The Pulitzer Prize for Music was first awarded in 1943. Joseph Pulitzer did not call for such a prize in his will, but had arranged for a music scholarship to be awarded each year. This was eventually converted into a full-fledged prize: "For a distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an American that has had its first performance in the United States during the year.” Because of the requirement that the composition had its world premiere during the year of its award, the winning work had rarely been recorded and sometimes had received only one performance. [1] In 2004 the terms were modified to read: “For a distinguished musical composition by an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year.” [2] Image File history File links Gen_pulitzer. ... The Pulitzer Prize is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in print journalism, literary achievements, and musical composition. ... Joseph Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer (April 18, 1847 – October 29, 1911) was a Hungarian-American publisher best known for posthumously establishing the Pulitzer Prizes and (along with William Randolph Hearst) for originating yellow journalism. ... Musical composition is: a piece of music the structure of a musical piece the process of creating a new piece of music // A piece of music exists in the form of a written composition in musical notation or as a single acoustic event (a live performance or recorded track). ... Methods and media for sound recording are varied and have undergone significant changes between the first time sound was actually recorded for later playback until now. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1965, the jury voted to give the prize to Duke Ellington, but the Pulitzer Board refused to accept the ruling and chose to give no award that year. Ellington responded: "Fate is being kind to me. Fate doesn't want me to be too famous too young." (He was then sixty-seven years old.) [3] Despite this joke, Nat Hentoff reported that when he spoke to Ellington about the subject, he was "angrier than I'd ever seen him before," and Ellington said, "I'm hardly surprised that my kind of music is still without, let us say, official honor at home. Most Americans still take it for granted that European-based music--classical music, if you will--is the only really respectable kind." [4] 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington (April 29, 1899, Washington, D.C.; d. ... Nat Hentoff (born June 10, 1925) is an American civil libertarian, free speech absolutist, pro-life advocate, anti-death penalty advocate, jazz critic, historian, biographer and anecdotist, and columnist for the Village Voice, Legal Times, Washington Times, The Progressive, Editor & Publisher, Free Inquiry and Jewish World Review. ...

In 1996, after years of internal debate, the Pulitzer Prize board announced a change in the criteria for the music prize "so as to attract the best of a wider range of American music." [5] The result was that the following year Wynton Marsalis became the first jazz artist to win the Pulitzer Prize. However, his victory was controversial because according to the Pulitzer guidelines, his winning work, a three hour long oratorio about slavery, "Blood on the Fields," should not have been eligible. Although a winning work was supposed to have had its first performance during that year, Marsalis' piece premiered on April 1, 1994 and its recording, released on Columbia Records, was dated 1995. Yet, the piece won the 1997 prize. Marsalis' management had submitted a "revised version" of "Blood on the Fields" which was "premiered" at Yale University after the composer made seven small changes. [6] When asked what would make a revised work eligible, the chairman of that year's music jury, Robert Ward, said: "Not a cut here and there...or a slight revision," but rather something that changed "the whole conception of the piece." After being read the list of revisions made to to piece, Ward acknowledged that the minor changes should not have qualified it as an eligible work, but he said that "the list you had here was not available to us, and we did not discuss it." [7] 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Blood on the Fields is a three and half hour jazz oratorio , although he did not use this term, by Wynton Marsalis. ... Columbia Records is the oldest brand name in recorded sound, dating back to 1888, and was the first record company to produce pre-recorded records as opposed to blank cylinders. ... “Yale” redirects here. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The first woman to receive the awards was Ellen Taaffe Zwilich who won in 1983. Zwilich was also the first woman to receive a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition at the Juilliard School of Music. [8] Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (born April 30, 1939) is an American post-modernist composer. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Juilliard School is a performing arts conservatory in New York City, informally but definitively identified as simply Juilliard, and most famous for its musically-trained alumni. ...

In 1992 the music jury, which that year consisted of George Perle, Roger Reynolds, and Harvey Sollberger, selected a piece by Ralph Shapey for the award. However, the Pulitzer Board rejected that decision and chose to give the prize to the jury's second choice, Wayne Peterson. The music jury responded with a public statement stating that they had not been consulted in that decision and that the Board was not professionally qualified to make such a decision. The Board responded that the "Pulitzers are enhanced by having, in addition to the professional's point of view, the layman's or consumer's point of view," and they did not rescind their decision. [9] 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... George Perle (born May 6, 1915 in Bayonne, New Jersey) is a composer and musicologist who has studied with Ernst Krenek. ... American composer and teacher at the University of California at San Diego Roger Reynolds was born July 18, 1934 in Detroit, Michigan. ... Harvey Sollberger (b. ... Ralph Shapey Ralph Shapey (March 12, 1921 - June 13, 2002) was an American composer and conductor. ... Wayne Peterson (b. ...

