bates died ten years ago, when she committed suicide with strychnine. Strychnine (pronounced (British, U.S.), or (U.S.)) is a very toxic (LD50 = 10 mg approx. ...

Sam and Lila, tipped by Detective Arbogast before his demise, are also suspicious of Norman and his mother. While investigating they decide to check into the Bates Motel, to search for proof of Marion, where they find a paper with the sum of $40,000 written on it. Theorizing that Norman's mother might know more about Marion, Lila sneaks into the house while Sam confronts Norman at the office. Sam's heated argument with Norman quickly escalates to violence, and Norman knocks Sam unconscious and flees to the house. Meanwhile, Lila slips into the basement to discover the semi-preserved corpse of Norman's mother just as Norman enters to find her. Cross-dressed in his mother's clothing, complete with wig, Norman is wielding the deadly butcher's knife, preparing to kill Lila. Sam regains consciousness, reappearing just in time to wrestle the knife away from Norman and rescue Lila, who watches in disbelief.

At the end of the film, a forensic psychiatrist, Dr. Fred Richmond (Oakland), explains to Lila, Sam and the authorities that Bates' mother, though dead, lives on in Norman's psyche. Norman was so dominated by his mother while she lived, and so guilt-ridden for murdering her ten years earlier, that he tried to erase the crime from his mind by bringing his mother back to life. Physically, this was done by stealing her corpse ("A weighted coffin was buried," according to Richmond) and preserving it with his taxidermy skills, thereby inciting a split personality in Norman, creating the persona of his mother. He acts as he believes she would, talks as she would, and even dresses as she would, in an attempt to erase her absence and the guilt. Because Norman was so very jealous of his mother while she lived, his split personality is equally jealous of any woman to whom Norman might be attracted. Norman's psychosis prohibits him from knowing of his mother's crimes or her original demise. Forensic psychiatry is a subspeciality of psychiatry. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... A mounted snow leopard. ... Persona literally means mask , although it does not usually refer to a literal mask but to the social masks all humans supposedly wear. ...

The last scene shows Norman Bates in a cell, his mind now completely dominated by the persona of his mother. She blames Norman for the crimes, and plans on demonstrating to the authorities that she is utterly harmless, thinking to herself, "They’ll see, they'll know, and they’ll say, 'Why, she wouldn’t even harm a fly!'" A brief epilogue shows Marion's car being towed from its watery grave in the swamp, presumably to collect her body and the remaining $39,300.

Production

Pre-production

The film is based on the novel by Robert Bloch, which was in turn based on the crimes of Wisconsin serial killer Ed Gein. Hitchcock acquired the film rights anonymously through an agent for a very small sum of $9,000.^[5] â€œGeinâ€ redirects here. ...

Hitchcock embraced Psycho as a means to regain success and individuality in an increasingly competitive genre. He had seen many B-movies churned out by William Castle such as House on Haunted Hill (1958), and by Roger Corman such as Bucket of Blood (1959) that cleaned up at box offices despite being panned by critics. There were also a series of competing directors who had tried their hand at typical Hitchcock fare in such films as When Strangers Marry (1944), The Spiral Staircase (1946), Gaslight (1944), and so forth.^[6] The term B-movie originally referred to a film designed to be distributed as the lower half of a double feature, often a genre film featuring cowboys, gangsters or vampires. ... William Castle (April 24, 1914â€“May 31, 1977) born William Schloss, was an American film director, producer, and actor. ... House on Haunted Hill is a 1959 horror film. ... Roger Corman Roger William Corman (born April 5, 1926), sometimes nicknamed King of the Bs for his output of B-movies (though he himself rejects this appelation as inaccurate), is a prolific American producer and director of low-budget exploitation movies. ... Cover of the official Region 1 DVD released by MGM, the current owner of the AIP film catalog. ... When Strangers Marry is a 1944 suspense film directed by William Castle. ... Dorothy McGuire and Kent Smith in The Spiral Staircase The Spiral Staircase is a Hollywood thriller from 1946 directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Dorothy McGuire, Kent Smith, George Brent, Rhonda Fleming, Elsa Lanchester, and Ethel Barrymore. ... Gas lighting (or gaslight, gas light) can refer the use of piped gas, most often either natural gas or coal gas, as a light source. ...

Furthermore, both Hitchcock and Henri-Georges Clouzot had adapted two books by the same authors with very different results. Clouzot's Les Diaboliques (1955) was critically acclaimed and financially successful, earning him the title of the "French Hitchcock," while Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958) had failed both critically and financially.^[6] Hitchcock was also constantly reinventing himself (he once said "Style is self-plagiarism"), so, when Peggy Robertson, a trusted production assistant, brought Psycho to his attention, he seized on it not only for its originality but also as a way to retake his mantle as an acclaimed director of suspense.^[6] Henri-Georges Clouzot (November 20, 1907 - January 12, 1977) was a French film director, screenwriter and producer. ... Les Diaboliques is a black-and-white film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot (U.K. title = The Fiends) based on the novel Celle qui nÃ©tait plus by Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narcejac. ... For other uses of the word, see Vertigo. ...

Ned Brown, Hitchcock's longtime agent, explains that Hitchcock liked the story because the focus began with Marion's dilemma then completely turned after the murder.^[5] Hitchcock himself said in an interview with François Truffaut that "I think the thing that appealed to me was the suddenness of the murder in the shower, coming, as it were, out of the blue. That was about all."^[5] FranÃ§ois Roland Truffaut (French IPA: ) (February 6, 1932 â€“ October 21, 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking, and remains an icon of the French film industry. ...

James Cavanaugh wrote the original screenplay, but Hitchcock turned it down citing its dragging storyline that he believed read like a TV short horror story.^[5] Hitchcock reluctantly agreed to meet with Joseph Stefano, who had worked on only one film before. Despite his inexperience, the meeting went well, and Stefano was hired. Joseph Stefano (5 May 1922 - 25 August 2006) was an American screenwriter. ...

The screenplay is relatively faithful to the novel with a few notable adaptations by Hitchcock and Stefano. The book features Mary Crane, from Dallas, Texas as its heroine and protagonist. Since, at the time, a real Mary Crane existed in Phoenix, Hitchcock renamed the character Marion Crane.^[5] Stefano also changed Marion's telltale earring found in the bathroom after her death to a scrap of paper in the toilet. When developing the characters for film, Hitchcock asked Stefano why he did not like the Norman Bates character, to which Stefano replied that Norman was unsympathetic, unattractive, and a drinker. Hitchcock suggested Perkins as a sympathetic man, and Stefano agreed.^[5] Other changes Stefano made for the screenplay include the location of Arbogast's death from the foyer to the stairwell. He also changed the novel's budding romance between Sam and Lila to just a friendly relationship, and instead of using the two to explain Norman's mental condition he replaced them with a professional psychiatrist.^[5] Dallas redirects here. ...

Paramount, whose contract guaranteed another film by Hitchcock, did not want Hitchcock to make Psycho. (Paramount was expecting No Bail for the Judge starring Audrey Hepburn who became pregnant and had to bow out, leading Hitchcock to scrap the production.) Their official stance was that the book was "too repulsive" and "impossible for films," and nothing but another of his star-studded mystery thrillers.^[5]^[6] They did not like "anything about it at all" and denied him his usual budget.^[6] So Hitchcock financed the film's creation through his own Shamley Productions, shooting at Universal Studios under the Revue television unit.^[6]^[5] Hitchcock's original Bates Motel and Psycho House movie set buildings, which were constructed on the same stage as Lon Chaney's The Phantom of the Opera, are still standing at Universal Studios in Universal City near Hollywood, California and are a regular attraction on the studio's tour.^[7]^[5] As a further result of cost cutting, Hitchcock chose to film Psycho in black and white, keeping the budget under $1,000,000.^[8] Other reasons for shooting in black and white were to prevent the shower scene from being too gory and that he was a fan of Les Diaboliques's use of black and white.^[9]^[6] Projects developed by Alfred Hitchcock but not realized: // Greenmantle (1939 â€“ 1942) Hitchcock very much wanted to direct a follow-up to The 39 Steps, and he felt that Greenmantle was a superior book. ... Audrey Hepburn (4 May 1929 - 20 January 1993) was an Academy Award and Tony Award winning Anglo-Dutch actress of film and theatre, Broadway stage performer, ballerina, fashion model, and humanitarian. ... This article is about the American media conglomerate. ... This article is about the novel and the movies based on it. ... Psycho House (sometimes refered to as Psycho House: Psycho III) is a 1990 novel that Robert Bloch wrote as a sequel to his 1959 novel Psycho and 1982 novel Psycho II. The novel is not related to the 1986 film Psycho III, which follows a different story continuity from the... View of Universal City Universal City is a community in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California that encompasses the 415 acre (1. ... Greetings from Hollywood Hollywood is a district of the city of Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., that extends from Vermont Avenue on the east to just beyond Laurel Canyon Boulevard above Sunset and Crescent Heights Boulevards on the west; the north to south boundary east of La Brea Avenue...

