This article is about the Pakistani province. For other uses, see Punjab. The Punjab or Panjab (Urdu: پنجاب (help·
info)) province of Pakistan is by far the country's most populous and prosperous region and is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. Neighbouring areas are Sindh to the south, Balochistan and the North West Frontier Province to the west, Pakistani administered Azad Kashmir, Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir and Islamabad to the north, and Indian Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. The main languages are the Punjabi, Urdu and Saraiki. The provincial capital is Lahore. The name Punjab literally translates from the Persian words Pañj (پنج), meaning "five", and Āb (آب) meaning "water". Thus "Punjab" can be translated as "(the) five waters" - and hence the land of the five rivers, referring to the Indus, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum rivers; the last four rivers being the tributaries of the Indus River. The province was founded in its current form in May 1972. File links The following pages link to this file: Punjab (Pakistan) Categories: GFDL images ...
Subnational entity is a generic term for an administrative region within a country — on an arbitrary level below that of the sovereign state — typically with a local government encompassing multiple municipalities, counties, or provinces with a certain degree of autonomy in a varying number of matters. ...
Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...
(Urdu: لاÛور, Punjabi: Ù„Ûور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ...
Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ...
This article is about the physical quantity. ...
Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ...
Pakistan Standard Time (PST) is the time zone for Pakistan. ...
UTC +5 is the timezone for : Pakistan Standard Time in Pakistan. ...
Language families in Pakistan are mainly Indo-Aryan with a minor language belonging to Dravidian (Brahui) and one language isolate (burushaski) English is an official language of Pakistan while Urdu is termed the national language. ...
Punjabi redirects here. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The phrase Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla written in Urdu Urdu () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family that developed under Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Hindi, and Sanskrit influence in South Asia during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ...
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Hindko is an ancient language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. ...
Pashto (‎, IPA: , also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto ‎, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu, Pathani or Pushtoo and also known as Afghan language[4][5]) is an Iranian language spoken by Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan[6]. // Geographic distribution of Pashto (purple) and other Iranian languages Pashto is spoken by about 30...
Balochi (also Baluchi, Baloci or Baluci) is a Northwestern Iranian language. ...
The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of the provinces of Pakistan. ...
Ronda, Spain Main street in Bastrop, Texas, United States, a small town A town is a community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ...
Union Councils of Pakistan are local governments in Pakistan. ...
A relief map of Pakistan showing historic sites. ...
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Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions, especially referring to a high-ranking public (administrative or police) official, or an analogous official in the private sector (e. ...
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Lieutenant Gen. ...
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Look up Punjab in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Urdu ( , , trans. ...
Image File history File links Punjab. ...
The Punjabi people (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, پنجابی, also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. ...
Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, Urdū: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ...
The province of Balochistan (or Baluchistan) of Pakistan contains roughly the part of Balochistan that falls within the borders of present-day Pakistan. ...
North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ...
This article is about the area administered by Pakistan. ...
This article is about the area administered by India. ...
Location within Pakistan Coordinates: , Country Pakistan Province Constructed 1960s Union Council 40 UC (District Govt. ...
, This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. ...
, RÄjasthÄn (DevanÄgarÄ«: राजसà¥à¤¥à¤¾à¤¨, IPA: ) is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ...
Punjabi redirects here. ...
Urdu ( , , trans. ...
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(Urdu: لاÛور, Punjabi: Ù„Ûور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ...
Farsi redirects here. ...
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The Ravi River (Punjabi: , Urdu: ) is a river in India and Pakistan. ...
The Sutlej, also known as Satluj, is the longest of the five rivers of Punjab (five waters) that flows through Northern India, with its source in Tibet near Mount Kailash. ...
The Chenab River (Punjabi: , , Urdu: , literally Moon(Chen) River(ab)) is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi located in the upper Himalayas, in the Lahaul district of Himachal Pradesh, India. ...
The Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of the Punjab province of Pakistan, and passes through Jhelum City. ...
