Python

Paradigm:	Multi-paradigm
Appeared in:	1990
Designed by:	Guido van Rossum
Developer:	Python Software Foundation
Latest release:	2.4.3 / March 29, 2006
Typing discipline:	Strong, dynamic ("duck")
Major implementations:	CPython, Jython, IronPython, PyPy
Influenced by:	ABC, Modula-3, Icon, C, Perl, Lisp, Smalltalk, Tcl
Influenced:	Ruby, Boo
OS:	Cross-platform
License:	Python Software Foundation License
Website:	www.python.org

Python is an interpreted programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1990. Python is fully dynamically typed and uses automatic memory management; it is thus similar to Perl, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, and Tcl. Python is developed as an open source project, managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation, and is available for free from the project website. Python 2.4.3 was released on March 29, 2006. Image File history File links Python-logo. ... A programming paradigm is a paradigmatic style of programming (compare with a methodology, which is a paradigmatic style of doing software engineering). ... Guido van Rossum is a computer programmer who is best-known as the author and Benevolent Dictator for Life of the Python programming language. ... The Python Software Foundation (PSF), is a non-profit organization devoted to the Python programming language. ... A software release refers to the creation and availability of a new version of a computer software product. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In computer science, a type system defines how a programming language classifies values and expressions into types, how it can manipulate those types and how they interact. ... In computer science, duck typing is a term for dynamic typing typical of some programming languages, such as Smalltalk or Visual FoxPro, where a variables value itself determines what the variable can do. ... Jython, formerly known as JPython, is an implementation of the Python programming language written in Java. ... IronPython is an implementation of the Python programming language, targeting . ... PyPy is a reimplementation of Python written in Python itself, flexible and easy to experiment with. ... ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment from CWI, Netherlands. ... Modula-3 is a now little-used programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2. ... Icon is a very high-level programming language featuring goal directed execution and excellent facilities for managing strings and textual patterns. ... The C Programming Language, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the original edition that served for many years as an informal specification of the language The C programming language (often, just C) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use... Perl, also Practical Extraction and Report Language (a backronym, see below) is a dynamic procedural programming language designed by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language designed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Ted Kaehler, Adele Goldberg, and others during the 1970s, influenced by Sketchpad and Simula. ... // Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced like tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ... Boo is an object oriented, statically typed programming language developed starting in 2003, which seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure support for Unicode, globalization and web style applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A cross-platform (or platform independent) programming language, software application or hardware device works on more than one system platform (e. ... A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ... The Python Software Foundation License is a free software license which is compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL). ... Website - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... An interpreter is a computer program that executes other programs. ... A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine (often a computer). ... Guido van Rossum is a computer programmer who is best-known as the author and Benevolent Dictator for Life of the Python programming language. ... This article is about the year. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ... Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. ... Perl, also Practical Extraction and Report Language (a backronym, see below) is a dynamic procedural programming language designed by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language and a dialect of Lisp which supports functional and procedural programming. ... Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language designed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Ted Kaehler, Adele Goldberg, and others during the 1970s, influenced by Sketchpad and Simula. ... // Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced like tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... The Python Software Foundation (PSF), is a non-profit organization devoted to the Python programming language. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Philosophy

Python is a multi-paradigm language. This means that, rather than forcing coders to adopt one particular style of coding, it permits several. Object orientation, structured programming, functional programming, and aspect-oriented programming are all supported. Other paradigms can be supported through extensions, such as pyDBC and Contracts for Python which allow Design by Contract. Python is dynamically type-checked and uses garbage collection for memory management. An important feature of Python is dynamic name resolution, which binds method and variable names during program execution. A multiparadigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. ... Structured programming can be seen as a subset or subdiscipline of procedural programming, one of the major programming paradigms. ... Functional programming is a programming paradigm that conceives computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... In software engineering, the programming paradigm of aspect-oriented programming (AOP), also called aspect-oriented software development (AOSD), attempts to aid programmers in the separation of concerns, or the breaking down of a program into distinct parts that overlap in functionality as little as possible. ... Design by contract, DBC or Programming by contract is a methodology for designing computer software. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ... In computer science, garbage collection (also known as GC) is a form of automatic memory management. ... Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. ... In computer science, name resolution (also called name lookup) is the process of finding the entity that an identifier used in a certain context refers to. ...

