Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) pupa

A pupa (Latin pupa for doll, pl: pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. (For a list of such insects see Holometabolism). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Species M. melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758) M. hippocastani Fabricius, 1801 M. pectoralis Germar, 1824 Wikispecies has information related to: Cockchafer The cockchafer (or may bug, as it is colloquially called, or sometimes billy witch or spang beetle, particularly in East Anglia) is a European beetle of the genus Melolontha, in the... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphism, is a term applied to insect groups to describe the specific kind of insect development which includes four life stages - as an embryo, a larva, a pupa and an imago. ... A cicada in the process of shedding. ... For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation). ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... The imago is the last stage of development of an insect, after the last ecdysis of an incomplete metamorphosis, or after emergence from pupation where the metamorphosis is complete. ... Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphism, is a term applied to insect groups to describe the specific kind of insect development which includes four life stages - as an embryo, a larva, a pupa and an imago. ...

The pupae of different groups of insects have different names such as chrysalis in the Lepidoptera and tumbler in mosquitoes. Pupae may further be enclosed in other structures such as cocoons, nests or shells.^[1] The order Lepidoptera is the second most speciose order in the class Insecta and includes the butterflies, moths and skippers. ... Wiktionary has a definition of: Tumbler Tumbler is a part of a lock whose position must be changed by a key in order to release the bolt. ... This article is about the insect; for the WWII aircraft see De Havilland Mosquito. ... Cocoon has a number of meanings. ... Crows nests A nest is normally built by birds to hold their eggs and provide a home for their offspring. ... Various seashells Danielle A shell is the hard, rigid outer covering, or integument, allanimals. ...

Position in life cycle

In the life cycle of an insect the pupal stage follows the larval stage and precedes adulthood (imago). It is during the time of pupation that the adult structures of the insect are formed whilst the larval structures are broken down. Pupae are inactive, and usually sessile (not able to move about). They have a hard protective coating and often use camouflage to evade potential predators. A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... For the adult insect stage, see Imago. ... The imago is the last stage of development of an insect, after the last ecdysis of an incomplete metamorphosis, or after emergence from pupation where the metamorphosis is complete. ... Look up sessile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about protective camouflage used to disguise people, animals, or military targets. ...

Duration

Pupation may be brief, for example 2 weeks as in monarch butterflies, or the pupa may enter dormancy or diapause until the appropriate season for the adult insect (in temperate climates pupae usually stay dormant during winter, in the tropics pupae usually do so during the dry season). Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) The butterfly species Danaus plexippus is commonly known as the Monarch butterfly. ... Dormancy is a arrested plant growth. ... Diapause is a physiological state of dormancy with very specific triggering and releasing conditions; there are various definitions and contexts in which the term is used, but its most common application is in arthropods, especially insects. ... For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ... Winter is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ... A noontime scene from the Philippines on a day when the Sun is almost directly overhead. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Emergence

Insects emerge (eclose) from pupas by splitting the pupal case, and the whole process of pupation is controlled by the insect's hormones. Most butterflies emerge in the morning. In mosquitoes the emergence is in the evening or night. In fleas the process is triggered by vibrations that indicate the possible presence of a potential host. For other uses, see Hormone (disambiguation). ... Adam had em. ...

Structure

Exarate pupae of the Western honey bee.

In some insect orders the appendages such as legs and proboscis are free and visible in the pupal stage. Such pupae are termed as exarate and examples are seen in the Hymenoptera. In many others the pupa is a tight and compact shell with all the appendages tightly packed within and these are termed as obtect. The familiar lepidopteran chrysalis is obtect. Another form has the appendages visible, but covered within a shell. In some cases the covering is formed by the integument of the last larval instar. Such pupae are termed as coarctate and are found in many of the diptera. Some exarate pupae such as those of the neuroptera also have movable mandibles attached to the head. Such pupae are termed decticous. In most other insects the mandibles are immovable and such pupae are termed adecticous. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (2700 × 1800 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (2700 × 1800 pixel, file size: 1. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies North-west of Europe South-west of Europe Middle East Africa Synonyms Apis mellifica Linnaeus, 1761 The Western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a species of honey bee. ... Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ... The order Lepidoptera is the second most speciose order in the class Insecta and includes the butterflies, moths and skippers. ... Suborders Nematocera (includes Eudiptera) Brachycera Diptera (di - two, ptera - wings), or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. ... Superfamilies see text I am doing this topic The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives (the group that was once known as the Planipennia). ...

