The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Popé's Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico. Image File history File links Cg-98-3. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Pueblo Indians . ... It has been suggested that Pueblo be merged into this article or section. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... Official language(s) None Spoken language(s) English 68. ...

Background

Many of the Pueblo people harbored a latent hostility toward the Spanish, primarily due to their denigration and prohibition of the traditional religion. The traditional economies of the pueblos were likewise disrupted, the people having been forced to labor on the encomiendas of the colonists. Some Pueblo people may have been forced to labor in the mines of Chihuahua. However, the Spanish had introduced new farming implements and provided some measure of security against Navajo and Apache raiding parties. As a result, they had lived in relative peace with the Spanish since the founding of the Northern New Mexican colony in 1598. The encomienda[1] system was a trusteeship labor system employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines in order to consolidate their conquests. ... THEY SUC |native_name = |nickname = Lady of the Desert |settlement_type = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = Mexico stateflags Chihuahua. ... The Navajo people (or Diné) of the Southwestern United States are currently the largest Native American tribe in North America, with an estimated tribal population of 300,000. ... For other uses, see Apache (disambiguation). ... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ...

In the 1670s, drought swept the region, which not only caused famine among the Pueblo, but also provoked increased attacks from neighboring nomadic tribes—attacks against which Spanish soldiers were unable to defend them. At the same time, European-introduced diseases were ravaging the natives, greatly decreasing their numbers. Unsatisfied with the protective powers of the Spanish crown and disenchanted with the Roman Catholic religion it had brought along, the people turned to their old religions. This provoked a wave of repression on the part of Franciscan missionaries. For example, in 1675 Governor Juan Francisco Treviño ordered the arrest of forty-seven Pueblo medicine men and accused them of practicing witchcraft. Four medicine men were sentenced to death by hanging; three of those sentences were carried out, while the fourth prisoner committed suicide. The remaining men were publicly whipped and sentenced to prison. When the news reached the Pueblo leaders, they moved in force to Santa Fe, where the prisoners were held. Because a large number of Spanish soldiers were away fighting the Apache, Governor Treviño released the prisoners. Among those released was a San Juan Indian named "Popé" (also spelled Po'Pay). Events and Trends Newton and Leibniz independently discover calculus. ... Fields outside Benambra, Victoria, Australia suffering from drought conditions A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. ... Coat of Arms of the King of Spain King of Spain redirects here. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Year 1675 (MDCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Medicine man is an English term used to describe Native American religious figures; such individuals are analogous to shamans. ... Witch redirects here. ... Ohkay Owingeh (IPA: ) is a Pueblo in New Mexico. ...

Popé

Following his release, Popé planned and orchestrated the Pueblo Revolt. While a fugitive from the Spanish authorities for complicity in several murders, Popé sought refuge at Taos Pueblo. From Taos he plotted the revolt. Popé dispatched runners to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords, the knots signifying the number of days remaining until the appointed day. Each morning the Pueblo leadership was to untie one knot from the cord, and when the last knot was untied, that would be the signal for them to rise against the Spaniards in unison. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Taos Pueblo, circa 1920 Taos Pueblo (or Pueblo de Taos), continuously inhabited for over 1000 years, is the ancient town of the Northern Tiwa speaking tribe of Pueblo people, Native Americans. ...

The day for the attack had been fixed for August 11, 1680, but the Spaniards learned of the revolt after capturing two Tesuque Pueblo youths entrusted with carrying the message to the pueblos. Popé then ordered the execution of the plot on August 10, before the uprising could be put down. is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The attack was commenced by the Taos, Picuris, and Tewa Indians in their respective pueblos. Twenty-one of the province's forty Franciscans, and three hundred and eighty Spaniards, counting men, women and children, were killed^[1]. Spanish settlers fled to Santa Fe, the only Spanish city, and Isleta Pueblo, one of the few Pueblos that did not participate in the rebellion. Believing themselves the only survivors, the refugees at Isleta left for El Paso del Norte on September 15. Meanwhile Popé's insurgents besieged Santa Fe, surrounding the city and cutting off its water supply. New Mexico Governor Antonio de Otermín, barricaded in the Governor’s Palace, called for a general retreat, and on August 21 the Spanish settlers streamed out of the capital city headed for the El Paso del Norte. Picuris Pueblo is a census-designated place located in Taos County, New Mexico. ... The Tewa are an ethnic group of American Indians who speak the Tewa language and have a Pueblo culture. ... Nickname: Location in Santa Fe County, New Mexico Coordinates: , Country State County Santa Fe Founded ca. ... The Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo is a United States federally-recognized Native American tribal entity outside El Paso, Texas, comprising Tiwa (Spanish: Tigua) pueblo people who were displaced from New Mexico in 1680 during the Pueblo Revolt against the Spaniards. ... Ciudad Juárez, or simply Juárez, is a city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua formerly known as El Paso del Norte. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Antonio de Otermin was the Spanish Governor of the northern New Spain province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, today the U.S. state of New Mexico, from 1678 – 1682. ... Palace of the Governors The Palace of the Governors is an adobe structure on the Plaza of Santa Fe, New Mexico that housed the Spanish territorial government from the time of colonization. ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Popé's world

