The Puna district of the Big Island is located on the windward side of the Island of Hawaii in the State of Hawaii. This area has been called the Papaya and Antherium capital of the world. In some areas, ocean water is naturally heated through geothermal energy. The first geothermal well in Hawaii tap volcanic steam for energy was drilled in 1976 in the Puna district.
Topographic relief of the Peruvian puna is moderate compared to the steep escarpments on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes.
Puna grasslands found in the proximity of these woodlands may be invaded by woody species, if they are not regularly grazed or burned.
In addition, the puna is a genetic storehouse due to the presence of wild relatives of present-day and potential subsistence and commercial crops (Altieri, Anderson and Merrick 1987).
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