While offering choice in coding methodology, Python's designers reject exuberant syntax, such as in Perl, in favor of a sparser, less cluttered one. As with Perl, Python's developers expressly promote a particular "culture" or ideology based on what they want the language to be, favoring language forms they see as "beautiful", "explicit" and "simple". For the most part, Perl and Python users differ in their interpretation of these terms and how they are best implemented (see TIMTOWTDI and Python philosophy). Users of the Python programming language often refer to the the Python philosophy. ...

Another important goal of the Python developers is making Python fun to use. This is reflected in the origin of the name (after the television series Monty Python's Flying Circus), in the common practice of using Monty Python references in example code, and in an occasionally playful approach to tutorials and reference materials. For example, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are spam and eggs, instead of the traditional foo and bar. Monty Pythons Flying Circus (also known as Flying Circus, MPFC or just Monty Python during the fourth season) was a popular, surreal BBC sketch comedy show from Monty Python, and the groups initial claim to fame. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Terry Jones, Eric Idle, and Graham Chapman in the Monty Python skit Spam. Spam is a popular Monty Python sketch, first broadcast in 1970. ... Foobar is a common placeholder name used in computer programming. ...

Python is sometimes referred to as a "scripting language". In practice, it is used as a dynamic programming language for both application development and occasional scripting. Python has been used to develop many large software projects such as the Zope application server and the Mnet and BitTorrent file sharing systems. It is also extensively used by Google. [1] Scripting languages (commonly called scripting programming languages or script languages) are computer programming languages initially used only for simple, repeated actions. ... In computer science, a dynamic programming language is a kind of programming language in which programs can change their structure as they run: functions may be introduced or removed, new classes of objects may be created, new modules may appear. ... Zope management interface in a web browser window. ... M-Net (originally an abbreviation for Electronic Media Network) is a subscription-funded television channel in South Africa, established in 1986 by a consortium of newspaper companies. ... The BitTorrent logo BitTorrent is the name of a peer-to-peer (P2P) file distribution client application and also of its related file sharing protocol, both of which were created by programmer Bram Cohen. ... Google Inc. ...

Another target of the language's design is ease of extensibility. New built-in modules are easily written in C or C++. Python can also be used as an extension language for existing modules and applications that need a programmable interface. The C Programming Language, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the original edition that served for many years as an informal specification of the language The C programming language (often, just C) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use... C++ (generally pronounced see plus plus) is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. ...

Though the design of Python is somewhat hostile to functional programming (no tail-call elimination or good support for anonymous closures) and the Lisp tradition, there are significant parallels between the philosophy of Python and that of minimalist Lisp-family languages such as Scheme. Many past Lisp programmers have found Python appealing for this reason. Functional programming is a programming paradigm that conceives computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language and a dialect of Lisp which supports functional and procedural programming. ...

History

Python 1

Python logo, 1990s-2005

Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor of the ABC programming language. van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is jokingly acknowledged by referring to him as its Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL). Image File history File links PythonProgLogo. ... Image File history File links PythonProgLogo. ... See also 1990s, the band The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, sometimes informally including popular culture from 2000 and 2001. ... The National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science (Dutch: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica or CWI) is located in Amsterdam, The Netherlands and was founded in 1946 by J. G. van der Corput, D. van Dantzig, J. F. Koksma, H. A. Kramers, M. G. J. Minnaert and J. A... ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment from CWI, Netherlands. ... Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL) is the informal, slightly tongue-in-cheek title given to a respected individual in the open source development community who sets general directions and makes final calls in certain situations within the scope of a given project. ...