George Walker was the first African American composer to win the Prize, which he received for his work Lilacs in 1996. Walker is a graduate of the Oberlin Conservatory which he entered at the age of fourteen, and graduated at eighteen with the highest honors in his Conservatory class. He was the first black graduate at the renowned Curtis Institute of Music, where he received an Artist Diplomas degree, and he was the first black recipient of a Doctoral degree at the Eastman School of Music. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Categories: Stub | Ohio culture | Lorain County, Ohio ... The Curtis Institute of Music is a conservatory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that offers courses of study leading to a performance Diploma, Bachelor of Music, Master of Music in Opera, and Professional Studies Certificate in Opera. ... The Eastman School of Music (also known more simply as The Eastman School, Eastman, or ESM) is a music conservatory located in the United States. ...

After winning the award in 2003, John Adams expressed "ambivalence bordering on contempt" since he felt that the prize had "lost much of the prestige it still carries in other fields" because "most of the country's greatest musical minds" have been ignored in favor of academic music.[10] 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Alaska-based postminimalist composer, see John Luther Adams. ... Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ...

Likewise, Donald Martino, the 1974 winner, said, "If you write music long enough, sooner or later, someone is going to take pity on you and give you the damn thing. It is not always the award for the best piece of the year; it has gone to whoever hasn't gotten it before." [11] Donald Martino (May 16, 1931–December 8, 2005) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American composer. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

John Corigliano, the winner in 2001, said that although the Pulitzer Prize for Music was intended to be for music that meant something to the world, it had become a very different kind of award: "by composers for composers" and "mired in a pool of rotating jurors."[12] Indeed, in 1998, after researching the Pulitzer Prize for Music, music critic Kyle Gann wrote that the awards panel often included "the same seven names over and over as judges": Gunther Schuller, Joseph Schwantner, Jacob Druckman (now deceased), George Perle, John Harbison, Mario Davidovsky, and Bernard Rands. Gann concluded that since all of these composers are white men, and generally have same "narrow Eurocentric aesthetic" that the prize has been unfairly biased. [13] John Corigliano (born February 16, 1938) is an American composer of classical music. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Music journalism. ... Kyle Gann (born November 21 1955) is a composer and music critic born in Dallas, Texas. ... Gunther Schuller Gunther Schuller (born November 22, 1925) studied at the St. ... Joseph Schwantner (b. ... Jacob Druckman (June 26, 1928 – May 24, 1996) was an American composer born in Philadelphia. ... George Perle (born May 6, 1915 in Bayonne, New Jersey) is a composer and musicologist who has studied with Ernst Krenek. ... John Harris Harbison (born December 20, 1938 in Orange, New Jersey) is a composer, best known for his operas and large choral works. ... Mario Davidovsky (born March 4, 1934) is an Argentine-American composer. ... Bernard Rands Bernard Rands (b. ... Eurocentrism is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing emphasis on European (and, generally, Western) concerns, culture and values at the expense of those of other cultures. ... Aesthetics (or esthetics) (from the Greek word αισθητική) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty. ...

In 2004, responding to criticism, Sig Gissler, the administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes at the Columbia University School of Journalism, announced that they wanted to "broaden the prize a bit so that we can be more assured that we are getting the full range of the best of America's music..." Jay T. Harris, a member of the Pulitzer governing board said: "The prize should not be reserved essentially for music that comes out of the European classical tradition." [14] 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sig Gissler is the administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes, one of the most prestigious awards in the field of journalism and publishing. ... The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is one of the most prestigious schools of journalism in the United States. ...

The announced rule changes included altering the jury pool to include performers and presenters, in addition to composers and critics. Entrants are now no longer required to submit a score. Recording will also be accepted, although scores are still "strongly urged." Gissler said, "The main thing is we're trying to keep this a serious prize. We're not trying to dumb it down any way shape or form, but we're trying to augment it, improve it...I think the critical term here is 'distinguished American musical compositions.'" [15]

The Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board officially announced: "After more than a year of studying the Prize, now in its 61st year, the Pulitzer Prize Board declares its strong desire to consider and honor the full range of distinguished American musical compositions - from the contemporary classical symphony to jazz, opera, choral, musical theater, movie scores and other forms of musical excellence...Through the years, the Prize has been awarded chiefly to composers of classical music and, quite properly, that has been of large importance to the arts community. However, despite some past efforts to broaden the competition, only once has the Prize gone to a jazz composition, a musical drama or a movie score. In the late 1990s, the Board took tacit note of the criticism leveled at its predecessors for failure to cite two of the country's foremost jazz composers. It bestowed a Special Citation on George Gershwin marking the 1998 centennial celebration of his birth and Duke Ellington on his 1999 centennial year. Earlier, in 1976, a Special Award was made to Scott Joplin in his [sic] bicentennial year. While Special Awards and Citations continue to be an important option, the Pulitzer Board believes that the Music Prize, in its own annual competition, should encompass the nation's array of distinguished music and hopes that the refinements in the Prize's definition, guidelines and jury membership will serve that end.” [16] This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington (April 29, 1899, Washington, D.C.; d. ... Scott Joplin (born between June 1867 and January 1868[1] – died April 1, 1917) was an African American musician and composer of ragtime music. ...

Reaction among Pulitzer Prize in Music winners has varied. Gunther Schuller said, "This is a long overdue sea change in the whole attitude as to what can be considered for the prize. It is an opening up to different styles and not at all to different levels of quality." Other former winners disagreed. Stephen Hartke publicly criticized the changes, and John Harbison called them "a horrible development." Lewis Spratlan said, "The Pulitzer is one of the very few prizes that award artistic distinction in front-edge, risk-taking music. To dilute this objective by inviting the likes of musicals and movie scores, no matter how excellent, is to undermine the distinctiveness and capability for artistic advancement." [17] Gunther Schuller Gunther Schuller (born November 22, 1925) studied at the St. ... Stephen Paul Hartke (born 6 July 1952) is an American composer. ... John Harris Harbison (born December 20, 1938 in Orange, New Jersey) is a composer, best known for his operas and large choral works. ... Lewis Spratlan (b. ...

The music critic Greg Sandow responded: "What's really going on here...is a last-ditch defense of the obsolete and snobbish idea that only classical music can be art...I wonder if Hartke, Harbison, and others aren't (whether they know it or not) simply trying to protect their turf, trying to preserve some distinction, some chance at prestige and momentary fame, that might elude them if the Pulitzer prize were given simply for artistic merit." [18] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Music journalism. ... Greg Sandow (born June 3, 1943) is an American music critic and composer. ...

Although the hope was that the rules changes would "level the playing field" [19], Greg Sandow reported that the nomination materials that the Pulitzer board sent to him "sends a pretty clear message [that] classical works with notated scores are still our first priority." [20] All of the winners since the rule changes have been academic composers, however, in 2006, a posthumous "Special Citation" was given to jazz composer Thelonious Monk. [21] Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... A posthumous recognition is a ceremonial award given after the recipient has passed away. ... Jazz is a style of music which originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States at around the start of the 20th century. ... Thelonious Sphere Monk (October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was a jazz pianist and composer. ...