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Geography
 Administrative Divisions of Punjab Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province at 205,344 km² (79,284 square miles) and is located at the northwestern edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The provincial level-capital and main city of the Punjab is Lahore, which has been the historical capital of the region. Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad, Sialkot, and Rawalpindi. The province is home to six rivers: the Indus, Beas, Sutlej, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches Balochistan, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Azad Kashmir, and contains the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for PUNJAB. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (821x1102, 310 KB) Pakistan Survey, http://www. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (821x1102, 310 KB) Pakistan Survey, http://www. ...
To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². ...
Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ...
The Indian plate, shown in red Due to continental drift, the India Plate split from Madagascar and collided with the Eurasian Plate resulting in the formation of the Himalayas. ...
Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...
(Urdu: لاÛور, Punjabi: Ù„Ûور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ...
Multan shown on a 1669 world map (Urdu: ملتان) is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. ...
(Urdu: Ùیصل آباد) is a city located in Punjab, Pakistan. ...
Sialkot (Urdu/Punjabi: ), the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in Pakistan at the feet of the snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. ...
(Urdu: راولپنڈی) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistans capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. ...
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The Beas River (Punjabi: ) runs through the Northwestern Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. ...
The Sutlej, also known as Satluj, is the longest of the five rivers of Punjab (five waters) that flows through Northern India, with its source in Tibet near Mount Kailash. ...
The Chenab River rises in the Himalayan ranges of Kashmir and flows through the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and the Jech Doabs. ...
The Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of the Punjab province of Pakistan, and passes through Jhelum City. ...
The Ravi River (Punjabi: , Urdu: ) is a river in India and Pakistan. ...
Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ...
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: Å›imÄl maÄ¡ribÄ« sarhadÄ« sÅ«ba شمال مغربی سرØدی صوبÛ) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. ...
Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, Urdū: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ...
This article is about the area administered by Pakistan. ...
For the capital of Pakistan, see Islamabad. ...
This article concerns places that serve as centers of government and politics. ...
Location within Pakistan Coordinates: , Country Pakistan Province Constructed 1960s Union Council 40 UC (District Govt. ...
Multiethnic societies, in contrast to monoethnic societies, integrate different ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture, race, and history under a common social identity larger than one nation in the conventional sense. ...
Government of Pakistan (Urdu: Øکومت٠پاکستان)The Constitution of Pakistan provides for a Federal Parliamentary System of government, with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected Prime Minister as the chief executive. ...
Province is a name for a secondary, or subnational entity of government in most countries. ...
Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ...
This article is about the geographical region. ...
North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ...
This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir. ...
The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ...
Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, Urdū: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ...
For the town in southern Kazakhstan, see Hazrat-e Turkestan. ...
Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ...
Motto اتØاد، تنظيم، يقين Ù…ØÚ©Ù… Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam(Urdu) Unity, Discipline and Faith Anthem Qaumi Tarana Capital Islamabad Largest city Karachi Official languages Urdu (national), English (official)[1] Demonym Pakistani Government Semi-presidential republic - President Pervez Musharraf - Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz Formation - Independence from the United Kingdom - Declared August 14, 1947 - Islamic...
This article is about the geographical region. ...
The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can be found near the border with India and Balochistan. The region contains the Thar and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well. Fljótsdalur in East-Iceland A valley is a landform, which can range from a few square miles (square kilometers) to hundreds or even thousands of square miles (square kilometers) in area. ...
A dune in the Egyptian desert In geography, a desert is a landscape form or region that receives little precipitation. ...
Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ...
A NASA satellite image of the Thar Desert, with the India-Pakistan border superimposed is found in canada, united states. ...
Derawar Fort in Cholistan. ...
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Categories: Water-transport stubs | Canals | Water transport ...
For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ...
Climate Most areas in Punjab experience fairly cool winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. Spring is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ...
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51°C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54°C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October. For other uses, see Monsoon (disambiguation). ...
