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Encyclopedia > Public Library of Science

The Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a nonprofit open access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of open access journals and other scientific literature under an open content license. As of 2006 it publishes PLoS Biology, PLoS Medicine, PLoS Computational Biology, PLoS Genetics and PLoS Pathogens. PLoS ONE, a unique new journal was launched at the end of 2006. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Open access publishing is the publication of material in such a way that it is available to all potential users without financial or other barrier. ... Open access (OA) is the free online availability of digital content. ... Scientific literature is the totality of publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the sciences and social sciences. ... Open content, coined by analogy with open source, (though technically it is actually share-alike) describes any kind of creative work including articles, pictures, audio, and video that is published in a format that explicitly allows the copying of the information. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... PLoS Biology is a scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the biological sciences it began operation on October 13, 2003. ... PLoS Medicine is a scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences it began operation on October 19, 2004. ... PLoS Computational Biology is an open-access computational biology journal published by the nonprofit organization Public Library of Science in association with the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). ... PLoS Genetics is a magazine that was created in August 2005. ... PLoS Pathogens is an open-access scientific journal published by the Public Library of Science. ... PLoS ONE is an open access, online scientific journal from the Public Library of Science. ...

Contents

History

The Public Library of Science began in early 2001 as an online petition initiative by Patrick Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The petition called for all scientists to pledge that from September of 2001 they would discontinue submission of papers to journals which did not make the full-text of their papers available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of several months. Some now do this immediately, as open access journals, such as the BioMed Central stable of journals, or after a six-month period from publication, as what are now known as delayed open access journals, and some after 6 months or less, such as the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Many others continue to rely on self-archiving. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university located approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles northwest of San José in Stanford, California. ... Michael Eisen (born April 13, 1967) is an American biologist. ... Computational biology is an interdisciplinary field that applies the techniques of computer science and applied mathematics to problems inspired by biology. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... BioMed Central (BMC) is a UK-based scientific publisher specializing in open access publication. ... Delayed open access is a form of open access journal in which the free availability of the content is delayed for several month, with the immediate availability being limited to subscribers. ... The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United States National Academy of Sciences. ... Self archiving is the practice in which authors deposit their own work into an electronic archive, usually with reference to an Open Access Eprint Archive (or Institutional Repository. ...


Joined by Nobel-prize winner and former NIH-director Harold Varmus, the PLoS organizers next turned their attention to starting their own journal, along the lines of the UK-based BioMed Central which has been publishing open-access scientific papers in the biological sciences in journals such as Genome Biology and the Journal of Biology since late 1999. NIH can refer to: National Institutes of Health Norwegian School of Sports Sciences: (Norges idrettshøgskole - NIH) Not Invented Here This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Harold E. Varmus was a co-recipient (along with J. Michael Bishop) of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. ... BioMed Central (BMC) is a UK-based scientific publisher specializing in open access publication. ...


As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science began full operation on October 13, 2003, with the publication of a peer reviewed print and online scientific journal, entitled PLoS Biology, and have since launched six more peer-reviewed journals. The PLoS journals are what they describe as "open access content"; all content is published under the Creative Commons "attribution" license [1] (Lawrence Lessig, of Creative Commons, is also a member of the Advisory Board). The project states (quoting the Budapest Open Access Initiative) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited". October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a scholarly process used in the publication of manuscripts and in the awarding of funding for research. ... PLoS Biology is a scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the biological sciences it began operation on October 13, 2003. ... The Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative work available for others legally to build upon and share. ... Note: This article title may be easily confused with Lawrence Lessing. ... The Budapest Open Access Initiative was a small gathering hosted by the Open Society Institute in 2001. ...


Business model

To fund the journal, the publication's business model charges a publication fee to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. The term business model describes a broad range of informal and formal models that are used by enterprises to represent various aspects of business, such as operational processes, organizational structures, and financial forecasts. ... The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for medical research. ... The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is a United States non-profit medical research institute based in Chevy Chase, Maryland and originally founded by the aviator and engineer Howard Hughes in 1953. ...


One criticism of charging author-side fees is that it fails to recognize the high cost of filtering and evaluating the high number of submissions the high-impact journals receive - the vast bulk of which are necessarily rejected to maintain high standards.


