NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney (nephros in Greek). If the infection is severe, the term "urosepsis" is used interchangeably. It requires antibiotics as therapy. It is a form of nephritis. It can also be called pyelitis. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // N00-N39 - Diseases of the genitourinary system: urinary system (N00-N08) Glomerular diseases Prefixes: .2 Diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis (N00) Acute nephritic syndrome (N01) Rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome (N02) Recurrent and persistent haematuria (N03) Chronic nephritic syndrome (N04) Nephrotic syndrome Lipoid nephrosis (N05) Unspecified nephritic syndrome (N06) Isolated proteinuria with specified... // N00-N39 - Diseases of the genitourinary system: urinary system (N00-N08) Glomerular diseases Prefixes: .2 Diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis (N00) Acute nephritic syndrome (N01) Rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome (N02) Recurrent and persistent haematuria (N03) Chronic nephritic syndrome (N04) Nephrotic syndrome Lipoid nephrosis (N05) Unspecified nephritic syndrome (N06) Isolated proteinuria with specified... // N00-N39 - Diseases of the genitourinary system: urinary system (N00-N08) Glomerular diseases Prefixes: .2 Diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis (N00) Acute nephritic syndrome (N01) Rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome (N02) Recurrent and persistent haematuria (N03) Chronic nephritic syndrome (N04) Nephrotic syndrome Lipoid nephrosis (N05) Unspecified nephritic syndrome (N06) Isolated proteinuria with specified... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. ... The renal pelvis represents the dilated proximal part of the ureter. ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney. ...

Risk Causes

Pathology

Acute pyelonephritis is an, exudative purulent localized inflammation of kidney and renal pelvis. The renal parenchyma presents in the interstitium abscesses (suppurative necrosis), consisting in purulent exudate (pus): neutrophils, fibrin, cell debris and central germ colonies (hematoxylinophils). Tubules are damaged by exudate and may contain neutrophil casts. In the early stages, glomeruli and vessels are normal.[1] Gross pathology often reveals pathognomonic radiations of hemorrhage and suppuration through the renale pelvis to the renale cortex. Chronic infections can result in fibrosis and scarring. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Pus is a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. ... Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue. ...

Chronic pyelonephritis is often caused by Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis is an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney (nephros in Greek). ...

Causes

Ascending bacteria (such as E.coli) from lower urinary tract infections, mainly cystitis and prostatitis. true.... Binomial name Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885 E. coli at 10,000x magnification Escherichia coli (usually abbreviated to E. coli) is one of the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals (including birds and mammals) and are necessary for the proper digestion of... Prostatitis is any form of inflammation of the prostate gland. ...

Signs and symptoms

It presents with high spiking fever, backache, vomiting, dysuria (painful voiding), rigors and often also with confusion. There may be renal angle tenderness on physical examination. An analogue medical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ... In medicine, specifically urology, dysuria refers to any difficulty in urination. ... A rigor is an episode of shaking occurring during a high fever. ... In medicine, the physical examination or clinical examination is the process by which the physician investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease. ...

Diagnosis

Nitrite and leukocytes on a urine dipstick are often detected, which may be an indication for empirical treatment. Formal diagnosis is with culture of the urine and bloods. // Definition The nitrite ion is NO2âˆ’. A nitrite compound is one that contains this group, either an ionic compound, or an analogous covalent one. ... White Blood Cells is also the name of a White Stripes album. ... A microbiological culture is a way to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply (reproduce) in predetermined media. ... blood culture Blood culture is microbiological culture of blood. ...

In patients with recurrent ascending urinary tract infections, it may be necessary to exclude an anatomical abnormality, such as vesicoureteric reflux (urine from the bladder flowing back into the ureter). Transverse section of ureter. ...

Treatment

Treatment is with antibiotics, which are often administered intravenously to improve the effect. Trimethoprim (or co-trimoxazole) or nitrofurantoin are often used first-line, although in full-blown pyelonephritis amoxicillin (with or without clavulanic acid), gentamycin (with or without ampicillin), fluoroquinolones (eg. ciprofloxacin) or a third generation cephalosporins are often favoured. Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections (cystitis). ... Co-trimoxazole (abbreviated SXT) is a bacteriostatic antibiotic combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, in the ratio of 1 to 5, used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. ... Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic. ... Amoxicillin (INN) or amoxycillin (former BAN) is a moderate-spectrum Î²-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. ... Clavulanic acid is often combined with amoxicillin (to form co-amoxiclav) to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, including infections of the ears, lungs, sinus, skin, and urinary tract. ... Quinolones and fluoroquinolones form a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics. ... The cephalosporins, are a class of Î²-lactam antibiotics. ...