Multan shown on a 1669 world map (Urdu: ملتان) is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. ...
A medical/clinical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ...
The wet season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the tropics. ...
Recently the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years. Experts are suggesting that this is due to global climate change. [1]
Demographics and society
 Punjabis in Horse and Cattle Show The population of the province is estimated to be 86,084,000 in 2005 and is home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Perso-Arabic script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group (and overlap into neighbouring India). The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan, (however, it is recognized in the Indian Constitution). Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes and communities, although the different castes in Pakistani Punjab has more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Image File history File linksMetadata Horse&CattleShow. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Horse&CattleShow. ...
Punjabi redirects here. ...
The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing the Arabic language, which is the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam. ...
The Punjabi people (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, پنجابی, also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. ...
There have been several documents known as the Constitution of Pakistan. ...
The Constitution of India, the worlds lengthiest written constitution (with 395 articles and 8 schedules) was passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. ...
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This article is on the social structure. ...
Community is a set of people (or agents in a more abstract sense) with some shared element. ...
Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social classification, that evolved due to the enormous diversity in India (where all three primary races met, not by forced slavery but by immigration). ...
A tradition is a story or a custom that is memorized and passed down from generation to generation, originally without the need for a writing system. ...
For other uses, see Blacksmith (disambiguation). ...
An artisan, also called a craftsman,[1] is a skilled manual worker who uses tools and machinery in a particular craft. ...
social stratification is the division of people of a particular society on the basis if occupation, income, power, prestige, authority, status, dignity, education, class, castle, gender, race and ethnicity In sociology, social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes and strata within a society. ...
The most important tribes within Punjab include the the Arains, the Gakhars, the Gujjars, the Jats, the Rajputs, the Punjabi Shaikhs and the Syeds. Other smaller tribes are the Awans, Rawns and the Maliks. In Central Punjab, there is a significant population who are descendants of settlers from the Kashmir Valley. In addition, there is a significant shift towards the usage of Urdu by the educated classes of the province as the Punjabis are the most ardent supporters of the nation-state of Pakistan and all of its national institutions[citation needed]. There is also a nationalist movement amongst the somewhat related Saraikis in the south of Punjab, in and around the city of Multan and many wish to see a separate the region into a new province of Saraikistan[citation needed]. Other smaller ethnic groups in the province include the Hindko, Pakhtuns, the Baloch, Kashmiris, Sindhis and Muhajirs. Three decades of bloodshed in neighbouring Afghanistan have brought a large number of Afghan refugees to the province. The Arain (Urdu: آرائین) are a very good of an agricultural[1] caste[2] settled mainly in the Punjab[3][4] (Pakistan), with significant numbers also in the Sindh (Pakistan). ...
The location of Hazara relative to surrounding areas Gakhar (also Gakkhar or Ghakhar or Ghakkar) (Urdu: ) are an ancient aristocratic and warlike clan now located in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum, Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan (Tibet), Chitral, and Khanpur (NWFP) regions in modern day Pakistan. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Gujar. ...
Jats are now preeminently a farming community. ...
A Rajput (possibly from Sanskrit rāja-putra, son of a king) is a member of a prominent caste who live throughout northern and central India, primarily in the northwestern state of Rajasthan. ...
Sheikh (Arabic: شيخ ), meaning elder of a tribe, lord, revered old man, or Islamic scholar. ...
Sayyid (Arabic: سيد ) Sayyid is an honorific title often given to claimed descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Husayn and Hasan, the sons of his daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib (who was Muhammads younger cousin and had been raised in his...
Awan is an Arabic word, which means helper or an assistant. ...
Rawn is a famous tribe of Punjab. ...
Malik (Arabic: ملك ) is an Arabic word meaning king. It has been adopted in various other, mainly Asian languages, and it is sometimes used in derived meanings. ...
Urdu ( , , trans. ...