The last version released from CWI was Python 1.2. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. Python 1.6 was the last of the versions released by CNRI. The Corporation For National Research Initiatives is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1986 by Robert E. Kahn. ... Lake Anne Plaza in Reston Reston is a planned community and an unincorporated census-designated place located in western Fairfax County, Virginia, in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. ...

Following the release of Python 1.6, and after Guido van Rossum left CNRI to work with commercial software developers, it became clear that the ability to use Python with software available under the GPL was very desirable. CNRI and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) interacted to develop enabling wording changes to the Python's free software license that would make it GPL-compatible. That year, Guido was awarded the FSF Award for the Advancement of Free Software. The Free Software Foundation logo The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ... Generally speaking, free software license is a phrase used by the free software movement to mean any software license that meets the free software definition of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). ... The Free Software Foundation Award for the Advancement of Free Software is annually presented to a person who has made a great contribution to the progress and development of free software, through activities that accord with the spirit of free software. ...

Python 1.6.1 is essentially the same as Python 1.6, with a few minor bug fixes, and with the new GPL-compatible license.

Python 2

In 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. Python 2.0 was the first and only release from BeOpen.com. After Python 2.0 was released by BeOpen.com, Guido van Rossum and the other PythonLabs developers joined Digital Creations.

Python 2.1 was a derivative work of Python 1.6.1, as well as of Python 2.0. Its license was renamed Python Software Foundation License. All intellectual property added, from the time of Python 2.1's alpha release on, is owned by the Python Software Foundation (PSF), a non-profit organization modeled after the Apache Software Foundation. The Python Software Foundation License is a free software license which is compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL). ... The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is a non-profit corporation (classified as 501(c)3 in the United States) to support Apache software projects, including the Apache HTTP Server. ...

The future

Python developers have an ongoing discussion of a future version called Python 3.0 (the project is called "Python 3000" or "Py3K") that will break backwards compatibility with the 2.x series in order to repair perceived flaws in the language. The guiding principle is to "reduce feature duplication by removing old ways of doing things". There is no definite schedule for Python 3.0, but a PEP (Python Enhancement Proposal) that details planned changes exists. [2] Python 3, an interpreted programming language, is currently being developed by Guido van Rossum. ...

Planned changes include:

• move map, filter and reduce out of the built-in namespace (the rationale being that map and filter are expressed more clearly as list comprehensions, and reduce more clearly as an accumulation loop)
• add support for optional type declarations
• unify the str/unicode types, and introduce a separate mutable bytes type
• convert built-ins to returning iterators (instead of lists), where appropriate
• remove backwards-compatibility features like classic classes, classic division, string exceptions, implicit relative imports

In general, a namespace is an abstract container, which is or could be filled by names, or technical terms, or words, and these represent (stand for) real-world things. ... List comprehension is a programming language construct for list processing, analogous to the set-builder notation (set comprehension), that is, the mathematical notation such as the following: For an example, in Haskells list comprehension syntax, the example set-builder construct above would be written as: S = [ x | x<-[0. ...

Usage

Main article: Python software

The Python programming language is actively used in industry and academia for a wide variety of purposes. The Python programming language is actively used by many people, both in industry and academia for a wide variety of purposes. ...

Syntax

Main article: Python syntax

Python was designed to be a highly readable language. It aims toward an uncluttered visual layout, uses English keywords frequently where other languages use punctuation, and has notably fewer syntactic constructions than many structured languages such as C, Perl, or Pascal. The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). ...

Indentation

Python uses indentation, rather than curly braces, to delimit blocks. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block. Curly brace or bracket programming languages are those which use balanced brackets ({ and }, also known as brace brackets or simply braces) in their syntax or formal grammar, mainly due to being C-influenced. ... In computer programming, a statement block is a section of code which is grouped together, much like a paragraph; such blocks consist of one, or more, statements. ...

Statements

Python's statements include:

• if statement, for conditionally executing blocks of code, along with else and elif (a contraction of else-if).
• The while statement runs a block of code until a condition is False.
• for loops iterate over an iterable, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block.
• class statements execute a block of code and attach its local namespace to a class, for use in object oriented programming.
• def defines a function.