Impact

The initiatives of the Public Library of Science in the United States have initiated similar proposals in Europe, most notably the "Berlin Declaration" developed by the German Max Planck Society, which has also pledged grant support for author charges (see also the “Budapest Open Access Initiative”). World map showing the location of Europe. ... The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities is a statement emerging from a conference on open access hosted by the Max Planckk Society in Berlin, in 2003. ... The Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. ... The Budapest Open Access Initiative was a small gathering hosted by the Open Society Institute in 2001. ...


PLoS journals and their websites

(all ISSNs are "EISSNs", for the electronic edition) PLoS Biology is a scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the biological sciences it began operation on October 13, 2003. ... PLoS Medicine is a scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences it began operation on October 19, 2004. ... PLoS Computational Biology is an open-access computational biology journal published by the nonprofit organization Public Library of Science in association with the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). ... PLoS Genetics is a magazine that was created in August 2005. ... PLoS Pathogens is an open-access scientific journal published by the Public Library of Science. ... PLoS Clinical Trials is a scientific journal covering randomized trials from all medical and public health disciplines. ... PLoS ONE is an open access, online scientific journal from the Public Library of Science. ...


See also

arXiv. ... BioMed Central (BMC) is a UK-based scientific publisher specializing in open access publication. ... The Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative work available for others legally to build upon and share. ... Medline is a comprehensive literature database of life sciences and biomedical information. ... The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) is an attempt to build a low-barrier interoperability framework for digital archives (aka institutional repositories) containing digital content (aka digital libraries). It allows people (Service Providers) to harvest metadata (from Data Providers). ... To self-archive is to deposit a free copy of a digital document on the web in order to provide Open Access to it. ... Open access (OA) means immediate, free and unrestricted online access to digital scholarly material[1], primarily peer-reviewed research articles in scholarly journals. ...

References

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PLoS Biology 1, no.2 (2003): 3 Image File history File links Information_icon. ... Shortcut: WP:WIN Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia and, as a means to that end, also an online community. ...