The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ...
Hindko is an ancient language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. ...
The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, or ethnic Afghan; in referring to the period of the British Raj or earlier, sometimes Pathan) are an ethnic/religious group of people, living primarily in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India who follow Pashtunwali, their indigenous religion. ...
The Baloch (Persian: بلوچ alternative transliterations Baluch, Balouch, Balooch, Balush, Balosh, Baloosh, Baloush et al. ...
For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation). ...
Sindhis (सिनà¥à¤§à¥€, سنڌي) are an Indo-Aryan language speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh which is part of present day Pakistan. ...
See Muhajir page for all Muhajir groups in the world Muhajir or Mohajir (Urdu: Ù…Ûاجر) is a term widely used to describe the Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the independence of Pakistan from India. ...
The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is over 99% Muslim with a Sunni majority and Shia minority. There are small non-Muslims groups of Zorastrians, Bahá'ís, Christians, Sikhs and Hindus. The Ismaili and Ahmediya communities are considered non-Muslim by some. There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...
Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ...
Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra, Zartosht). ...
This article is about the generally recognized global religious community. ...
This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ...
A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ...
This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ...
The IsmÄÊ¿Ä«lÄ« (Urdu: اسماعیلی IsmÄÊ¿Ä«lÄ«, Arabic: الإسماعيليون al-IsmÄÊ¿Ä«liyyÅ«n; Persian: اسماعیلیان EsmÄÊ¿Ä«liyÄn) branch of Islam is the second largest part of the ShÄ«a community, after the Twelvers (IthnÄÊ¿ashariyya). ...
Due to its strategic location in the Asian sub-continent, wave after wave of migrants poured into the area and settled on its fertile lands and today, although originally belonging to the Aryan stock, there has been some settlements of Iranians, Central Asians, and Afghans who have come individually or in groups. This admixture has further diversified Pakistani Punjabis from Punjabis across the border in India. Central Asia is a region of Asia. ...
An Afghan or an Afghani is the name used to describe a person from the country of Afghanistan. ...
The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared heritage. The shared heritage also extends to a common faith, Islam. The people of Punjab have also a shared spiritual experience, which has been disseminated by Tassawwaf and can be witnessed on the occasion of the remembrance-fairs held on the Urs of Sufi Saints. For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ...
The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when constructing new sentences. ...
Cultural heritage (national heritage or just heritage) is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. ...
For other uses, see Faith (disambiguation). ...
For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...
For other uses, see Supernatural (disambiguation). ...
Link titleAs a three letter acronym, URS can be: the former IOC country code for the Soviet Union Robert Schuman University (Université Robert Schuman) The Unbroadcastable Radio Show at the Comedy Store, Manchester URS Corporation, a US-based engineering services firm User Requirements Specification URS Certification http://www. ...
Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ...
General definition of saint In general, the term Saint refers to someone who is exceptionally virtuous and holy. ...
History -
// Introduction The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580), which mentions the construction of a fort by Sher Khan of Punjab. The name is mentioned again in Ain-e-Akbari (part 1), written by Abul Fazal, who also mentions that the...
Ancient history and the Hindu Period It was formerly thought that the original inhabitants of the Indus Valley area were the present populations of South India who were displaced by Aryans invaders from the North West, however, recently the Aryan invasion theory has been largely discarded by most scholars. It is now generally accepted that the area of the Indus Valley Civilization has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years by the same general population stock as is presently found in the area of Punjab. The main site of the Indus Valley Civilization in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into Indo-Aryan civilization. The arrival of the Indo-Aryans led to the flourishing of the Vedic Civilization that extended from the ancient Sarasvati River to the Ganges river to the entire Indian Subcontinent around 1500 BCE. This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Mauryas, Kushans, Gupta Empire and Hindu Shahi. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth. Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ...
Harappa is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, located beside a former course of the Ravi River; about 35km southwest of Sahiwal. ...
Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ...