To keep costs down and because he was most comfortable around them, Hitchcock took most of his crew from his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents, including the cinematographer, set designer, script supervisor, and first assistant director.^[6] He hired regular collaborators Bernard Herrmann as music composer, George Tomasini as editor, and Saul Bass for the title design and storyboarding of the shower scene. In all, his crew cost $62,000.^[5] Alfred Hitchcock Presents was an anthology television series hosted by Alfred Hitchcock. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... George Tomasini (born April 20, 1909, died November 22, 1964) was the genius American film editor who often worked with very closely with film director Alfred Hitchcock. ... Saul Bass (May 8, 1920 - April 25, 1996) was a graphic designer and Academy Award-winning filmmaker, but he is best known for his design on animated motion picture title sequences, which is thought of as the best such work ever seen. ...

Through the strength of his reputation, Hitchcock managed to cast Janet Leigh for a quarter of her usual fee, paying only $25,000. (In the 1967 book Hitchcock/Truffaut, Hitchcock said that Leigh owed Paramount one final film on her seven-year contract which she had signed in 1953.) His first choice, Leigh agreed after having only read the novel and making no inquiry into her salary.^[5]Her co-star, Anthony Perkins, agreed to $40,000.^[5] Both stars were experienced and proven box-office draws.

Paramount did distribute the film, but four years later Hitchcock sold his stock in Shamley to Universal's parent company and his next six films were made at and distributed by Universal.^[5] After another four years, Paramount sold all rights to Universal.^[5] When the film became a major hit, the Hitchcocks received a much larger share of the profit than they would have otherwise.

Filming

The film, independently produced by Hitchcock, was shot at Revue Studios,^[10] the same location as his television show. Psycho was shot on a tight budget of $806,947.55,^[5] beginning on November 11, 1959 and ending on February 1, 1960.^[6]^[5] Filming started in the morning and finished by six or earlier on Thursdays (when Hitchcock and his wife would dine at Chasen's).^[5] Nearly the whole film was shot with 50 mm lenses on 35 mm cameras. This trick closely mimicked normal human vision, which helped to involve the audience more.^[6] Revue Studios was founded in 1943 by MCA to produce live shows. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Chasens entrance from Beverly blvd. ... 35 mm film frames. ...

Before shooting began in November, Hitchcock dispatched assistant director Hilton Green to Phoenix to scout locations and shoot the opening scene. The shot was supposed to be an aerial shot of Phoenix that slowly zoomed into the hotel window of a passionate Marion and Sam. Ultimately, the helicopter footage proved too shaky and had to be spliced with footage from the studio.^[5] Another crew filmed day and night footage on Highway 99 between Fresno and Bakersfield, California for projection when Marion drives from Phoenix. They also provided the location shots for the scene where she is pulled over by the highway patrolman.^[5] Nickname: Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government - Type Council-Manager - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area - City 515. ... State Route 99 is a long north-south state highway that traverses Californias Central Valley from the north near Red Bluff to the south near Bakersfield. ... Fresno redirects here. ... Nickname: Location of Bakersfield, California Coordinates: , Country United States State California County Kern County Founded 1869 Government - Mayor Harvey Hall Area - City 131 sq mi (339. ...

Green also took photos of a prepared list of 140 locations for later reconstruction in the studio. These included many real estate offices and homes like those belonging to Marion and her sister.^[5] He also found a girl who looked just like Marion and photographed her whole wardrobe, which would enable Hitchcock to demand realistic looks from Helen Colvig, the wardrobe supervisor.^[5] Image File history File linksMetadata Psycho05. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Psycho05. ...

Both the leads, Perkins and Leigh, were given freedom to interpret their roles and improvise as long as it did not involve moving the camera.^[5] An example of Perkins' improvisation is Norman's habit of munching on candy corn.^[5] Brachs candy corn Candy corn is a confection popular in the United States of America. ...

Throughout filming, Hitchcock created and hid various versions of the "Mother corpse" prop in Janet Leigh's dressing room closet. There were no hard feelings as Leigh took the joke well, and she wonders whether it was done to keep her on edge and thus more in character or to judge which corpse would be scarier for the audience.^[5]

During shooting Hitchcock was forced to uncharacteristically do retakes for some scenes. The final shot in the shower scene, which starts with an extreme close-up on Janet's eye and pulls up and out, proved very difficult for Leigh, since the water splashing in her face made her want to blink, and the cameraman had trouble as well since he had to manually focus while moving the camera.^[5] Retakes were also required for the opening scene, since Hitchcock felt that Leigh and Gavin were not passionate enough.^[5] Leigh had trouble saying "Not inordinately" for the real estate office scene, requiring additional retakes.^[5] Lastly, the discovery of Mother scene required complicated coordination of Mother's chair turning around, Vera Miles hitting the light bulb, and a lens flare, which proved to be the sticking point. Hitchcock forced retakes until all three elements were to his satisfaction.^[5]

According to Hitchcock, a series of shots with Arbogast going up the stairs in the Bates house before he is stabbed were directed by Hilton Green, working with storyboard artist Saul Bass's drawings only while Hitchcock was incapacitated with a "temperature." However, upon viewing the dailies of the shots, Hitchcock was forced to scrap them. He claimed they were "no good" because they didn't portray "an innocent person but a sinister man who was going up those stairs."^[11] The scene was later reshot by Hitchcock, however, a little of the cut footage made its way into the film. Rhinoviruses cause most common colds // Acute viral nasopharyngitis, or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, primarily caused by picornaviruses or coronaviruses. ... Rushes refers to the raw, unedited footage shot during the making of a motion picture. ...

Filming the murder of Arbogast proved tricky due to the overhead camera angle (to hide the film's twist). A camera track constructed on pulleys alongside the stairway together with a chair-like device had to be constructed and thoroughly tested over a period of weeks.^[5]

Shower scene

The most iconic scene in the film, arguably one of the most iconic scenes in film history, is the murder of Janet Leigh's character in the shower. Although there is little visible gore portrayed on the screen, the shower scene is often regarded as one of the most frightening sequences in cinema history. As such, it spawned numerous myths and legends. It was shot from December 17 to December 23, 1959 and between 71 and 78 angles (the exact number is unknown).^[5] The scene "runs 2 minutes and includes 50 cuts."^[12] Most of the shots are extreme close-ups except for medium shots in the shower directly before and directly after the murder. The combination of the close shots with the short duration between cuts makes the sequence feel longer, more subjective, more uncontrolled, and more violent than the images themselves were they presented alone or in a wider angle. It has been suggested that Steam shower be merged into this article or section. ... In film, a shot is a continuous strip of motion picture film, created of a series of frames, that runs for an uninterrupted period of time. ... Close Up is a half hour long New Zealand current affairs program produced by Television New Zealand. ... In film, a medium shot is a camera shot from a medium distance. ...

In order to capture the straight-on shot of the shower head, the camera had to be equipped with a long lens. By blocking the inner holes on the spout and placing the camera farther back, the water appeared to be hitting the lens but actually went around and past it.^[6]

The soundtrack of screeching violins, violas, and cellos was an original all-strings piece by composer Bernard Herrmann entitled "The Murder." Hitchcock originally wanted the sequence (and all motel scenes) to play without music, but Herrmann begged him to try it with the cue he had composed. Afterwards Hitchcock agreed that it vastly intensified the scene and he nearly doubled Herrmann's salary.^[13]^[14]^[5] The blood in the scene is in fact chocolate syrup, which shows up better and has more realistic density than stage blood on black-and-white film.^[1] The sound of the knife entering flesh was created by plunging a knife into a casaba melon.^[15]^[16] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Chocolate syrup is a type of syrup that is usually added to food to increase the chocolate flavour. ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ...