  • Brower, Vicki. "Public Library of Science Shifts Gears." EMBO Reports 2, no. 11 (2001): 972-973.
  • Brown, Patrick O., Michael B. Eisen, and Harold E. Varmus. "Why PLoS Became a Publisher." PLoS Biology 1, no. 1 (2003): 1-2.
  • Butler, Declan. "Public Library Set to Turn Publisher as Boycott Looms." Nature, 2 August 2001, 469.
  • ———. "Scientific Publishing: Who Will Pay for Open Access?" Nature, 9 October 2003, 554-555.
  • Case, Mary. "The Public Library of Science." ARL: A Bimonthly Report on Research Library Issues and Actions from ARL, CNI, and SPARC, no. 215 (2001): 4. http://www.arl.org/newsltr/215/plos.html
  • Case, Mary M. "Public Access to Scientific Information: Are 22,700 Scientists Wrong?" College & Research Libraries News 62, no. 7 (2001): 706-709, 716. http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2001/julyaugust2/publicaccess.htm
  • Cohen, Barbara. "PLoS Biology in Action." PLoS Biology 2, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020025
  • ———. "PLoS Medicine." PLoS Biology 2, no. 2 (2004): 139. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020063
  • Doyle, Helen. "Public Library of Science (PLoS): Committed to Making the World's Scientific and Medical Literature A Public Resource." ASIDIC Newsletter, no. 87 (2004): 9-10. http://www.asidic.org/meetings/newsletters/spring2004.pdf
  • Doyle, Helen J. "The Public Library of Science—Open Access from the Ground Up." College & Research Libraries News 65, no. 3 (2004): 134-136. http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2004/march04/publiclibraryscience.htm
  • Eaton, Lynn. "'Free' Medical Publishing Venture Gets Under Way." BMJ, 4 January 2003, 11. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/326/7379/11/b
  • Eisen, Michael. "Publish and Be Praised." The Guardian, 9 October 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/opinion/story/0,12981,1058578,00.html
  • Foster, Andrea L. "Scientists Plan 2 Online Journals to Make Articles Available Free." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 10 January 2003, A29.
  • Gallagher, Richard. "Will Walls Come Tumbling Down?" The Scientist 17, no. 5 (2003): 15.
  • Kleiner, Kurt. "Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview." New Scientist, 19 August 2003, 18. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071
  • Knight, Jonathan. "Journal Boycott Presses Demand for Free Access." Nature, 6 September 2001, 6.
  • Malakoff, David. "Opening the Books on Open Access." Science Magazine, 24 October 2003, 550-554.
  • Mantell, Katie. "Open-Access Journal Seeks to Cut Costs for Researchers." SciDev.Net, 15 January 2004. http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1194&language=1
  • Mason, Betsy. "Cell Editor Joins PLoS." The Scientist, 13 January 2003. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20030113/05/
  • ———. "New Open-Access Journals." The Scientist, 20 December 2002. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20021220/06/
  • McLaughlin, Andrew. "Senior Scientists Promise to Boycott Journals." The Scientist, 2 November 2000. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20001102/03/
  • Medeiros, Norm. "Of Budgets and Boycotts: The Battle over Open Access Publishing." OCLC Systems & Services 20, no. 1 (2004): 7-10.
  • Mellman, Ira. "Setting Logical Priorities: A Boycott Is Not the Best Route to Free Exchange of Scientific Information." Nature, 26 April 2001, 1026.
  • Ojala, Marydee. "Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science." EContent 26, no. 10 (2003): 11-12. http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/ArticleReader.aspx?ArticleID=5552&Query=intro%20open
  • Olsen, Florence. "Scholars Urge Boycott of Journals That Won't Join Free Archives." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 6 April 2001, A43.
  • Peek, Robin. "Can Science and Nature Be Trumped?" Information Today 20, no. 2 (2003): 19, 50-51.
  • ———. "The Future of the Public Library of Science." Information Today 19, no. 2 (2002): 28.
  • ———. "The Scholarly Publisher as Midwife." Information Today 18, no. 7 (2001): 32.
  • Pickering, Bobby. "Medical Journals to Get Open Access Rival." Information World Review, 21 May 2004. http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1155321
  • Public Library of Science. "Open Letter to Scientific Publishers." (2001). http://www.plos.org/about/letter.html
  • Reich, Margaret. "Peace, Love, and PLoS." The Physiologist 46, no. 4 (2003): 137, 139-141. http://www.the-aps.org/news/PloS.pdf
  • Russo, Eugene. "New Adventures in Science Publishing." The Scientist 15, no. 21 (2001): 12.
  • Schubert, Charlotte. "PLoS Snaps Up Cell Editor." Nature Medicine 9, no. 2 (2003): 154-155.
  • Stankus, Tony. "The Public Library of Science Passes Its First Biology Test." Technicalities 23, no. 6 (2003): 4-5.
  • Suber, Peter. "The Launch of PLoS Biology." SPARC Open Access Newsletter, no. 67 (2003). http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-03.htm#launch
  • Thibodeau, Patricia L., and Carla J. Funk. "Quality Information for Improved Health." PLoS Biology 2, no. 2 (2004): 171-172. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020048
  • Twyman, Nick. "Launching PLoS Biology?Six Months in the Open." Serials 17, no. 2 (2004): 127-131.
  • Velterop, Jan. "Vendor View." Information World Review, 1 December 2001. http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1150688
  • Wadman, Meredith. "Publishers Challenged over Access to Papers." Nature, 29 March 2001, 502.
  • Walgate, Robert. "PLoS Biology Launches." The Scientist, 10 October 2003. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20031010/10/

External links

v • d • e
Public Library of Science
Organizers: Patrick Brown | Michael Eisen | Harold Varmus
Journals: Biology | Medicine | Computational Biology | Genetics | Pathogens | Clinical Trials | Neglected Tropical Diseases | PLoS ONE

  Results from FactBites:
 
Public Library of Science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (1288 words)
The Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a nonprofit open access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of scientific journals and other scientific literature under an open content license.
The Public Library of Science began in early 2001 as an online petition initiative by Patrick Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
The initiatives of the Public Library of Science in the United States has initiated similar proposals in Europe, most notably the "Berlin Declaration" developed by the German Max Planck Institute, which has also pledged grant support for author charges (see also the "Budapest Open Access Initiative").
Encyclopedia: Public Library of Science (2190 words)
Scientific literature is the totality of publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the sciences and social sciences.
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), mostly commonly referred to as PNAS, is the official publication of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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