Pyatigorsk (Russian: Пятигорск) is a city of a population of over 200,000 (2002) located in Stavropol Krai on the Podkumok River in the Northern Caucasus Federal District of Russia about twenty kilometers from Mineralnye Vody, at 44°2′N 43°4′E. The name Pyatigorsk means "five mountains" in Russian and is so called because of the five peaks of the Beshtau (also meaning "five mountains" in Turkic) of the Caucasian mountain range overlooking the city. It was founded in 1780, and has been a health spa with mineral springs since 1803. The Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov, was shot in a duel at Pyatigorsk on July 27, 1841. There is a museum in the city devoted to his memory. Image File history File links Emblem-pyatigorsk. ... Melbourne, Australia by night For alternate meanings see city (disambiguation) A city is an urban area that is differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status. ... 2002 (MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Stavropol Krai (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). ... Southern Federal District (Northern Caucasus) is one of the seven federal districts of Russia. ... Mineralnye Vody (Russian: Минеральные Воды) is a spa town located in the Stavropol Krai in southwestern Russia. ... Bashtau (Russian: Бештау, from Turkic besh - five and tau - mountain), isolated five-domed igneous mountain (laccolith) near Pyatigorsk in the Northern Caucasus. ... The Turkic languages are a group of related languages that are spoken by a variety of peoples distributed across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with estimated 100-130 million native speakers. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Mineral water is water containing minerals or other dissolved substances that alter its taste or give it therapeutic value. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Mikhail Lermontov in 1837 Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (Михаил Юрьевич Лермонтов), (October 15, 1814–July 27, 1841), a Russian Romantic writer and poet, sometimes called the poet of the Caucasus, was the most important presence in the Russian poetry from Alexander Pushkins death until his own four years later, at the age... A duel or duel of honour is a formalised type of armed combat in which two individuals participate. ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... take you to calendar). ...

History

19th-century postcard with a view of Pyatigorsk.

The first historical data on "hot waters" of this region concern to XIV century and belong to the Arabian traveller Ibn Battuta. Scientific interest to them was shown by Peter I which has sent for studying expedition. However the received data soon have been forgotten. Interest to them again has revived in the end of XVIII century when in these places there was a first Russian settlement - Konstantinogorskaya fortress erected at mountain Mashuk in 1780. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (934x661, 244 KB) 19th-century postcard of the resort town of Pyatigorsk in Russia. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (934x661, 244 KB) 19th-century postcard of the resort town of Pyatigorsk in Russia. ... Ibn Battuta (1304-1377). ... Portrait of Peter by Paul Delaroche Peter I (Russian: ) (10 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672– 28 January 1725 O.S.] ) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ...

It is considered to be date of a birth of a resort 1803 when the state value of the Caucasian mineral waters has been recognized and studying their medical properties has begun: on April, 24th Alexander I signs the Decree (rescript) which the Caucasian Mineral Waters admitted the state property. Near to sources there are settlements. First such settlement became Goryachevodsk (nowadays Pyatigorsk) at Mashuk's bottom. Then have arisen Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. Aleksander Pavlovich Romanov or Tsar Alexander I (The Blessed), (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), was Emperor of Russia from March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825 and King of Poland from 1815–1825. ... Kislovodsk (Кислово́дск) is a city of about 160,000 inhabitants in Stavropol Krai, Russia. ... Essentuki or Yessentuki (Russian: Ессентуки) is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia at the base of the Caucasus Mountains. ...