It is sometimes claimed that Janet Leigh was not in the shower the entire time and a body double was used. However, in an interview with Roger Ebert, and in the book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho, Leigh stated that she was in the scene the entire time; Hitchcock used a live model as her stand-in for only the scenes in which Bates wraps up Marion's body in a shower curtain and places her body in the trunk of her car.^[17] Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 â€“ October 3, 2004), born Jeanette Helen Morrison, was an American actress. ... Roger Joseph Ebert (born June 18, 1942) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American film critic. ...

Another popular myth is that in order for Janet Leigh's scream in the shower to sound realistic, Hitchcock used ice-cold water. This was denied by Leigh on numerous occasions.^[18]^[5] Also, all of the screams are Leigh's.^[5]

Another myth was that Leigh was only told by Hitchcock to stand in the shower, and had no idea that her character was actually going to be murdered the way it was, causing an authentic reaction. This myth also started the myth that Leigh would not take a shower without someone guarding the bathroom door for quite some time after the scene was completed. The most notorious urban legend arising from the production of Psycho began when Saul Bass, the graphic designer, who created many of the title sequences of Hitchcock's films and storyboarded some of his scenes, claimed that he had actually directed the shower scene. This claim was refuted by several people associated with the film. Leigh, who is the focus of the scene, stated, "...absolutely not! I have emphatically said this in any interview I've ever given. I've said it to his face in front of other people... I was in that shower for seven days, and, believe me, Alfred Hitchcock was right next to his camera for every one of those seventy-odd shots."^[5] Hilton Green, the assistant director and cameraman, also denies Bass' claim: "There is not a shot in that movie that I didn't roll the camera for. And I can tell you I never rolled the camera for Mr. Bass."^[5] Roger Ebert, a long-time admirer of Hitchcock's work, was also amused by the rumor, stating, "It seems unlikely that a perfectionist with an ego like Hitchcock's would let someone else direct such a scene."^[19] Image File history File links Psycho_Knife. ... Saul Bass (May 8, 1920 - April 25, 1996) was a graphic designer and Academy Award-winning filmmaker, but he is best known for his design on animated motion picture title sequences, which is thought of as the best such work ever seen. ...

It is often claimed that, despite its graphic nature, the "shower scene" never once shows a knife puncturing flesh.^[4]^[20]^[5] However, a frame-by-frame analysis shows that the knife does indeed visibly penetrate the skin by a fraction of an inch, albeit only once, and so briefly (just three frames of film, or about an eighth of one second) as to be subliminal. It has been suggested that video frame be merged into this article or section. ... Subliminal may refer to: Subliminal messages Subliminal (rapper), an Israeli rapper and producer Subliminal (record label), an electronic music label known for the Subliminal Sessions compilation series. ...

According to Donald Spoto in The Dark Side of Genius, Hitchcock's wife, Alma Reville, spotted a blooper in one of the last screenings of Psycho before its official release: After Marion was supposedly dead, one could see her blink. The "making of" featurette on the Collector's Edition DVD also mentions the fact that Alma spotted a blooper in a late screening of the film; however, according to this account, the problem was that Leigh's character appeared to take a breath. In either case, the postmortem activity was edited out and was never seen by audiences. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Alma Reville (August 14, 1899 â€“ July 6, 1982 in Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California) was an actress, assistant director and the wife of Alfred Hitchcock, whom she met while working as an assistant director on one of his first films. ... A blooper usually describes a short sequence of a film or video production which contains a mistake made by a member of the cast or crew. ...

Although Marion's eyes should be dilated after her death, the contacts necessary for this effect would have required six weeks of acclimatization in order to wear them, so Hitchcock decided to forgo them.^[5] Two alpinists Acclimatization, uh kly muh tuh ZAY shuhn. ...

Leigh herself was so affected by this scene when she saw it, that she no longer took showers unless she absolutely had to. Then she would lock all the doors and windows and would leave the bathroom and shower door open.^[5]

Film theorist Robin Wood also discusses how the shower washes "away her guilt." He comments upon the "alienation effect" of killing of the "apparent center of the film" with which spectators had identified.^[21] Robin Wood (born February 23, 1931, in London, England) is a film critic and author, acclaimed for his reviews of films from Alfred Hitchcock, Howard Hawks and Satyajit Ray, among others. ...

Censorship

According to Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho, the censors in charge of enforcing the Production Code for the MPAA wrangled with Hitchcock because some censors insisted they could see one of Janet Leigh's breasts. Hitchcock held onto the print for several days, left it untouched, and resubmitted it for approval. Astoundingly, each of the censors reversed their positions -— those who had previously seen the breast now did not, and those who had not, now did. They passed the film after the director removed one shot that showed the buttocks of Leigh's stand-in.^[5] The board was also upset by the racy opening, so Hitchcock said that if they let him keep the shower scene he would reshoot the opening with them on the set. Since they did not show up for the reshoot, the opening stayed.^[5] The Production Code (also known as the Hays Code) was a set of industry guidelines governing the production of American motion pictures. ... The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) is a non-profit trade association formed to advance the interests of movie studios. ...

Another cause of concern for the censors^[22] was that Marion was shown flushing a toilet, with its contents (torn-up paper) fully visible. In film and TV at that time a toilet was never seen, let alone heard. This tradition became so well-known that later shows like All in the Family and Sanford and Son added a laugh track every time a flushing sound was heard. All in the Family is an acclaimed American situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. ... Sanford and Son is an American sitcom that premiered on the NBC television network on January 14, 1972 and was broadcast for six seasons. ...

Also, according to the "making of" featurette on the Collector's Edition DVD, some censors objected to the use of the word "transvestite" in the film's closing scenes. This objection was withdrawn after writer Joseph Stefano took out a dictionary and proved to them that the word carried no hidden sexual context, but merely referred to "a man who likes to wear women's clothing". For a discussion of the history and current usage of the term transvestite, see transvestism. ... Joseph Stefano (5 May 1922 - 25 August 2006) was an American screenwriter. ... For other uses, see Dictionary (disambiguation). ...

Internationally, Hitchcock was forced to make minor changes to the film, mostly to the shower scene. Notably, in Britain the shot of Norman washing blood from his hands was objected to and in Singapore, though the shower scene was left untouched, the murder of Arbogast and a shot of Mother's corpse were removed.^[5]

The scene with Dr. Fred Richmond was just about forced upon Hitchcock so that the audience would have a sense of relief that everything about Norman could be neatly explained and tidied up.^{[citation needed]} However, he had the last laugh by cutting back to Norman Bates after Richmond's speech and scaring them all over again, just like the novel.

Promotion

Hitchcock did most of the promotion on his own, forbidding Leigh and Perkins from making the usual television, radio, and print interviews for fear of them revealing the plot.^[5] Even critics were not given private screenings but rather had to see the film with the general public, which, despite possibly affecting their reviews,^[5] certainly preserved the plot. Image File history File linksMetadata Psycho08. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Psycho08. ...