Each statement has its own semantics: for example, the def statement does not execute its block immediately, unlike most other statements. by The Gathering Track Listing Rollercoaster (4:45) Shot to Pieces (4:10) Amity (5:57) Bad Movie Scene (3:49) Colorado Incident (4:53) Beautiful War (2:52) Analog Park (6:05) Herbal Movement (4:10) Saturnine (5:11) Morphias Waltz (6:37) Pathfinder (4:38) ... In most computer programming languages, a while loop is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given boolean condition. ... It has been suggested that Foreach be merged into this article or section. ... Class ASCII art NFO header by a!b. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. ... Look up Function in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Fundamental datatypes

Python includes a number of different datatypes. Amongst the most used are: On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ...

• list — a mutable sequence.
• tuple — an immutable sequence.
• str — an immutable sequence of characters.
• dict — a dictionary.
• set — an approximation of a mathematical set (an unordered collection, where each element can only appear once).

This list is not exhaustive; there are many other types provided by Python - these are merely some of the most commonly used. In mathematics, a sequence is a list of objects (or events) arranged in a linear fashion, such that the order of the members is well defined and significant. ... In computing, immutable refers to: the immutable design pattern in programming an immutable object in object-oriented programming This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In computing, immutable refers to: the immutable design pattern in programming an immutable object in object-oriented programming This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A dictionary is a list of words with their definitions, a list of characters with their glyphs, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. ... This article is about sets in mathematics. ...

Other features

The standard Python interpreter also supports an interactive mode in which it acts as a kind of shell: expressions can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation is seen immediately. This is a boon for those learning the language and experienced developers alike: snippets of code can be tested in interactive mode before integrating them into a proper program. As well, the Python shell is often used to interactively perform system tasks, such as modifying files. In computing, a shell is a piece of software that essentially provides a kind of interface for end-users. ...

Python also includes a unit testing framework for creating exhaustive test suites. While static typing aficionados see this as a replacement for a static type-checking system, Python programmers largely do not share this view. In computer programming, a unit test is a method of testing the correctness of a particular module of source code. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ...

Standard Python does not support continuations, and according to Guido van Rossum, never will. However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is planned, by extending Python's generators [3]. In computing, a continuation is a representation of the execution state of a program (for example, the call stack or values of variables) at a certain point. ... In computer science, coroutines are program components that generalize subroutines to allow multiple entry points and suspending and resuming of execution at certain locations. ...

Implementations

The mainstream Python implementation, also known as CPython, is written in C, and is distributed with a large standard library written in a mixture of C and Python. CPython ships for a large number of supported platforms (see below) and can be ported to other platforms, most readily to POSIX (Unix-like) systems. The C Programming Language, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the original edition that served for many years as an informal specification of the language The C programming language (often, just C) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

There are two other major implementations, Jython for the Java environment, and IronPython for the .NET and Mono environment. PyPy is an experimental self-hosting implementation of Python, in Python, that can output a variety of types of bytecode and object code. Jython, formerly known as JPython, is an implementation of the Python programming language written in Java. ... A Java Virtual Machine (JVM), originally developed by Sun Microsystems, is a virtual machine that executes Java bytecode. ... IronPython is an implementation of the Python programming language, targeting . ... The Microsoft . ... Mono is a project led by Novell, Inc. ... PyPy is a reimplementation of Python written in Python itself, flexible and easy to experiment with. ... Self-hosting refers to the use of a computer program as part of the tool chain or operating system that produces new versions of that same program—for example, a compiler that can compile its own source code. ... Byte-code is a sort of intermediate code that is more abstract than machine code. ... In computer science, object file or object code is an intermediate representation of code generated by a compiler after it processes a source code file. ...