The Indo-Aryans are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as speakers of the Indo-Aryan (Indic/Indian) branch of the family of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian languages. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Sarasvati River is an ancient river that is mentioned in Hindu texts. ...
Ganga redirects here. ...
(Redirected from 1500 BCE) Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC - 1500s BC - 1490s BC 1480s BC 1470s BC 1460s BC 1450s BC Events and Trends Stonehenge built in Wiltshire, England The element Mercury has been...
Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...
GandhÄra (Sanskrit: गनà¥à¤§à¤¾à¤°, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ...
This does not cite any references or sources. ...
The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Mauryan Empire was Indias first great unified empire. ...
Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ...
The Gupta Empire under Chandragupta II (ruled 375-415) The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in the world. ...
Coin of the Shahi king Spalapati Deva, circa 750-900. ...
Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from the west. Invaded by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks and Afghans, Punjab witnessed centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its legacy is a unique culture that combines Hindu, Buddhist, Persian, Central Asian, Islamic, Sikh and British elements. The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ...
Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ...
The Scythians (, also ) or Scyths ([1]; from Greek ), a nation of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who spoke an Iranian language[2], dominated the Pontic steppe throughout Classical Antiquity. ...
Ethnic groups of Afghanistan (1980 map) 42% Pashtun 27% Tajik 9% Hazara 9% Uzbek 3% Turkmen 2% Baloch Languages of Afghanistan (1980 map) 50% Dari dialect of Persian 35% Pashto 8% Uzbek 3% Turkmen 2% Baloch The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed. ...
This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...
A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by...
Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e ĪrÄn ² Capital (and largest city) Tehran Official languages Persian Demonym Iranian Government Islamic Republic - Supreme Leader - President Unification - Unified by Cyrus the Great 559 BCE - Parthian (Arsacid) dynastic empire (first reunification) 248 BCE-224 CE - Sassanid dynastic empire 224–651 CE - Safavid dynasty...
Central Asia is a region of Asia. ...
Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ...
Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ...
The city of Taxila, reputed to house the oldest university in the world, Takshashila University, was established by the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great center of learning and intellectual discussion during the Hindu Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, and revered for its archaeological and religious history. Taxila (Urdu: , Sanskrit: , Pali:TakkasilÄ) is an important archaeological site in Pakistan containing the ruins of the GandhÄran city of Takshashila (also Takkasila or Taxila) an important Vedic/Hindu[1] and Buddhist[2] centre of learning from the 6th century BCE[3] to the 5th century CE.[4] [5...
Takshashila University in ancient India was the worlds first university, dated from around 700 BCE. It was well known as an institution of higher learning in ancient India, attracting applicants from around the world who had to sit tough entrance examinations to be admitted. ...
Chanakya- The Great Politics and Education Guru (Master) of India The court of Chandragupta Maurya, especially Chanakya, played an important part in the foundation and governance of the Maurya dynasty. ...
A representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which was erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ...
A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State...
The arrival of Islam
 Badshahi Masjid - The largest mosque of the Mughal Empire built by emperor Aurangzeb. The Punjabis were predominantly Hindus with large minorities of Buddhists and Zoroastrians, when the Umayyad Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Punjab and Sindh in 711. Bin Qasim recorded he so was overwhelmed by the gold in the Aditya Temple in the thriving trading city of Multan (known as Mulasthana then), that he recovered the expenses for his entire invasion. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2270x1514, 427 KB) Summary A 4 Megapixel picture of Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2270x1514, 427 KB) Summary A 4 Megapixel picture of Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan. ...
Aurangzeb (Persian: (full title: Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abdul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, Padshah Ghazi) (November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707), also known by his chosen Imperial title Alamgir I (Conqueror of the Universe) (Persian: ), was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from...
This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ...
Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ...
Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ...
The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: Ù…Øمد بن قاسم) (c. ...