The film's original trailer features a jovial Hitchcock taking the viewer on a tour of the set, and almost giving away plot details before stopping himself. It is "tracked" with Bernard Herrmann's Psycho theme, but also jovial music from Hitchcock's comedy The Trouble With Harry; most of Hitchcock's dialogue is post-synchronized. The trailer was made after completion of the film, and since Janet Leigh was no longer available for filming, Hitchcock had Vera Miles don a blonde wig and scream loudly as he pulled the shower curtain back in the bathroom sequence of the preview. Since the title, "Psycho," instantly covers most of the screen, the switch went unnoticed by audiences for years. However a freeze-frame analysis clearly reveals that it is Vera Miles and not Janet Leigh in the shower during the trailer.^[5]

The most controversial move was Hitchcock's "no late admission" policy for the film, which was abnormal for the time. It was not entirely original as Clouzot had done the same in France for Les Diaboliques.^[6] Hitchcock thought that if people entered the theater late and never saw the star actress Janet Leigh, they would feel cheated.^[5] At first theater owners were up in arms claiming that they would lose business, but after the first day the owners enjoyed long lines of people waiting to see the film.^[5]

The film was so successful that it was reissued to theaters in 1965. A year later CBS purchased the television rights for $450,000. CBS planned to televise the film on September 23, 1966, but three days prior Valerie Percy, the daughter of an Illinois senatorial politician candidate, was murdered. As her parents slept mere feet away, she was stabbed a dozen times with a double-edged knife. In light of the murder, CBS agreed to postpone the screening, but as a result of the Apollo pad fire of January 27, 1967, the network washed its hands of Psycho. ^[5] Following another successful theatrical reissue in 1969, the film finally made its way to television in one of Universal's syndicated programming packages for local stations in 1970. Psycho was aired for twenty years in this format, then leased to cable for two years before returning to syndication as part of the "List of a Lifetime" package.^[5]
This article is about the broadcast network. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Charles Harting Percy (born September 27, 1919) was chairman of the Bell & Howell Corporation from 1949 to 1964 and Republican United States Senator for Illinois from 1967 to 1985. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ...

Cast

Norman Bates's mother was voiced by Paul Jasmin, Virginia Gregg, and Jeanette Nolan, who also provided some screams for Lila's discovery of mother's corpse. The three voices were thoroughly mixed, except for the last speech, which is all Gregg's.^[5] Image File history File linksMetadata Psycho04. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Psycho04. ... Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 â€“ October 3, 2004), born Jeanette Helen Morrison, was an American actress. ... F.B.I. and FBI redirect here. ... Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 â€“ September 12, 1992) was an Academy Award-nominated American stage and screen actor best known for his role as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho and its three sequels, Psycho II, Psycho III and Psycho IV: The Beginning. ... The word typecasting (past participle typecast) can mean more than one thing: typecasting (programming) typecasting (acting) in acting This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Martin Henry Balsam (November 4, 1919 â€“ February 13, 1996) was an American actor. ... For other persons named John Gavin, see John Gavin (disambiguation). ... Vera Miles (born August 23, 1929 or 1930[1]) is an American actress. ... Simon Oakland (28 August 1915 - 29 August 1983) began his career as a violinist (a vocation he would enjoy his entire career as an actor), and began acting in the late 1940s. ... McIntire in The Asphalt Jungle Craggly-faced film actor John McIntire (June 27, 1907 - January 30, 1991) was born in Spokane, Washington and raised in Montana, growing up with ranchers and cowboys which would eventually inspire his performances in dozens of westerns later in life. ... Frank Albertson (February 2, 1909 - February 29, 1964) was an American character actor. ... Patricia Hitchcock at age 12 with her famous father. ... Chief Tahachee (born 4 March 1904 in James Mill, Arkansas - died June 9, 1978 in San Gabriel, California) was an American-born Old Settler Cherokee Indian who was a stage and film actor, expert horseman, circus and wild west performer, contortionist and firewalker. ... For other people with the same name, see Ted Knight (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances. ... The Stetson Cavalry Hat For the university, see Stetson University. ... Virginia Gregg Burket (Born: March 6, 1916 in Harrisburg, Illinois, USA-Died: September 15, 1986 in Encino, California, USA from lung cancer) was an American actress. ... Jeanette Nolan (December 30, 1911 â€“ June 5, 1998) was an American actress, born in Los Angeles, California. ...

Reception

Initial reviews of the film were thoroughly mixed.^[5] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times warned people that Hitchcock "comes at you with a club in this frankly intended bloodcurdler" and complained that the "denouement falls quite flat for us."^[23] Other negative reviews stated, "a blot on an honorable career," "plainly a gimmick movie," and "merely one of those television shows padded out to two hours."^[5]^[24] Positive reviews stated, "Anthony Perkins' performance is the best of his career... Janet Leigh has never been better," "played out beautifully," and "first American movie since Touch of Evil to stand in the same creative rank as the great European films."^[5]^[25] A good example of the mix is the New York Herald Tribune's review, which stated, "...rather difficult to be amused at the forms insanity may take... keeps your attention like a snake-charmer."^[5] Bosley Crowther (July 13, 1905 â€“ March 7, 1981) was an American film critic. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Touch of Evil (1958) is considered one of the last examples of film noir in the genres classic era (from the early 1940s until the late 1950s). ...

The public loved the film, with lines stretching outside of theaters as people had to wait for the next showing. It broke box-office records in Asia, Japan, China, France, Britain, South America, the United States and Canada, and was a moderate success in Australia for a brief period.^[5] It is one of the largest-grossing black-and-white films and helped make Hitchcock a multimillionaire and the third-largest shareholder in Universal.^[5]

In Britain it shattered attendance records at the London Plaza Cinema, but nearly all British critics panned it, questioning Hitchcock's taste and judgment. Reasons cited for this were the critics' late screenings, forcing them to rush their reviews, their dislike of the gimmicky promotion, and Hitchcock's expatriate status.^[5] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Perhaps thanks to the public's response and Hitchcock's efforts at promoting it, the critics did a re-review, and the film was praised. Time magazine switched their opinion from "Hitchcock bears down too heavily in this one" to "superlative" and "masterly," and Bosley Crowther put it on his Top Ten list of 1960.^[5] Bosley Crowther (July 13, 1905 â€“ March 7, 1981) was an American film critic. ...

Psycho was criticized for making other filmmakers more willing to show gore, and indeed a scant three years later Blood Feast, considered to be the first "gore film," was released.^[5] Psycho's success financially and critically had others trying to ride its coattails. Inspired by Psycho, Hammer Film Productions launched a series of mystery thrillers, most shot in black and white and all with twist endings, starting with Taste of Fear (1961), followed by Maniac and Paranoiac (1963), Nightmare and Hysteria (1964), Fanatic and The Nanny (1965), and Crescendo (1969).^[26] Other films inspired by the success of Psycho include William Castle's Homicidal, followed by a whole slew of more than thirteen other splatter films.^[5] Blood Feast, a 1963 film directed by Herschell Gordon Lewis, is an American exploitation film often considered the first gore or splatter film. ... Poster art for Blood Feast (1963) A splatter film or gore film is a type of horror film that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and graphic violence. ... New company logo as introduced in May 2007 A poster for Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966). ... Taste of Fear (US title: Scream of Fear) is a 1961 British thriller directed by Seth Holt for Hammer Films. ... Maniac is a 1963 Hammer Film Productions release filmed in black and white in the Camargue district of southern France. ... Paranoiac is a 1963 suspense film from Hammer Films starring Oliver Reed, Alexander Davion, and Janette Scott. ... Movie poster for Nightmare Nightmare is a 1964 horror/suspense film from Hammer Films. ... Tallulah Bankhead as the Fanatic Fanatic (US: Die! Die! My Darling!) is a 1965 British thriller directed by Silvio Narizzano for Hammer Films. ... The Nanny was a 1965 suspense film starring Bette Davis as a devoted nanny caring for a ten-year-old boy recently discharged from a mental hospital. ... Homicidal is a 1961 thriller film produced and directed by the self-proclaimed King of Showmanship, William Castle. ... Poster art for Blood Feast (1963) A splatter film or gore film is a type of horror film that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and graphic violence. ...

Psycho was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress (Janet Leigh), Direction (Alfred Hitchcock), Black and White Cinematography (John Russell), and Black and White Art Direction-set decoration (Joseph Hurley, Robert Clatworthy; George Milo). It did not win any Academy awards, though Leigh did win a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress, and Perkins tied for best actor in an award from the International Board of Motion Picture Reviewers. Stefano was nominated for two writing awards by Edgar Allan Poe Awards and the Writers Guild of America; he won the former only. Hitchcock was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures by the Directors Guild of America. The Academy Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role is one of the awards given to actresses working in the motion picture industry by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; nominations are made by Academy members who are actors and actresses. ... The Academy Award for Directing is one of the awards given to directors working in the motion picture industry by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. ... Charles Rosher the first recipient in 1928 The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is awarded each year to a cinematographer for his work in one particular motion picture. ... The Academy Awards are the oldest awards ceremony for achievements in motion pictures. ... The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and television programs, given out each year during a formal dinner. ... The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association in 1944 for a performance in a motion picture released in the previous year. ... The Edgar Allan Poe Awards (popularly called the Edgars), named after Edgar Allan Poe, are presented every year by the Mystery Writers of America. ... The Writers Guild of America (WGA) is the collective bargaining representative, or labor union, for writers in the motion picture and television industries in the United States. ... Director Guild of America building on Sunset Boulevard. ...