The retreat of the Spaniards left New Mexico in the power of the Indians. Popé ordered the Indians, under penalty of death, to burn or destroy crosses and other religious imagery, as well as any other vestige of the Roman Catholic religion and Spanish culture, including Spanish livestock and fruit trees. He also forbade the planting of wheat and barley. Popé went so far as to command those Indians who had been married according to the rites of the Catholic Church to dismiss their wives and to take others after the old native tradition. He died in 1688 Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... Year 1688 (MDCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Following their success, the different Pueblo tribes, separated by hundreds of miles and six different languages, quarreled as to who would occupy Santa Fe and rule over the country. These power struggles, combined with raids from nomadic tribes and a seven year drought, weakened the Pueblo resolve and set the stage for a Spanish reconquest.

"Bloodless" reconquest

In July 1692, Diego de Vargas returned to Santa Fe. De Vargas surrounded the city before dawn and called on the Indians to surrender, promising clemency if they would swear allegiance to the King of Spain and return to the Christian faith. The Indian leaders gathered in Santa Fe, met with de Vargas, and agreed to peace. On September 14, 1692, de Vargas proclaimed a formal act of repossession. Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ... Diego de Vargas Zapata y Luján Ponce de León y Contreras (1643 – 1704), commonly known as Don Diego de Vargas, was a Spanish Governor of the New Spain territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, today the U.S. state of New Mexico, titular 1688 – 1692, effective... The Spanish monarchy, referred to as the Crown of Spain (Corona de España) in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the office of the King or Queen of Spain. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ...

De Vargas repossession of New Mexico is often called a "bloodless reconquest". However, de Vargas mounted several military campaigns against the Pueblo peoples in the years that followed in an attempt to maintain the peace. For instance, a Second Pueblo Revolt was attempted in 1696, resulting in the death of five missionaries and twenty-one Spaniards, but was effectively thwarted. By the end of the century, the Spanish reconquest was essentially complete. The year 1696 had the earliest equinoxes and solstices for 400 years in the Gregorian calendar, because this year is a leap year and the Gregorian calendar would have behaved like the Julian calendar since March 1500 had it have been in use that long. ... A century (From the Latin cent, one hundred) is one hundred consecutive years. ...

While their independence from the Spaniards was short-lived, the Pueblo Revolt granted the Pueblo Indians a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion following the reconquest. Moreover, the Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians and argue their legal cases in the Spanish courts.

In the arts

In 1995, in Albuquerque, La Compania de Teatro de Albuquerque produced the bilingual play Casi Hermanos, written by Ramon Flores and James Lujan, which depicted events leading up to the Pueblo Revolt, inspired by accounts of two half-brothers who met on opposite sides of the battlefield. In 2005, in Los Angeles, Native Voices at the Autry produced Kino and Teresa, an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet written by Taos Pueblo playwright James Lujan, which is set five years after the Spanish Reconquest of 1692 and matches actual historical figures with their literary counterparts to assay how both sides learned how to live together and form the culture that is present day New Mexico. Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... The term bilingualism (from bi meaning two and lingua meaning language) can refer to rather different phenomena. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Romeo and Juliet (disambiguation). ...

References

1. ^ 1

[1] Knaut, Andrew L. "The Pueblo Revolt of 1680." Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. 14.

• Ponce, Pedro, "Trouble for the Spanish, the Pueblo Revolt of 1680", Humanities, November/December 2002, Volume 23/Number 6. [1]

• PBS The West - Events from 1650 to 1800

• Salpointe, Jean Baptiste, Soldiers of the Cross; Notes on the Ecclesiastical History of New-Mexico, Arizona and Colorado, Salisbury, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1977 (originally published 1898).

• Simmons, Mark, New Mexico: An Interpretive History, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1977.

• Weber, David J. ed., What Caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680? Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999.

See also

• List of conflicts in the United States
• Spanish missions in New Mexico
• Fiestas de Santa Fe
• Zozobra

Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal         Fort Caroline List of conflicts in the United States is a timeline of events that includes wars, battles, skirmishes, major terrorist attacks, massacres, and other related items that have occurred in the United Statess current geographical area, including overseas territories. ... Beginning in 1493, the Kingdom of Spain maintained a number of missions throughout Nueva España (New Spain, consisting of Mexico and portions of what today are the Southwestern United States) in order to facilitate colonization of these lands. ... Fiestas de Santa Fe is an annual festival held every autumn in Santa Fe, New Mexico, usually during the second week of September. ... Categories: Stub ...

External links

• ancientweb.org/America