During the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, non-Muslims were forced to pay the jaziya tax or to convert to Islam. The province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mahmud and Ayaz The Sultan is to the right, shaking the hand of the sheykh, with Ayaz standing behind him. ...
In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية) is a per capita tax imposed on free non-Muslim adult males who are neither old nor sick nor monks [1], known as dhimmis, in exchange for being allowed to practice their faith, subject to certain conditions, and to enjoy...
The Ghaznavid Empire (سلسله غزنویان in Persian) was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 962 to 1187. ...
The Greeks, Central Asians and Persians Unique to Pakistani Punjab was that this area was briefly conquered into various central Asian, Greek and Persian empires: after the bloody victories of Alexander the Great, Mahmud of Ghazni and Tamerlane. These were periods of contact between this region of Pakistan and the Persian Empire and all the way to Greece. In later centuries, when Persian was the language of the Mughal government, Persian architecture, poetry, art and music was an integral part of the region's culture. The official language of Punjab remained Persian until the arrival of the British in the mid 19th century, where it was finally abolished and the administrative language was changed over to English. The Punjabi language gained prominence during Ranjit Singh's rule in between but was written in the Sikh Gurumukhi script. After 1947, Urdu, which has Persian and Sanskrit roots, became Islamic Pakistan's national language. For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ...
For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ...
Persia redirects here. ...
Farsi redirects here. ...
The Mughals The Mughals controlled the region from 1524 until 1739 and would also lavish the province with building projects such as the Shalimar Gardens and the Badshahi Mosque, both situated in Lahore. Muslim soldiers, traders, architects, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Islamic Sultanate in South Asia and some may have settled in the Punjab. Following the decline of the Mughals, the Shah of Iran and founder of the Afsharid dynasty in Persia, Nader Shah crossed the Indus and sacked the province in 1739. Following this terrible visitation, the Afghan conqueror Ahmad Shah Durrani annexed the Punjab into his Durrani Empire from 1747 until 1762. The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...
The Shalimar Gardens (Urdu: شالیمار باغ), sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, were built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Lahore, modern day Pakistan. ...
View from Minto Park The Badshahi Mosque (Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد), or the Emperors Mosque, was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore, Pakistan. ...
A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic monarch ruling under the terms of shariah. ...
Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...
One of the worlds longest-lasting monarchies, the Iranian monarchy went through many transformations over the centuries, from the days of Persia to the creation of what is now modern day Iran. ...
Afsharid Dynasty (1723-1735) Bronze statue of Nader Shah, by Master Sadighi. ...
For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...
NÄder ShÄh AfshÄr (Persian: ; also known as NÄder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or TahmÄsp Qoli KhÄn - تهماسپ قلی خان) (August 6, 1698[1] – June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty. ...
The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ...
See Ahmad Shah Qajar for the Persian ruler (1909-1925). ...
The Durrani Empire was a larger state that included modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of eastern Iran and western India. ...
The Afghans The founder of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Durrani was born into the Sadozai section of the Popalzai clan of the Abdali tribe of the Pashtuns in the city of Multan in Pakistani Punjab. After cementing his authority over various Afghan and Pashtun tribes, he went about to establish the first united Afghan Kingdom, the Durrani Empire which consisted of all of Pakistan, Afghanistan and parts of Iran (Nishapur). The Punjab was a cultural reservoir for the Afghans, and many where attracted to its lush fertile lands, later settling them. It has been said that with the loss of the breadbasket regions of the Punjab and Sindh, Afghanistan has never been able to achieve a stable state ever since. Many Afghan tribes continue to live in Pakistan's Punjab province such as the Gardezis, Niazis, Lodhis, the Kakazai and the Barakzai to name a few. Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shah Abdali (c. ...
Popalzai or Popalzay is the name of the Pashtun clan that is part of the larger Durrani tribe from which the first king of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Durrani originated. ...
Multan shown on a 1669 world map (Urdu: ملتان) is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. ...