Historical population

1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2002 (MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Economics

The industry of Pyatigorsk is primarily oriented at service of the health resort. Flavouring industry(a meat-processing plant, a winery, a dairy, a brewery, a confectionery), light industry (clothing, shoe, carpet factories). Machine industry and metal working (PО Pyatigorskselmash specialises in machines and equipment for aviculture; a special automobile equipment works, an electromechanical plant, etc.); a chemical factory. In 1991, the Pyatigorsk health resort had 10 sanatoriums, 4 boarding houses and 5 sanatoriums - preventoriums. The number of people who underwent a cure and had a rest at the health resort within a year totalled to about 170 thousand. Wine Barrels A winery is a facility where fruit, usually grapes, is processed into wine. ... Dairy farm near Oxford, New York, July 2001 In many northern-hemisphere countries a dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milk (mostly from cows, sometimes from buffaloes, sheep or goats) for human consumption. ... The entrance of a brewery. ... The term confectionery refers to food items rich in sugar. ... (See also List of types of clothing and Clothing terminology) Humans nearly universally wear articles of clothing (also known as dress, garments, attire, or apparel) on the body. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sanatório Heliantia A sanatorium refers to a medical facility for long-term illness, typically cholera or tuberculosis. ...

Geography and climate

The town is charmingly situated on a small plateau, 168 ft. above sea-level, at the foot of the Beshtau, Mashuk and three other outliers of the Caucasian mountain range, which protect it on the north. The snow-covered summits of the Mount Elbrus are visible to the south. Climate of a resort Pyatigorsk moderately continental, without sharp fluctuations of annual and daily temperatures. The summer steadily warm (average temperature of July +22 C°), moderately soft winter (average temperature of January -4 C°) lasts 2-3 months, spring early, cool, with sharp transition by the summer; warm, dry, warm dry long autumn. Relative humidity of air vary from 54 up to 80%. Quantity of sunny days in a year - 98. Favourable climatic conditions in summer and early autumn allow using them for climatotherapy. Bashtau (Russian: Бештау, from Turkic besh - five and tau - mountain), isolated five-domed igneous mountain (laccolith) near Pyatigorsk in the Northern Caucasus. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... For the Soviet-era computer, see Elbrus (computer). ...

Tourism

Pyatigorsk a convenient starting point for numerous tourist routes. The southern slope of Mashuk has a 20-m deep doline called Proval, at the bottom of which there is a small lake. To climb Mashuk, there is a cable and a foot road. At the centre of health resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters, on slopes and at bottoms of Mounts Beshtau, Mashuk, Zmeyka, Razvalka, Zheleznaya, Ostrov and Medovaya, there is a Mount Beshtau forestland (mainly ash, oak, hornbeam, beech).

Points of interest

Lermontov's monument in Pyatigorsk

The state memorial estate of Mikhail Lermontov has been founded in 1973. It unites all Lermontov's memorial places on region: a place of duel of Lermontov, a necropolis, Lermontov's small house, houses of Verzilin's, house of Alexander Alyabyev, Lermontov's square , Lermontov's monument. Image File history File links Lermontov-monument. ... Image File history File links Lermontov-monument. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Alexander Aleksandrovich Alyabyev (Александр Александрович Алябьев) (August 15, 1787, Tobolsk – March 6, 1851, Moscow) was a Russian composer. ...

Lermontov's Small House

Aeolus Harp (Эолова Арфа) Small stone pavilion in the antique style, constructed by architects brothers Bernardacci in 1828. The name is connected with a name of the god of winds Aeolus. Image File history File links Lermontovs_Small_House_in_Pyatigorsk. ... Image File history File links Lermontovs_Small_House_in_Pyatigorsk. ... Mikhail Lermontov in 1837 Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (Михаил Юрьевич Лермонтов), (October 15, 1814–July 27, 1841), a Russian Romantic writer and poet, sometimes called the poet of the Caucasus, was the most important presence in the Russian poetry from Alexander Pushkins death until his own four years later, at the age... Aeolus (or Aiolos, ) in Greek Mythology was the Keeper of the Winds. ...

Diana's grotto (Грот Дианы) is built in 1830, in honour of the first ascention to Mount Elbrus. 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... For the Soviet-era computer, see Elbrus (computer). ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Pyatigorsk

• An informational website about Pyatigorsk (in Russian);
• Weather forecast for Pyatigorsk.