Winners

• 2007: Ornette Coleman, Sound Grammar
• 2006: Yehudi Wyner, Chiavi in Mano, (piano concerto)
• 2005: Steven Stucky, Second Concerto for Orchestra
• 2004: Paul Moravec, Tempest Fantasy
• 2003: John Adams, On the Transmigration of Souls
• 2002: Henry Brant, Ice Field
• 2001: John Corigliano, Symphony No. 2 for string orchestra
• 2000: Lewis Spratlan, Life is a Dream, opera (awarded for concert version of Act II)
• 1999: Melinda Wagner, Concerto for Flute, Strings, and Percussion
• 1998: Aaron Jay Kernis, String Quartet No. 2, Musica Instrumentalis
• 1997: Wynton Marsalis, Blood on the Fields, oratorio
• 1996: George Walker, Lilacs, for soprano and orchestra
• 1995: Morton Gould, Stringmusic
• 1994: Gunther Schuller, Of Reminiscences and Reflections
• 1993: Christopher Rouse, Trombone Concerto
• 1992: Wayne Peterson, The Face of the Night, the Heart of the Dark
• 1991: Shulamit Ran, Symphony
• 1990: Mel D. Powell, Duplicates: A Concerto
• 1989: Roger Reynolds, Whispers Out of Time
• 1988: William Bolcom, 12 New Etudes for Piano
• 1987: John Harbison, The Flight into Egypt
• 1986: George Perle, Wind Quintet No. 4, for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, and bassoon
• 1985: Stephen Albert, Symphony RiverRun
• 1984: Bernard Rands, Canti del Sole
• 1983: Ellen Zwilich, Three Movements for Orchestra (Symphony No. 1)
• 1982: Roger Sessions, Concerto for Orchestra
• 1981: no prize awarded
• 1980: David Del Tredici, In Memory of a Summer Day
• 1979: Joseph Schwantner, Aftertones of Infinity
• 1978: Michael Colgrass, Deja Vu for percussion and orchestra
• 1977: Richard Wernick, Visions of Terror and Wonder
• 1976: Ned Rorem, Air Music
• 1975: Dominick Argento, From the Diary of Virginia Woolf
• 1974: Donald Martino, Notturno
• 1973: Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 3
• 1972: Jacob Druckman, Windows
• 1971: Mario Davidovsky, Synchronisms No. 6
• 1970: Charles Wuorinen, Time's Encomium
• 1969: Karel Husa, String Quartet No. 3
• 1968: George Crumb, Echoes of Time and the River
• 1967: Leon Kirchner, Quartet No. 3 for strings and electronic tape
• 1966: Leslie Bassett, Variations for Orchestra
• 1965: no prize awarded (See Duke Ellington)
• 1964: no prize awarded
• 1963: Samuel Barber, Piano Concerto
• 1962: Robert Ward, The Crucible, opera
• 1961: Walter Piston, Symphony No. 7
• 1960: Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 2
• 1959: John La Montaine, Piano Concerto
• 1958: Samuel Barber, Vanessa, opera
• 1957: Norman Dello Joio, Meditations on Ecclesiastes
• 1956: Ernst Toch, Symphony No. 3
• 1955: Gian Carlo Menotti, The Saint of Bleecker Street, opera
• 1954: Quincy Porter, Concerto Concertante for two pianos and orchestra
• 1953: no prize awarded
• 1952: Gail Kubik, Symphony Concertante
• 1951: Douglas Stuart Moore, Giants in the Earth, opera
• 1950: Gian-Carlo Menotti, The Consul, opera
• 1949: Virgil Thomson, Louisiana Story, film score
• 1948: Walter Piston, Symphony No. 3
• 1947: Charles Ives, Symphony No. 3
• 1946: Leo Sowerby, The Canticle of the Sun
• 1945: Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring, ballet
• 1944: Howard Hanson, Symphony No. 4
• 1943: William Schuman, Secular Cantata No. 2: A Free Song