Stages of development of the honeybee pupa.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2624 × 1968 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2624 × 1968 pixel, file size: 1. ...

Defense

Pupae are usually immovable and they have few defenses. A common feature is concealed placement. Some species of Lycaenid butterflies are protected in their pupal stage by ants. Some species of pupae are capable of making sounds or vibrations to scare potential predators. A few species use chemical defenses including toxic secretions. Subfamilies Curetinae - Sunbeams Liphyrinae Lipteninae Lycaeninae - Coppers Miletinae - Harvesters Polyommatinae - Blues Poritiinae Styginae (disputed) Theclinae - Hairstreaks, Elfins and see text The Lycaenidae are the second-largest family of butterflies, with about 6000 species worldwide, whose members are also called gossamer-winged butterflies. ...

Chrysalis

Common crow (Euploea core) chrysalis illustrating the Greek origin of the term : χρυσός (chrysós) for gold

A chrysalis (Latin chrysallis, from Greek χρυσαλλίς = chrysallís, pl: chrysalides) or nympha is the pupal stage of butterflies. The term is derived from the metallic gold-colouration found in the pupae of many butterflies referred to by the Greek term χρυσός (chrysós) for gold. Chrysalis, or its plural form chrysalids, can refer to: For the stage in the development of a butterfly, see chrysalis, For the record label see Chrysalis Records, For the episode of the science fiction series Babylon 5 see Chrysalis (Babylon 5), For the novel by John Wyndham see The Chrysalids... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name (Cramer, 1780) The Common Crow (Euploea core) is a common butterfly found in South Asia. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Superfamilies and families Superfamily Hedyloidea: Hedylidae Superfamily Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae Superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. ...

Because chrysalids are often showy and are formed in the open they are the most familiar examples of pupae. Most chrysalids are attached to a surface by a Velcro-like arrangement of a silken pad spun by the caterpillar and a set of hooks (cremaster) at the tip of the pupal abdomen. Velcro: hooks (left) and loops (right). ... For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ... This article is about a form of an insect. ... The word cremaster can mean more than one thing: In humans, the cremaster muscle is a muscle that is part of genital anatomy. ... For the human abdomen, see human abdomen. ...

Like other types of pupae the chrysalis stage in most butterflies is one in which there is little movement. However, some butterfly pupae are capable of moving the abdominal segments to produce sounds or to scare away potential predators. Within the chrysalis, growth and differentiation occur. The adult butterfly emerges (ecloses) from this and expands its wings by pumping haemolymph into the wing veins.^[2] This sudden and rapid change from pupa to imago is called metamorphosis. This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... Hemolymph (or haemolymph) is the blood analogue used by those animals, such as all arthropods and most mollusks, that have an open circulatory system. ... A cicada in the process of shedding. ...

Moth pupae are usually dark in color and either formed in underground cells, loose in the soil, or their pupa is contained in a protective silk case called a cocoon. Butterfly larvae do not spin a cocoon; their pupa is called a chrysalis. For other uses, see Moths A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ... For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ...

Aurelia is an old synonym of chrysalis from which is derived the term aurelian; one who studies the emergence of butterflies from chrysalids. Aurelia, originally meaning golden in Latin, can refer to any of the following: For example: Aurelia Cotta, mother of Julius Caesar. ...