The Durrani Empire was a larger state that included modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of eastern Iran and western India. ...
Gardezi is a common Muslim family name. ...
Major ethnic groups of Pakistan (1980); Pashtun in green. ...
Lodhi (also sometimes Lodi) is a Pashtun tribe, most likely a sub-group of the larger Ghilzai of Afghanistan and Pakistan who were part of a wave of Pashtuns who pushed east into what is today Pakistan and India. ...
Read Family Tree of Kakazai Pathan Tribe on Page 555 from Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India - Published 1907 :: Courtesy: The British Library :: Daulat Khel, Maghdud Khel, Mahsud Khel and Mahmud Khel, Sub-divisions of Kakazai Pathan Tribe :: Courtesy: The British Library :: The Kakazai (see spelling variants below) are a...
The Barakzai Dynasty was the line of rulers in Afghanistan in the 19th and 20th centuries. ...
The Sikhs
 A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Sikh ruler, Ranjit Singh. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born, and during the Mughal period gradually emerged as a formidable military force until subjugated and assimilated by the later expanding British Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani, the Sikhs wrested control of the Punjab from his descendants and ruled in a confederacy, which later became the Sikh Kingdom of the Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. A denizen of the city of Gujranwala, the capital of Ranjit Singh's kingdom was Lahore. The Sikhs made architectural contributions to the city and the Lahore Fort. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1712, 239 KB) Image Info: Description: The Lahore Fort:->A pavillion adjacent to the Shish Mahal (Mirror Castle). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1712, 239 KB) Image Info: Description: The Lahore Fort:->A pavillion adjacent to the Shish Mahal (Mirror Castle). ...
Sikhism (IPA: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ), founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Northern India, is the fifth-largest religion in the world. ...
See Ahmad Shah Qajar for the Persian ruler (1909-1925). ...
The Sikh Confederacy (from 1716-1799) was a collection of small to medium sized independent sovereign, punjabi Sikh states, which were governed by barons, in Punjab[1]. They were loosely politically linked but strongly bound in the cultural and religious spheres. ...
The Sikh Empire could be defined as early as beginning as early as 1707 starting from the death of Aurangzeb and the downfall of the Mughal Empire. ...
Maharaja Ranjit Singh may refer to Maharaja Ranjit Singh , the Jat-Sikh ruler of Punjab region Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Jat ruler of Bharatpur princely state in Rajasthan, India Maharaja Ranji Singh Rahix, Indian founder of the RAHI Maharaja Ranjitsinhji, Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, India and cricketer Categories: ...
Gujranwala (Urdu: گوجرانوالÛ) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan with a population of 1,132,509 (1998 census). ...
Alamgiri Gate - Main Entrance to Lahore Fort, with Hazuri Bagh Pavilion in foreground The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila (شاÛÙ‰ قلعه) is the citadel of the city of Lahore, in modern day Pakistan. ...
The British The Maharaja's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation of territory south of the Satluj to British India. The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846), resulted in partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom by the British East India Company. ...
Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1877-1901 Victoria - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - January-December 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George...
Some parts of Pakistani Punjab also served as the centre of resistance in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Look up Punjab in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Belligerents Rebellious East India Company Sepoys, 7 Indian princely states, deposed rulers of the independent states of Oudh, Jhansi Some Indian civilians. ...
Partition and its aftermath In 1947 the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. The western Punjabis voted to join the new country of Pakistan while the easterners joined India. This led to massive rioting as both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1712, 188 KB) Image Info: Description: A panoramic view of the Minar-e-Pakistan, taken from the Lahore Fort. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1712, 188 KB) Image Info: Description: A panoramic view of the Minar-e-Pakistan, taken from the Lahore Fort. ...
Anthem God Save The King-Emperor The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (1858 - 1912) New Delhi (1912 - 1947) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1858-1901 Victoria¹ - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George VI Viceroy...