Ornette Coleman (born March 19, 1930) is an American saxophonist and composer. ... Yehudi Wyner is an American composer, pianist, conductor, and music educator. ... A piano concerto is a concerto for solo piano and orchestra. ... Steven Stucky pronounced [stÊŒki] (rhymes with lucky) is a U.S. composer. ... This article needs cleanup. ... For the Alaska-based postminimalist composer, see John Luther Adams. ... On the Transmigration of Souls, for orchestra, chorus, children’s choir and pre-recorded soundtrack is a composition by composer John Coolidge Adams commissioned by The New York Philharmonic and Lincoln Center’s Great Performers (and an anonymous but well known New York family) shortly after the September... Henry Brant (born September 15, 1913) is a highly significant California-based composer of art music based on spatialization and limited aleatory. ... John Corigliano (born February 16, 1938) is an American composer of classical music. ... Lewis Spratlan (b. ... The New Opera in Oslo, Norway The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Italy. ... Melinda Wagner (born 1957 in Philadelphia) is a US composer, and winner of the 1999 Pulitzer Prize in music. ... Aaron Jay Kernis (born January 15, 1960) is one of the most highly-honored contemporary composers. ... Wynton Learson Marsalis (b. ... Blood on the Fields is a three and half hour jazz oratorio , although he did not use this term, by Wynton Marsalis. ... An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestra, vocal soloists and chorus. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Look up soprano in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Morton Gould (December 10, 1913 – February 21, 1996) was an American pianist and composer. ... Gunther Schuller Gunther Schuller (born November 22, 1925) studied at the St. ... Christopher Rouse (born 15 February 1949 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American composer. ... Wayne Peterson (b. ... Shulamit Ran (born 1949) is an Israeli-American composer. ... Mel Powell (born Melvin Epstein, February 12, 1923 in New York City - April 24, 1998 in Valencia, California) was a jazz pianist and serial composer. ... American composer and teacher at the University of California at San Diego Roger Reynolds was born July 18, 1934 in Detroit, Michigan. ... William Elden Bolcom (born May 26, 1938) is an American composer of chamber, operatic, and symphonic music. ... John Harris Harbison (born December 20, 1938 in Orange, New Jersey) is a composer, best known for his operas and large choral works. ... George Perle (born May 6, 1915 in Bayonne, New Jersey) is a composer and musicologist who has studied with Ernst Krenek. ... The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. ... The oboe is a double reed musical instrument of the woodwind family. ... Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™­ clarinet (left) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... The horn is a brass instrument that consists of tubing wrapped into a coiled form, now with finger-operated valves to help control the pitch but originally without valves to control the pitch. ... The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that plays in the tenor range and below. ... Stephen Albert (1941-1992) was an American composer. ... Bernard Rands Bernard Rands (b. ... Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (born April 30, 1939) is an American post-modernist composer (writing in a neo-romantic style). ... Roger Sessions (28 December 1896 – 16 March 1985) was an American composer, critic and teacher of music. ... David Del Tredici, born March 16, 1937 in Cloverdale, California, is a contemporary composer. ... Joseph Schwantner (b. ... Michael Colgrass (b. ... A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Richard Wernick (born 1934 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a US composer, and winner of the 1977 Pulitzer Prize in music. ... Ned Rorem (born October 23, 1923) is a noted American composer and diarist. ... Domenick Argento (born October 27, 1927, York, Pennsylvania) is an American composer, best known as a leading composer of lyric opera. ... Virginia Woolf (née Stephen) (January 25, 1882 – March 28, 1941) was an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. ... Donald Martino (May 16, 1931–December 8, 2005) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American composer. ... Elliott Cook Carter, Jr. ... Jacob Druckman (June 26, 1928 – May 24, 1996) was an American composer born in Philadelphia. ... Mario Davidovsky (born March 4, 1934) is an Argentine-American composer. ... Charles Wuorinen (born June 9, 1938 in New York City) is an American composer. ... Karel Husa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... George Crumb (born October 24, 1929) is an American composer of modern and avant garde music. ... Leon Kirchner (born January 24, 1919 in Brooklyn, NY) is an American composer of classical music. ... A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. ... Electronic music is a term for music created using electronic devices. ... Leslie Bassett (born January 22, 1923) is an American composer of classical music. ... Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington (April 29, 1899, Washington, D.C.; d. ... Samuel Barber, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1944 Samuel Osborne Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer of classical music ranging from orchestral, to opera, choral, and piano music. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Walter Hamor Piston Jr. ... Elliott Cook Carter, Jr. ... John La Montaine (born Mar 17, 1920) is a composer who won the 1959 Pulitzer prize for his Concerto for piano & orchestra, Op 9 (1958). ... Samuel Barber, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1944 Samuel Osborne Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer of classical music ranging from orchestral, to opera, choral, and piano music. ... Vanessa is an opera in three acts (originally four acts) by Samuel Barber with a English libretto by Gian Carlo Menotti, based of the story Seven Gothic Tales by Isak Dinesen. ... Norman Dello Joio (born January 24, 1913) is an American composer. ... Ernst Toch (pronounced similar to talk) (7 December 1887 - 1 October 1964) was a composer of classical music and film scores. ... Gian Carlo Menotti, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1944 Gian Carlo Menotti (born July 7, 1911, Cadegliano-Viconago, Italy) is an Italian-born American composer and librettist. ... Quincy Porter (1897–1966) was an American composer and teacher of classical music. ... A short grand piano, with the top up. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Gail Thompson Kubik (b. ... Douglas Stuart Moore (August 10, 1893 - July 25, 1969) was an American composer, educator, and author. ... Gian Carlo Menotti, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1944 Gian Carlo Menotti (born July 7, 1911, Cadegliano, Italy) is an Italian-born American composer and librettist. ... The Consul is a 1950 opera with music and libretto by Gian-Carlo Menotti. ... The New Opera in Oslo, Norway The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Italy. ... Virgil Thomson, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1947 Virgil Thomson (November 25, 1896 - September 30, 1989) was an American composer from Missouri, whose rural background gave a sense of place in his compositions. ... Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. ... Walter Hamor Piston Jr. ... Charles Edward Ives (October 20, 1874 – May 19, 1954) was an American composer of classical music. ... Leo Sowerby (May 1, 1895–July 7, 1968), American composer and church musician, was the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for music in 1946, and was often called the “Dean of American church music” in the early to mid 20th century. ... Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. ... Appalachian Spring is a ballet score by Aaron Copland that premiered in October 1944, and achieved widespread popularity as an orchestral suite. ... Painting of ballet dancers by Edgar Degas, 1872. ... Howard Harold Hanson (October 28, 1896 – February 26, 1981) was a composer, conductor and educator from the United States of America. ... William Howard Schuman (August 4, 1910–February 15, 1992) was an American composer and music administrator. ... A cantata (Italian, sung) is a vocal composition accompanied by instruments and generally containing more than one movement. ...

External links

• Pulitzer Prize website
• The Pulitzer Prize for Music: A Sonic Gallery