In 1992, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry. Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ... The National Film Registry is the registry of films selected by the United States National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of Congress. ...

"No other murder mystery in the history of the movies has inspired such merchandising."^[5] Any number of items emblazoned with Bates Motel, stills, lobby cards, and highly valuable posters are available for purchase. In 1992, it was adapted scene-for-scene into three comic books by the Innovative Corporation.^[5]

It is represented in the following of the American Film Institute's lists: This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

It appeared on a number of lists by websites, TV channels, magazines, and books including the following: The first of the AFI 100 Years. ... The 100 most heart-pounding American films as described by the AFI on the evening of June 12, 2001. ... // AFIs 100 Years. ... Part of the AFI 100 Years. ... Part of the AFI 100 Years. ...

The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... This article is about the U.S. cable network. ... Premiere is an American and New York City-based film magazine published by Hachette Filipacchi MÃ©dias, beginning publication in 1987. ... Entertainment Weekly (sometimes abbreviated EW) is a magazine published by Time Inc. ...

Innovations in film

In his novel, Bloch used an uncommon plot structure: he repeatedly introduced sympathetic protagonists, then killed them off. This played on his reader's expectations of traditional plots, leaving them uncertain and anxious. Hitchcock recognized the effect this approach could have on audiences, and utilized it in his adaptation, killing off Janet Leigh's character at the end of the first act. This daring plot device, coupled with the fact that the character was played by the biggest box-office name in the film, was a shocking and disorienting turn of events in 1960. A protagonist is the main figure of a piece of literature or drama and has the main part or role. ... Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 â€“ October 3, 2004), born Jeanette Helen Morrison, was an American actress. ...

The most original and influential moment in the film is the "shower scene," which became iconic in pop culture because it is often regarded as one of the most terrifying scenes ever filmed. Part of its effectiveness was due to the use of startling editing techniques borrowed from the Soviet montage filmmakers,^{[citation needed]} and to Bernard Herrmann's intense and imaginative musical score. Soviet montage theory is an approach to understanding and creating cinema that relies heavily upon editing (montage is French for putting together). Although Soviet filmmakers in the 1920s disagreed about how exactly to view montage, Sergei Eisenstein marked a note of accord in A Dialectic Approach to Film Form when... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Psycho is a prime example of the type of film that appeared in the 1960s after the erosion of the Production Code. It was unprecedented in its depiction of sexuality and violence, right from the opening scene where Sam and Marion are shown as lovers sharing the same bed. In the Production Code standards of that time, unmarried couples shown in the same bed would be taboo. In addition, the censors were upset by the shot of a flushing toilet; at that time, the idea of seeing a toilet onscreen - let alone being flushed - was taboo in American movies and TV shows. According to Entertainment Weekly, "The Production Code censors... had no objection to the bloodletting, the oedipal murder theme, or even the shower scene—but did ask that Hitchcock remove the word transvestite from the film, He didn't."^[1] At one point, Hitchcock actually considered releasing the film without censorial approval. Its box office success helped propel Hollywood toward more graphic displays of previously-censored themes. The Production Code (also known as the Hays Code) was a set of industry guidelines governing the production of American motion pictures. ... Entertainment Weekly (sometimes abbreviated EW) is a magazine published by Time Inc. ... For other uses, see Oedipus (disambiguation). ... Transvestism is literally the practice of cross-dressing, wearing the clothing of the opposite sex, and transvestite literally refers to a person who cross-dresses. ... The Production Code (also known as the Hays Code) was a set of guidelines governing the production of motion pictures. ...

Psycho is widely considered to be the first film in the slasher film genre.^[30]^[31] The original 1974 Black Christmas is considered the first authentic slasher. ...

Interpretation

The film often features shadows, mirrors, windows, and, less so, water. The shadows are present from the very first scene where the blinds make bars on Marion and Sam as they peer out the window. The stuffed birds' shadows loom over Marion as she eats, and Mother is seen in only shadows until the very end. More subtly, backlighting turns the rakes in the hardware store into talons above Lila's head.^[5]

Mirrors reflect: Marion as she packs, her eyes as she checks the rear-view mirror, her face in the policeman's sunglasses, her hands as she counts out the money in the car dealership's bathroom. A motel window serves as a mirror by reflecting Marion and Norman together. Hitchcock shoots through Marion's windshield and the telephone booth, when Arbogast phones Sam and Lila. The heavy downpour can be seen as foreshadowing of the shower, and it letting up can be seen as a symbol of Marion making up her mind to return to Phoenix.^[5]

There are coded references to birds. Marion's last name is Crane, she is from Phoenix, and she drives a Ford Falcon. Norman's hobby is stuffing birds, and he comments that Marion eats like a bird.^[5]

Psychoanalytic criticism

Psycho has been called "the first psychoanalytical thriller."^[32] The sex and violence in the film were unlike anything previously seen in a mainstream film. "[T]he shower scene is both feared and desired," wrote French film critic Serge Kaganski, "Hitchcock may be scaring his female viewers out of his wits, but he is turning his male viewers into potential rapists, since Janet Leigh has been turning men on ever since she appeared in her brassiere in the first scene."^[32]

In his documentary The Pervert's Guide to Cinema, Slavoj Žižek remarks that Norman Bates' mansion has three floors, parallelling the three levels that psychoanalysis attributes to the human mind: the first floor would be the superego, where Bates' mother lives on; the ground floor is then Bates' ego, where he functions as an apparently normal human being; and finally, the basement would be Bates' id. Žižek interprets Bates' moving his mother's corpse from first floor to basement as a symbol for the deep connection that psychoanalysis posits between superego and id.^[33] The Perverts Guide to Cinema (2006) is a two-hour documentary by Sophie Fiennes, scripted and presented by Slavoj Å½iÅ¾ek. ... Slavoj Å½iÅ¾ek (pronounced: ) (born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian sociologist, postmodern philosopher, and cultural critic. ... For other uses of ego and id, see EGO and ID. The ego is not sharply separated from the id; its lower portion merges into it. ... pychoanalysis today comprises several interlocking theories concerning the functioning of the mind; the term also refers to a specific type of treatment where the analyst, upon hearing the thoughts of the analysand (analytic patient), formulates and then explains the unconscious bases for the patients symptoms and character problems. ...

Sequels and remakes

The film spawned three sequels: Psycho II (1983), Psycho III (1986), and the prequel Psycho IV: The Beginning (1990), the last being a TV movie written by the original screenplay author Joseph Stefano. Anthony Perkins returned to his role of Norman Bates in all three sequels, also directing part III, and the voice of Norman Bates' mother was maintained by noted radio actress Virginia Gregg with the exception of Psycho IV where the role was played by Olivia Hussey. Vera Miles also reprised her role of Lila Crane in Psycho II. The sequels were generally considered inferior to the original.^[34]^[35] Hitchcock did not participate in the making of any of the Psycho sequels (he died before any of them were made). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3510x2340, 559 KB) Bates Motel Set at Universal Studio Hollywood CA. Source: Taken by User:Ipsingh I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3510x2340, 559 KB) Bates Motel Set at Universal Studio Hollywood CA. Source: Taken by User:Ipsingh I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Psycho II is a 1983 sequel to Alfred Hitchcocks 1960 classic Psycho. ... Psycho III is a 1986 sequel to Alfred Hitchcocks 1960 classic Psycho. ... â€œTelefilmâ€ redirects here. ... Joseph Stefano (5 May 1922 - 25 August 2006) was an American screenwriter. ... Virginia Gregg Burket (Born: March 6, 1916 in Harrisburg, Illinois, USA-Died: September 15, 1986 in Encino, California, USA from lung cancer) was an American actress. ... Olivia Hussey (born Olivia Osuna on April 17, 1951 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Anglo-Argentine actress perhaps best known for her role as Juliet in Franco Zeffirellis 1968 film version of Romeo and Juliet. ...