The Punjab/ پنجاب province of Pakistan is part of the larger Punjab region. ...
This article details the Indian state of Punjab. ...
The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.[2]
At the time of Partition in 1947 and due to the ensuing horrendous exchange of populations, the Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India.[3] Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their homes in East Punjab which now forms part of India.[4]
The West Punjabi Hindu and Sikh refugees who moved to India leaving their ancient home lands in Punjab (Pakistan) belonged to various sub groups, clans, tribes, castes and linguistic groups. This includes Khatris, Aroras, Rajputs, Jats, Gujjars, Kambojs, Mohyals, Mazhabis, as well as others such as the linguistically distinct Multanis. A unique feature among Punjabis of different faiths Muslim, Hindu and Sikh hailing from the area which now forms the Punjab (Pakistan) is the enduring affinities to sub grouping and clans cutting across religious lines. Consequently these Punjabis of Pakistan, despite having left the country, continue to share common surnames and tribal affiliations with their parent tribes and lands left behind. This includes surnames such as Sahgal, Sial, Bhatti, Ghumman, Sandhu, Tiwana and Cheema. In recent years, many of these refugees have been able to visit their ancestral homelands. The Khatris is a sub-group of Punjabis and are the original Kshatriya group of the Hindu caste system. ...
For mycologist who uses the author abbreviation Arora, see David Arora. ...
A Rajput (possibly from Sanskrit rāja-putra, son of a king) is a member of a prominent caste who live throughout northern and central India, primarily in the northwestern state of Rajasthan. ...
Jats are now preeminently a farming community. ...
The Gujjar or Gurjar are an ethnic group and caste of the Indian subcontinent. ...
Look up Kamboj in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Mohyal (Punjabi-Shahmukhi: ï»ïºŽï»´ï®¨ï»®ï»£ , Punjabi-Gurmukhi: ਮੋਹà©à¨¯à¨¾à¨², Hindi: मोहयाल) (alternate spellings include Muhiyal, Muhial, Mhial, Mohiyal or Mahjal) is the name of an endogamous group of seven lineages arising from the Gandhara region. ...
A Mazhabi person is one belonging to the Dalit population of Punjab and Haryana in Northern India. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
Sehgal (sometimes written as Sahgal or Saigal) is one of the family names of the Indian subcontinent, from the the Khatri community. ...
typical Sial material, a Precambrian granite showing potassium feldspar (felsic) matrix For the Sial tribe of Pakistan, see Sial (tribe). ...
Bhatti is a chandravanshi rajput clan and is one of the largest tribes of Rajputs, and also is a tribe of Jats. ...
Ghuman (Urdu: گهمن) is a gotra or clan of Jats found in the Pakistan and Northern Indian state of Punjab. ...
Shaheed Bhagat Singh was born into the Sandhu family[1][2] Sandhu is one of the most well known Jatt clans, along with Narwal and Toor, originally from the Northern Indian state of Punjab. ...
Tiwana is a Punjabi tribe that hails from the Punjab region of Northern India. ...
Saka (Scythian) horseman from Pazyryk in Central Asia, c. ...
Recent History Since the 1950's, Punjab industrialized rapidly. New factories came up in Lahore, Multan, Sialkot. In the 1960's the new city of Islamabad was built near Rawalpindi. (Urdu: لاÛور, Punjabi: Ù„Ûور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ...
Multan shown on a 1669 world map (Urdu: ملتان) is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. ...
Sialkot (Urdu/Punjabi: ), the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in Pakistan at the feet of the snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. ...
Location within Pakistan Coordinates: , Country Pakistan Province Constructed 1960s Union Council 40 UC (District Govt. ...
(Urdu: راولپنڈی) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistans capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. ...
Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of Punjab's economy. The province is the breadbasket of the country as well as home to the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, the Punjabis. Unlike neighbouring India, there was no large-scale redistribution of agricultural land. As a result most rural area
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