CPython supported platforms

The most popular (and therefore best maintained) platforms Python runs on are Linux, BSD, Mac OS X, Solaris, Microsoft Windows. Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like computer operating system. ... BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ... Mac OS X (officially pronounced Mac OS Ten) is a line of proprietary, graphical operating systems developed, sold, and marketed by Apple Computer, the latest of which is included with all currently-shipping Apple Macintosh computers. ... Look up Solaris in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems by Microsoft for use on personal computers, although versions of Windows designed for servers, embedded devices, and other platforms also exist. ...

Python was originally developed as a scripting language for the Amoeba operating system capable of making system calls; however, that version is no longer maintained. i5 Model 570 (2006) The Application System/400 (also known as AS/400, iSeries (since 2000) and System i5 (since 2006)) is a type of minicomputer produced by IBM. It was first produced in 1988 and, as of 2006, is still in production. ... OS/390 is an IBM operating system for the System/370 and System/390 IBM mainframe computers. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... OpenVMS (Open Virtual Memory System or just VMS) is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX and Alpha family of computers developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts (now owned by Hewlett-Packard), and more recently on Hewlett-Packard systems built... z/OS Welcome Screen seen through a terminal emulator The title of this article begins with a capital letter due to technical limitations. ... Scripting programming languages (commonly called scripting languages or script languages) are computer programming languages designed for scripting the operation of a computer. ... The Amoeba distributed operating system is a microkernel-based research operating system written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum at Vrije Universiteit. ... In computing, a system call is the mechanism used by an application program to request service from the operating system, or more specifically, the operating system kernel. ...

Many third-party libraries for Python (and even some first-party ones) are only available on Windows, Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X.

Standard library

Python comes with "batteries included"

Python has a large standard library, which makes it well suited to many tasks. This comes from a so-called "batteries included" philosophy for Python modules. The modules of the standard library can be augmented with custom modules written in either C or Python. The standard library is particularly well tailored to writing Internet-facing applications, with a large number of standard formats and protocols (such as MIME and HTTP) supported. Modules for creating graphical user interfaces, connecting to relational databases, arithmetic with arbitrarily precise decimals, and manipulating regular expressions are also included. An illustration of the batteries included philosophy for the standard library of the Python programming language. ... An illustration of the batteries included philosophy for the standard library of the Python programming language. ... In C++, the Standard Library is a collection of classes and functions, which are written in the core language. ... Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet Standard for the format of e-mail. ... Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the method used to transfer or convey information on the World Wide Web. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... A relational database is a database structured in accordance with the relational model. ... A regular expression (abbreviated as regexp or regex, with plural forms regexps, regexes, or regexen) is a string that describes or matches a set of strings, according to certain syntax rules. ...

The standard library is one of Python's greatest strengths. The bulk of it is cross-platform compatible, meaning that even heavily leveraged Python programs can often run on Unix, Windows, Macintosh, and other platforms without change.

It is currently being debated whether or not third-party but open source Python modules such as Twisted, NumPy, or wxPython should be included in the standard library, in accordance with the batteries included philosophy. Twisted Matrix Laboratories is a distributed group of open source developers working on a number of projects based around Twisted, an event-driven networking framework written in Python and licensed under the MIT licence. ... Numerical Python (often abbreviated NumPy although technically NumPy refers uniquely to the latest edition of Numerical Python) is an extension to the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large library of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. ... WxPython is an implementation of the WxWidgets GUI API ( Often referred to as a toolkit ) for the Python programming language. ...

Neologisms

A few neologisms have come into common use within the Python community. One of the most common is "pythonic", which can have a wide range of meanings related to program style. To say that a piece of code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python idioms well; that it is natural or shows fluency in the language. Likewise, to say of an interface or language feature that it is pythonic is to say that it works well with Python idioms; that its use meshes well with the rest of the language. A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) — often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older terms in newer language form. ...

In contrast, a mark of unpythonic code is that it attempts to "write C++ (or Lisp, or Perl) code in Python"—that is, provides a rough transcription rather than an idiomatic translation of forms from another language.