A spinoff of the Psycho series is Bates Motel (1987) a failed TV pilot turned TV movie. In it, the Bates Motel is bequeathed to Alex West (played by Bud Cort), a fellow inmate of the institution Norman Bates has been committed to. Because of Norman's death, it is not considered canon to the rest of the Psycho series. Anthony Perkins declined to appear in the pilot, so Norman's cameo appearance was played by Kurt Paul, who was Perkins' stunt double on Psycho II and III. A spin-off (or spinoff) is a new organization or entity formed by a split from a larger one such as a new company formed from a university research group. ... This article is about the novel and the movies based on it. ... A television pilot is a test episode of an intended television series. ... Harold and Maude, 1971 Bud Cort (born Walter Edward Cox on March 29, 1948) is an American film and stage actor, writer, and director. ... Kurt Paul as Norman Blates in Sledge Hammer! Kurt Paul is an American actor and stuntman. ...

In 1998, Gus Van Sant directed a remake of Psycho. The film is in color and features a different cast, but aside from this it is a virtually shot-for-shot remake copying Hitchcock's camera movements and editing. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Psycho is a 1998 film remake of the Alfred Hitchcock 1960 version produced and directed by Gus Van Sant for Universal Pictures. ...

A Conversation with Norman (2005), directed by Jonathan M. Parisen, was a film inspired by Psycho. It premiered in New York City just three days short of the 45th anniversary of the premiere of the original film. It starred Christopher Englese as Norman, Grace Orosz as Marion and Tom Loggins as Sam. A Conversation With Norman produced and directed by Jonathan M. Parisen is a Horror film homage to Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho. ... Jonathan M. Parisen (born 26 December 1971) New York City filmmaker who wrote, produced and directed the first 9/11 dramatization entitled Stairwell: Trapped in the World Trade Center. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

Partial bibliography

The following publications are among those devoted to the production of Psycho:

James Naremore, born James Otis Naremore, is a film and comparative literature scholar based out of Indiana University. ... Indiana University, founded in 1820, is a nine-campus university system in the state of Indiana. ... An early Avon Books edition from the 1940s of the Simon Templar mystery short story collection, The Saint Intervenes. ... The home video business rents and sells videocassettes and DVDs to the public. ... Fumetti (or photo novels) are a genre of American comics illustrated with photographs rather than drawings. ... Cinefantastique is a horror, fantasy, and science fiction film magazine started in 1970 by publisher/editor Frederick S. Clarke. ... Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 â€“ October 3, 2004), born Jeanette Helen Morrison, was an American actress. ... Raymond Durgnat (September 1, 1932 - May 19, 2002) was a distinctive and highly influential British film critic, who was born in London of Swiss parents. ... The British Film Institute (BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ...

References in popular culture

Psycho is referenced countless times in many aspects of popular culture. Many films, television shows and musical works homage the film, some specifically the "Shower Scene," complete with shrieking violins. Popular culture, sometimes abbreviated to pop culture, consists of widespread cultural elements in any given society. ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Cape Feare is the second episode of The Simpsons fifth season, which premiered on the Fox network on October 7, 1993 after being held over from season four. ... See TV (disambiguation) for other uses and Television (band) for the rock band European networks National In much of Europe television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently. ... Simpsons redirects here. ... In the television series The Simpsons, the Springfield Elementary School is the school which Bart Simpson, Lisa Simpson and their fellow students attend. ... Brother from the Same Planet is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons from the fourth season. ... Cape Feare is the second episode of The Simpsons fifth season, which premiered on the Fox network on October 7, 1993 after being held over from season four. ... Robert Underdunk Terwilliger, better known by his stage name Sideshow Bob, is a recurring fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons, who is voiced by Kelsey Grammer, and first appeared briefly in the episode The Telltale Head, although his first major appearance was in Krusty Gets Busted. Sideshow... For the comic book series of the same name, see Bart Simpson comics. ... Im Goin to Praiseland is the nineteenth episode of the twelfth season of The Simpsons. ... Nedward Ned Flanders is a fictional character on The Simpsons, voiced by Harry Shearer. ... Maude Flanders was a fictional character in The Simpsons. ... Itchy & Scratchy & Marge is the ninth episode of The Simpsons second season and first aired on December 20, 1990. ... Marge in Chains is the 21st episode of The Simpsons fourth season. ... The One With All the Thanksgivings is the 8th episode of season 5 of the sitcom Friends. ... For friendship, see friendship. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up chandler in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Brak Show is one of Cartoon Networks 15-minute animated series that airs during Adult Swim. ... Oklahoma! was the first musical play written by composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist/librettist Oscar Hammerstein II (see Rodgers and Hammerstein). ... The Smiths, from left to right: Roger, Francine, Stan, Klaus, Hayley, and Steve. ... Just take a large gob and apply it to the affected area. ... For other persons named Stan Smith, see Stan Smith (disambiguation). ... This article is about the novel and the movies based on it. ... Histeria! was an animated television series of the late-1990s, created by Tom Ruegger (who also created Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, and Pinky and the Brain) at Warner Bros. ... Alfred Hawthorn Hill (21 January 1924 â€“ 19 April 1992), better known as Benny Hill, was a prolific English comic, actor and singer, best known for his television programme, The Benny Hill Show. ... It has been suggested that Sue Upton (actress) be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the television series. ... Rockos Modern Life is an American animated television series whose four seasons aired from 1993 to 1996. ... Rocko, a wallaby, is the eponymous character of the cartoon Rockos Modern Life and the comic book series of the same name. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Creature from the Black Lagoon is a 1954 black-and-white science fiction film directed by Jack Arnold, and starring Richard Carlson, Julia Adams, Richard Denning, Antonio Moreno, and Whit Bissell. ... For other uses, see charm. ... The term chick flick is slang for a movie that appeals mainly to women or young girls, either by design or popular consensus. ... Piper Halliwell is a fictional character in the American television program Charmed, portrayed by actress Holly Marie Combs. ... This article refers to the American television show by this title. ... That 70s Show logo That 70s Show is a Fox Network television sitcom centered around the lives of a group of teenagers living in the fictional suburb of Point Place, near Green Bay, Wisconsin, during the late 1970s. ... The Birds is a 1963 horror film by Alfred Hitchcock, loosely based on the short story The Birds by Daphne du Maurier. ... For the 1998 remake, see Rear Window (1998 film). ... For other uses of the word, see Vertigo. ... North by Northwest (1959) is a comic thriller by Alfred Hitchcock produced at MGM. It was premiered in the San Sebastian International Film Festival. ... Thats So Raven is an American Emmy Award-nominated [1] sitcom television series broadcast on the Disney Channel. ... Brian De Palma (born Brian Russell DePalma on September 11, 1940 in Newark, New Jersey) is a controversial American film director, best known for directing the Al Pacino classic Scarface, and the Academy Award-winning The Untouchables. ... Mary Elizabeth Sissy Spacek (born December 25, 1949) is an Academy Award-winning American actress and singer. ... Carrie is a 1976 American horror film directed by Brian De Palma based on the novel by Stephen King, with a screenplay written by Lawrence D. Cohen. ... John Howard Carpenter (born January 16, 1948) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, film score composer and occasional actor. ... Halloween (film) redirects here. ... Donald Pleasence, OBE (October 5, 1919 â€“ February 2, 1995) was an English stage and film actor. ... Scream is a 1996 horror film, directed by Wes Craven and written by Kevin Williamson. ... Bryan Ray Skeet Ulrich (born January 20, 1970) is an American actor who starred in the CBS drama Jericho. ... Finding Nemo is an Academy Award-winning computer-animated film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released to theaters by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution. ... High Anxiety is a 1977 comedy film directed by and starring Mel Brooks. ... Mel Brooks (born June 28, 1926) is an Academy Award-winning American director, writer, comedian, actor and producer best known as a creator of broad film farces and comedy parodies. ... Waynes World is a 1992 comedy film starring Mike Myers as Wayne Campbell and Dana Carvey as Garth Algar, hosts of a cable access television show (called Waynes World) from Aurora, Illinois. ... Mrs. ... For other persons named Robin Williams, see Robin Williams (disambiguation). ... This article is about the recording artist. ... Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 â€“ September 12, 1992) was an Academy Award-nominated American stage and screen actor best known for his role as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho and its three sequels, Psycho II, Psycho III and Psycho IV: The Beginning. ... DANGERDOOM is a musical collaboration between DJ and producer Danger Mouse and rapper MF DOOM. Their first album, The Mouse and the Mask, was released in 2005, and followed by the Occult Hymn EP, available for free download from the Adult Swim website. ... Trevor Smith (born on May 20, 1972), better known as Busta Rhymes, is an American hip hop musician and actor. ... Murderdolls are a sirebirock band formed in 2002. ... Beastie Boys is a hip hop musical group from New York City, consisting of Michael Mike D Diamond, Adam MCA Yauch, Adam Ad-Rock Horovitz and the official DJ for the group Michael Mix Master Mike Schwartz. ... Egg Man Track #04 on Pauls Boutique. ... Pauls Boutique is an album by American rap group the Beastie Boys, released on July 25, 1989 (see 1989 in music). ... For other uses, see Brand New (disambiguation). ... Frankenstein Drag Queens From Planet 13 are a Horror Punk band from North Carolina. ... Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), better known as Eminem or Slim Shady, is a Grammy and Academy Award-winning American rapper, record producer and actor from the Detroit, Michigan area. ... High Anxiety is a 1977 comedy film directed by and starring Mel Brooks. ... Phantom of the Paradise is a 1974 muscial, horror-thriller film written and directed by Brian De Palma. ... The Ren and Stimpy Show is an American animated television series created by Canadian animator John Kricfalusi. ... Looney Tunes: Back in Action was a 2003 Warner Bros. ... Steven Spielberg Presents Tiny Toon Adventures (also known as Tiny Toon Adventures or Tiny Toons) is an American animated television series created and produced as a collaborative effort between Steven Spielberg and Warner Bros. ... The Colonels Bequest is a computer game published by Sierra On-Line in 1989. ... National Lampoons Vacation is a 1983 comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and starring Chevy Chase, Beverly DAngelo, Anthony Michael Hall, Dana Barron, Randy Quaid and Imogene Coca. ... Not to be confused with the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. ... That 70s Show is an American television sitcom that centers on the lives of a group of teenagers living in Point Place, Wisconsin, a fictional suburb of either Kenosha or Green Bay[1] from May 17, 1976 to December 31, 1979. ... Dexters Laboratory (Dexters Lab for short) is an American animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky. ... Fosters Home for Imaginary Friends (sometimes called Fosters for short, and abbreviated as FHIF/FHFIF) is an Emmy Award-Winning American animated television series created and produced at Cartoon Network Studios by animator Craig McCracken, who also created The Powerpuff Girls. ... Pete laughing at Goofy. ... ChalkZone was an American animated television series, produced by Frederator Studios for the Nickelodeon cable channel. ... This article is about the character. ... This article is about the television series. ... This article is about the comic strip. ... Boy Meets World is an American television sitcom that chronicled the events and everyday life lessons of Cory Matthews, who grows up from a pre-pubescent boy to a married man. ... High Anxiety is a 1977 comedy film directed by and starring Mel Brooks. ... Sayonara ZetsubÅ Sensei lit. ... Thats So Raven is an American Emmy Award-nominated [1] sitcom television series broadcast on the Disney Channel. ...

