In quantum chromodynamics, or more generally, quantumgauge theories with a connection which are confining, stringlike degrees of freedom called QCD strings or QCD flux tubes form. These stringlike excitations are responsible for the confinement of color charges since they are always attached to at least a string and the strings have tension. Their existence can be predicted from the dualspin network/spin foam models (this duality is exact over a lattice). To a surprisingly good approximation, these strings are described phenomenologically by the Polyakov action, making them noncritical strings. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction, a fundamental force describing the interactions of the quarks and gluons found in nucleons (such as the proton and neutron). ... The word quantum, pl. ... Gauge theories are a class of physical theories based on the idea that symmetry transformations can be performed locally as well as globally. ... In mathematics, and specifically differential geometry, the connection form captures the invariant aspects of the connection on principal bundles, vector bundles and line bundles. ... This article is about a particle physics phenomenon. ... Tension may mean: In physics, tension is a force on a body directed to produce strain (extension); it can be considered to be negative compression. ... A dual is a pair – a grouping of two. ... A spin network is a (directed) graph whose edges are associated with irreducible representations of a compact Lie group, G and vertices are associated with intertwiners of the edge reps adjacent to it. ... In physics, a spin foam is a four-dimensional graph made out of two-dimensional faces that represents one of the configurations that must be summed to obtain Feynmans path integral (functional integration) describing the alternative formulation of quantum gravity known as loop gravity or loop quantum gravity. ... The ordinary meaning of lattice is the basis for several technical usages A cherry lattice pastry A mathematical lattice that is a type of partially ordered set. ... Look up Phenomenology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Phenomenology is a current in philosophy that takes the intuitive experience of phenomena (what presents itself to us in conscious experience) as its starting point and tries to extract the essential features of experiences and the essence of what we experience. ... In physics, the Polyakov action is the two-dimensional action of a conformal field theory describing the worldsheet of a string in string theory. ...
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