Cocoon

The tough brown cocoon of an Emperor Gum Moth

A cocoon is a casing spun of silk by many moth caterpillars and numerous other holometabolous insect larvae as a protective covering for the pupa. Cocoon has a number of meanings. ... Download high resolution version (800x909, 220 KB)The Emperor Gum Moth in its cocoon Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Cocoon (silk) Emperor Gum Moth Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (800x909, 220 KB)The Emperor Gum Moth in its cocoon Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Cocoon (silk) Emperor Gum Moth Categories: GFDL images ... The Emperor Gum Moth (Opodiphthera eucalypti) is a species native to Australia, and can be easily found in all the states except for Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania. ... For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Moths A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ... This article is about a form of an insect. ... Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphism, is a term applied to insect groups to describe the specific kind of insect development which includes four life stages - as an embryo, a larva, a pupa and an imago. ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ...

Cocoons may be tough or soft, opaque or translucent, solid or meshlike, of various colors, or composed of multiple layers, depending on the type of insect larva producing it. Many moth caterpillars shed the larval hairs (setae) and incorporate them into the cocoon; if these are urticating hairs then the cocoon is also irritating to the touch. Some larvae attach small twigs, fecal pellets or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon in an attempt to disguise it from predators. Others spin their cocoon in a concealed location - on the underside of a leaf, in a crevice, down near the base of a tree trunk, suspended from a twig or concealed in the leaf litter.^[3] Look up seta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The base of a Yellow Birch trunk In botany, trunk refers to the main structural member of a tree that is supported by and directly attached to the roots and which in turn supports the branches. ... Fungus growing in leaf litter Leaf litter (sometimes called leaf mold or tree litter) is the layer of leaves and other forms of decomposing matter found on the ground beneath vegetation. ...

Insects that pupate in a cocoon must escape from it, and they do this either by the pupa cutting its way out, or by secreting fluids that soften the cocoon. Some cocoons are constructed with built-in lines of weakness along which they will tear easily from inside, or with exit holes that only allow a one-way passage out; such features facilitate the escape of the adult insect after it emerges from the pupal skin.

Quesoworm cocoons are processed and used to produce a natural cheese-like substance used in many of today's dairy products.

An Emperor Gum Moth caterpillar spinning its cocoon. Download high resolution version (1280x841, 238 KB)The Emperor Gum Moth caterpillar spinning its silken cocoon on a eucalyptus twig Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Cocoon (silk) Emperor Gum Moth Categories: GFDL images ...	Luna moth cocoon and pupa. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1588x1291, 131 KB) Summary Actias luna pupa taken by Shawn Hanrahan. ... color = blue; color = blue color = blue color = blue color = blue color = blue color = blue color = blue; Binomial name Actias luna Linnaeus, 1758 The Luna Moth (Actias luna) is a large lime-green, Nearctic Saturniid moth in the subfamily Saturniinae. ...	Assortment of Luna moth cocoons. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 1054 KB) Summary Actias luna cocoons taken by Shawn Hanrahan. ...	Luna moth emerging from silk cocoon. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Luna moth pupa removed from cocoon. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (837x1697, 189 KB) Summary Actias luna pupa taken by Shawn Hanrahan. ...	Chrysalis of Gulf Fritillary in Georgetown, South Carolina Chrysalis of Gulf Fritillary Image copyleft: Image taken by me, released under GFDL Pollinator 03:36, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC) ( ) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Binomial name Agraulis vanillae (Linnaeus, 1758) The Gulf Fritillary, Agraulis vanillae, a striking, bright orange butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. ... Location of Georgetown in South Carolina Coordinates: Country United States State South Carolina County Georgetown Government  - Mayor Lynn Wood Wilson Area  - City 7. ...	Pupation of Inachis io Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x720, 179 KB) Inachis io caterpillar, pupating; Steps: 60 seconds German Description: Verpuppung einer Raupe von Inachis io (Tagpfauenauge) in 60-Sekunden-Schritten Photo by: Mnolf Date: 10. ...	Monarch Butterfly chrysalis Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1004x1024, 144 KB) Monarch Butterfly Chrysalis File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Monarch butterfly Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or...

References

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Chrysalis

• Larva
• Brood (honeybee)
• Silk