See also

Pyonephrosis (Greek pyon pus + nephros kidney) is an infection of the renal collecting system. ...

References

External links

Categories: Urology | Nephrology | Inflammations GPnotebook is a British medical database for general practitioners (GPs. ... Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ... medicines, see medication and pharmacology. ... The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. ... Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ... Nephrology is the branch of internal medicine dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney. ... Glomerulus refers to two unrelated structures in the body, both named for their globular form. ... Glomerulonephritis is a primary or secondary autoimmune renal disease featuring inflammation of the glomeruli. ... Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents, as well as an important cause of kidney failure in adults. ... Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis or MPGN is a type of glomerulonephritis caused by immune complexes depositing in the kidney glomerular mesangium and basement membrane (GBM), activating complement and damaging the glomeruli. ... Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN), also known as membranous nephropathy is a slowly progressive disease affecting mostly patients between ages of 30 and 50 years. ... Nephritic syndrome is a collection of signs (known as a syndrome) associated with disorders affecting the kidneys, more specifically glomerular disorders. ... In nephrology, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a disorder of the glomeruli (glomerulonephritis), or small blood vessels in the kidneys, following an streptococci infection. ... Minimal change disease or nil disease (lipoid nephrosis) is a disease of the kidney which causes nephrotic syndrome and usually affects children (peak incidence at 2-3 years of age). ... IgA nephropathy (also known as IgA nephritis, IgAN, Bergers disease and synpharyngitic glomerulonephritis) is a form of glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney). ... Lupus nephritis is an inflammation of the kidney caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease of the immune system. ... Photomicrography of nodular glomerulosclerosis in Kimmelstein-Wilson syndrome. ... Interstitial nephritis (or Tubulo-interstitial nephritis) is a form of nephritis affecting the interstititum of the kidneys surrounding the tubules. ... Interstitial nephritis (or Tubulo-interstitial nephritis) is a form of nephritis affecting the interstititum of the kidneys surrounding the tubules. ... Hydronephrosis is distention and dilation of the renal pelvis, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney. ... Pyonephrosis (Greek pyon pus + nephros kidney) is an infection of the renal collecting system. ... Balkan nephropathy (or Balkan endemic nephropathy) is a form of interstitial nephritis. ... Reflux nephropathy, RN is a term applied when small and scarred kidneys (chronic pyelonephritis, CPN) are associated with vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR). ... Renal failure is the condition in which the kidneys fail to function properly. ... The kidney tubule (or renal tubule) is the portion of the kidney containing the fluid filtered through the glomerulus. ... Fanconi syndrome (also known as Fanconis syndrome) is a disorder in which the proximal tubular function of the kidney is impaired, resulting in improper reabsorption of electrolytes and nutrients back into the bloodstream. ... Renal tubular acidosis, or RTA, is a medical condition in which the kidneys fail to dispose of a normal amount of acid into the urine, which may lead to acidosis (where the blood becomes too acidic). ... Renal cell carcinoma, also known by a gurnistical tumor, is the most common form of kidney cancer arising from the renal tubule. ... Hyperchloremic acidosis is a form of metabolic acidosis associated with a normal anion gap, a decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration, and in an increase in plasma chloride concentration. ... Renal osteodystrophy is a bone pathology, characterized by defective mineralization, that results from renal disease. ... Nephroptosis (also called floating kidney or renal ptosis) is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up. ... A ureterocele is a congenital abnormality found in the urinary bladder. ... Interstitial cystitis (commonly abbreviated to IC) is a urinary bladder disease of unknown cause characterised by urinary frequency (as often as every 10 minutes), urgency, pressure and/or pain in the bladder and/or pelvis. ... Trigonitis is a condition where inflammatory lesions form on the trigone region of the bladder. ... Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra. ... Kidney stones, or Renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine; calculi typically form inside the kidneys or ureters. ... Renal cell carcinoma, also known by a gurnistical tumor, is the most common form of kidney cancer arising from the renal tubule. ... Wilms tumor is a neoplasm of the kidneys that typically occurs in children. ... Human circulatory system. ... Renal artery stenosis is the narrowing of the renal artery. ... In medicine, vasculitis (plural: vasculitides) is a group of diseases featuring inflammation of the wall of blood vessels due to leukocyte migration and resultant damage. ... Atheroembolic disease is medical conditions caused by the embolization of ruptured atheromatous plaques into distal blood vessels. ... Alport syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by the progressive loss of kidney function and hearing. ... Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a progressive, genetic disorder of the kidneys. ... Wilms tumor is a neoplasm of the kidneys that typically occurs in children. ... Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare inherited genetic condition involving the abnormal growth of tumors in parts of the body which are particularly rich in blood supply. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

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