The prefix Py- can be used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include Pygame, a binding of SDL to Python (commonly used to create games), PyUI, a GUI encoded entirely in Python, and PySol, a series of solitaire card games programmed in Python. Pygame is a cross-platform computer graphics library designed to be used with the Python programming language. ... Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) is a cross-platform multimedia library that creates an abstraction over various platforms graphics, sound, and input APIs, allowing a developer to write a computer game or other multimedia application once and run it on GNU/Linux, Windows, Mac OS Classic, Mac OS X, BeOS, FreeBSD...

Users and admirers of Python—most especially those considered knowledgeable or experienced—are often referred to as Pythonists, Pythonistas, and Pythoneers.

See also

Free software Portal

• Comparison of programming languages
• General-purpose dynamic languages
• Free software portal — covers software that's free for users to run, study, modify, and redistribute.
• Mobile development — How Python mobile stacks up against the alternatives on mobile platforms
• Python 3000

Image File history File links Portal. ... Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). ... Scripting languages (commonly called scripting programming languages or script languages) are computer programming languages initially used only for simple, repeated actions. ... This page summarizes the known differences between the most popular mobile platform development options for handheld devices such as a PDA or mobile phones. ... Python 3, an interpreted programming language, is currently being developed by Guido van Rossum. ...

References

• The Python Language Reference Manual by Guido van Rossum and Fred L. Drake, Jr. (ISBN 0-9541617-8-5)
• How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python is an introduction to function-based programming constructs using Python - free download available or hardcopy may be purchased. (ISBN 0971677506)
• Text Processing in Python by David Mertz is an intermediate Python book, available both online for free and for money from Addison-Wesley. (ISBN 0321112547)
• Python Pocket Reference, Third Edition by Mark Lutz. Updated to cover Python 2.4. Python Pocket Reference 3rd Edition, from O'Reilly Media. (ISBN 0596009402)

This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Programming Perl is a classic OReilly book. ...

External links

Wikibooks Programming has more about this subject:

Python

• Official site

Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ...

Books

• How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python is a good book for people who have never programmed before or people just new to Python.
• A Byte of Python is a beginner's book on Python.
• Dive into Python demonstrates clever and useful Python paradigms for readers who know how to program already. It is available online, or hardcopy may be purchased.
• Non-Programmers Tutorial For Python by Josh Cogliati is a beginner's book on Python.
• Free downloads of Python books
• Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner, Second Edition is an introductory book that uses game programming as its evolving example.

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Journals

• Py, "The Python Online Technical Journal".

Resources

• Open Directory: Python — Many Python resources.
• Python FAQTs
• Python Projects and Modules lots of useful code, as well as several articles on Python Programming.
• The Architecture of Python discusses Python internals.
• XahLee's-A-Python-A-Day – Mailing list with daily examples of Python use. Home page has links to many past tips. Examples given in Python and Perl to help Perl programmers learn Python.
• Samples to extend and embed Python with C/C++
• Python Bibliotheca — Features video: "Introducing Python" with "A Python Love Story", also books, practice problems, workshops, communities, poetry, all are open content.
• Learn Python in 10 minutes is a short tutorial/cheatsheet for learning Python if you're already a programmer.
• Programming Tutorial for the Absolute Beginner. A head start in the coding world with a modern and easy to learn language.
• Charming Python — Series of articles on Python topics by David Mertz.
• Norm Matloff's Quick Python Tutorials — UC Davis Professor Norm Matloff's published Python web resources for his students and Python explorers.
• Python for Series 60 — Resources for developing in Python on the Nokia Series 60 mobile platform.
• Python Learning Foundation. — Computer Programming for Everybody.
• Python411 Podcast Series — The python411 podcasts are created to help people learn Python and learn about Python
• Useless Python - A repository of Python code, mostly semi-serious or throwaway code that has lived longer than expected.
• Python 2.4 Quick Reference - Compact overview of the core language features
• Python On XP: 7 Minutes To "Hello World!" - a complete idiot's guide to installing ActivePython on Windows XP
• An introduction to the principles of object oriented programming - Introduction to OOP with Python

This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...