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Entertainment Weekly. The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time. New York: Entertainment Weekly Books, 1999.
^ Psycho is the top listed Hitchcock film in The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time by Entertainment Weekly, among the highest rated Hitchcock films on the Internet Movie Database (second only to Rear Window), and the highest Hitchcock film on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies.
^ Psycho reviews. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ ^a ^b Roger Ebert (1998-12-06). Psycho (1960). Great Movies. rogerebert.com. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq Leigh, Janet. Psycho : Behind the Scenes of the Classic Thriller. Harmony Press, 1995. ISBN 051770112X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Rebello, Stephen. Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho. Dembner Books, 1990. ISBN 0-942637-14-3
^ See WikiMapia {Coordinates: 34°8'12"N 118°20'48"W}.
^ Rothenberg, Robert S. (July 2001). Getting Hitched - Alfred Hitchcock films released on digital video disks.. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education).. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ CBS/AP (May 20, 2004). "'Psycho' Voted Best Movie Death: British Film Magazine Rates It Ahead Of 'Strangelove,' 'King Kong'".. CBS News. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Hall, John W. (September 1995). Touch of Psycho? Hitchcock, Welles.. Bright Lights Film Journal. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Truffaut, François, Helen Scott [1967] (1985-10-02). Hitchcock, Revised, New York: Simon & Schuster, 273 ISBN 0-671-60429-5
^ Dancyger, Ken (2002). The Technique of Film and Video Editing: History, Theory, and Practice. New York: Focal Press. ISBN 0-2408-0420-1.
^ Aspinall, David (September 2003). Bernard Herrmann: Psycho: National Philharmonic, conducted by composer.. The Film Music Pantheon #3. Audiophilia.. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Kiderra, Inga (Winter 2000). Scoring Points. USC Trojan Family Magazine.. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Lahmann-Haupt, Christopher. "Books of The Times; 'Casaba,' He Intoned, and a Nightmare Was Born", The New York Times, May 7, 1990. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
^ "Psycho stabbing 'best film death", BBC News, 20 May, 2004. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
^ Ebert, Roger (October 5, 2004). "Janet Leigh dies at age 77". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Leitch, Luke (October 4, 2004). "Janet Leigh, star of Psycho shower scene, dies at 77". Evening Standard. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Ebert, Roger (December 15, 1996). "Movie Answer Man". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Aljean Harmetz. "Janet Leigh, 77, Shower Taker of 'Psycho,' Is Dead", The New York Times, 2004-10-05. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
^ Wood, Robin (1989). Hitchcock's Films Revisited. London: Faber and Faber, 146. ISBN 0571162266.
^ Ella Taylor. "Hit the showers: Gus Van Sant's 'Psycho' goes right down the drain", Seattle Weekly, 1998-12-09. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
^ Review of Psycho, June 17, 1960, as reprinted in Nichols, Peter M. (ed.) [1999] (2004-02-21). The New York Times Guide to the best 1,000 movies ever made, Updated and Revised, New York: St. Martins' Griffin, 788. ISBN 0-312-32611-4. [1]
^ These are from (in order): New York Times, Newsweek, and Esquire
^ These are from (in order): New York Daily News, New York Daily Mirror, and Village Voice
^ Hardy, Phil (1986). Encyclopedia of Horror Movies. London: Octopus Books, 137. ISBN 0-7064-2771-8.
^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills: Psycho Tops AFI's List of the 100 Most Thrilling American Films. American Film Institute (2001-06-13). Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
^ 100 Scariest Movie Moments. Bravo. Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
^ The 25 Most Shocking Moments in Movie History. Premiere Magazine. Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
^ Alfred Hitchcock: Our Top 10. CNN (1999-08-13). Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
^ Corliss, Richard (1998-12-14). Psycho Therapy: Gus Van Sant works out his Hitchcock obsession with a reverent remake. TIME. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
^ ^a ^b Kaganski, Serge. Alfred Hitchcock. Paris: Hazan, 1997.
^ Sophie Fiennes (director), Slavoj Žižek (writer/narrator). (2006). The Pervert's Guide to Cinema [documentary]. Amoeba Film.
^ Ebert, Roger Psycho III. Roger Ebert' Movie Home Companion. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1991
^ Psycho III. Variety (Jan 1, 1986). Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
^ Richmond, Ray; Antonia Coffman (1997). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to our Favorite Family. Harper Collins Publishers, p. 121. ISBN 0-00-638898-1.
^ "The One With All the Thanksgivings", Friends, Season 5 DVD audio commentary
^ Dicks, Tim. Psycho (1960). filmsite.org. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.
^ "Itchy and Scratchy and Marge", Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). Itchy and Scratchy and Marge. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.

Entertainment Weekly (sometimes abbreviated EW) is a magazine published by Time Inc. ... Entertainment Weekly (sometimes abbreviated EW) is a magazine published by Time Inc. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... For the 1998 remake, see Rear Window (1998 film). ... The first of the AFI 100 Years. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // WikiMapia is an online map and satellite imaging resource that combines Google Maps with a wiki system, allowing users to add information (in the form of a note) to any location on Earth. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... CBS News logo, used from Sept. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... FranÃ§ois Roland Truffaut (French IPA: ) (February 6, 1932 â€“ October 21, 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking, and remains an icon of the French film industry. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Seattle Weekly is the third most popular newspaper in Seattle, Washington, United States, with a circulation of over 100,000. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the U.S. cable network. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Itchy & Scratchy & Marge is the ninth episode of The Simpsons second season. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Categories: English-language films | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since October 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since September 2007 | 1960 films | 1960s horror films | American films | Black and white films | Films based on horror books | Films based on thriller books | Films directed by Alfred Hitchcock | Paramount films | Psycho films | Psychological thriller films | Slasher films | Universal Pictures films | Edgar Award winning works | United States National Film Registry | Kent, Ohio Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... All Movie Guide is a commercial database of information about movie stars, movies and television shows. ... Robert Albert Bloch (April 5, 1917, Chicago-September 23, 1994, Los Angeles) was a prolific American writer. ... Psycho is a 1959 pulp thriller by Robert Bloch. ... Psycho II is a 1982 novel that Robert Bloch wrote as a sequel to his 1959 novel Psycho. ... Psycho House (sometimes refered to as Psycho House: Psycho III) is a 1990 novel that Robert Bloch wrote as a sequel to his 1959 novel Psycho and 1982 novel Psycho II. The novel is not related to the 1986 film Psycho III, which follows a different story continuity from the... Psycho II is a 1983 sequel to Alfred Hitchcocks 1960 classic Psycho. ... Psycho III is a 1986 sequel to Alfred Hitchcocks 1960 classic Psycho. ... Psycho is a 1998 film remake of the Alfred Hitchcock 1960 version produced and directed by Gus Van Sant for Universal Pictures. ... This article is about the novel and the movies based on it. ... Robert Blochs Psychos is a 1997 horror anthology that was being edited by Robert Bloch until his death in 1994. ... Norman Bates is a fictional character created by writer Robert Bloch as the central character in his novel Psycho. ... Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE (August 13, 1899 â€“ April 29, 1980) was an iconic and highly influential British-born film director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. ... In 1922 Alfred Hitchcock obtained his first shot at directing for Gainsborough Pictures with the film Number 13 (or Mrs. ... The Pleasure Garden is a 1925 film, and the debut feature of Alfred Hitchcock. ... The Mountain Eagle was Alfred Hitchcocks second silent film as director, released in 1926, following The Pleasure Garden. ... The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog often just called The Lodger was a 1927 silent film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... Downhill is a 1927 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... Easy Virtue is a 1928 silent film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... The Ring is a 1927 English, silent, black and white film directed and written by Alfred Hitchcock. ... The Farmerâ€™s Wife is a silent movie, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and released in 1928. ... Champagne is a 1928 silent film by film director Alfred Hitchcock, based on an original story by English writer and critic Walter C. Mycroft. ... The Manxman is a 1929 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... Blackmail (1929) was directed by Alfred Hitchcock and stars Anny Ondra, John Longden, and Cyril Ritchard, and based on the play Blackmail by Charles Bennett. ... Juno and the Paycock is a 1930 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... Elstree Calling is a 1930 film directed by Andre Charlot, Jack Hulbert, Paul Murray, and Alfred Hitchcock as a homage to vaudeville made to look like an early TV special. ... The Skin Game is a 1931 film by Alfred Hitchcock, based on a play by John Galsworthy. ... Mary is a 1931 Alfred Hitchcock film based on Clemence Danes novel & Herbert Juttkes book. ... Number Seventeen is a 1932 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock based on a stage play by J. Jefferson Fargeon. ... Rich and Strange is a 1932 film direced by Alfred Hitchcock during his time in the British film industry. ... Waltzes from Vienna is a 1933 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... The Man Who Knew Too Much is a 1934 suspense film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... The 39 Steps is a 1935 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, based on the adventure novel The Thirty-nine Steps by John Buchan. ... For other uses, see Secret agent (disambiguation). ... Sabotage is a 1936 British film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, which tells the story of Carl Verloc (played by Oscar Homolka), a terrorist from an unnamed European country, who conducts a series of attacks in London. ... Young and Innocent (U.S. title: The Girl Was Young) is a British film (1937) directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Nova Pilbeam, Derrick De Marney and John Longden. ... The Lady Vanishes is a 1938 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... Jamaica Inn is a film made by Alfred Hitchcock adapted from Daphne du Mauriers novel of the same name, in 1939, the first of three of du Mauriers works that Hitchcock adapted. ... Rebecca is an Academy Awardâ€“winning 1940 psychological thriller directed by Alfred Hitchcock as his first American project. ... Foreign Correspondent is a 1940 film which tells the story of an American reporter who becomes involved in espionage in England during the onset of World War II. It stars Joel McCrea, George Sanders, Laraine Day, Herbert Marshall, Albert Bassermann and Robert Benchley. ... For other uses see Mr. ... Suspicion (1941) is a film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Cary Grant and Joan Fontaine as a married couple. ... Saboteur is a 1942 Universal film directed by Alfred Hitchcock with a screenplay written by Peter Viertel and Joan Harrison. ... For other uses, see Shadow of a Doubt (disambiguation). ... Lifeboat is a 1944 World War II war film, directed by Alfred Hitchcock from a story written by John Steinbeck. ... Aventure Malgache is a 1944 French language propaganda short film made by Alfred Hitchcock for the British Ministry of Information. ... Bon Voyage is a 1944 French language propaganda short film made by Alfred Hitchcock for the British Ministry of Information. ... Spellbound is a 1945 psychological thriller and mystery film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... Notorious is a 1946 thriller directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman as two people whose lives become intimately entangled during an espionage operation. ... The Paradine Case was a 1947 courtroom drama movie, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, produced by David O. Selznick. ... Rope (1948) is an Alfred Hitchcock classic film notable for its single location covered in what appeared to be just a few continuous shots. ... Under Capricorn is a 1949 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock based on a novel by Helen Simpson. ... Stage Fright DVD cover Stage Fright is a 1950 Warner Bros. ... Strangers on a Train is a film released in 1951 by Warner Bros. ... I Confess is a 1953 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Montgomery Clift as Fr. ... Dial M for Murder is a 1954 Warner Brothers film directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Grace Kelly and Ray Milland as a married couple. ... For the 1998 remake, see Rear Window (1998 film). ... To Catch a Thief is a 1955 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Grace Kelly, Jessie Royce Landis and John Williams. ... The Trouble with Harry is an American black comedy film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, which was released on October 3, 1955 in the United States. ... The Man Who Knew Too Much is a 1956 suspense film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring James Stewart and Doris Day. ... The Wrong Man is a 1956 film by Alfred Hitchcock which stars Henry Fonda and Vera Miles. ... For other uses of the word, see Vertigo. ... North by Northwest (1959) is a comic thriller by Alfred Hitchcock produced at MGM. It was premiered in the San Sebastian International Film Festival. ... The Birds is a 1963 horror film by Alfred Hitchcock, loosely based on the short story The Birds by Daphne du Maurier. ... Marnie is a 1964 psychological thriller directed by Alfred Hitchcock and based on the novel Marnie by Winston Graham. ... Torn Curtain DVD cover Torn Curtain is a 1966 thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, featuring his trademark characters and camera techniques. ... Topaz, director Alfred Hitchcocks 51st movie, filmed between 1968 and 1969, was adapted from the book Topaz (ISBN 0-553-23547-8) by Leon Uris. ... For other uses, see Frenzy (disambiguation). ... Family Plot is a 1976 Universal motion picture directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Karen Black, Bruce Dern, Barbara Harris and William Devane, with Cathleen Nesbitt. ...

Contents

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