Saif ad-Din Qalawun al-Alfi al-Mansur (also Qala'un or Kalavun) (c. 1222-November 10, 1290) was a Mameluk sultan of Egypt. Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s - 1220s - 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s Years: 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 See also: 1222 state leaders Events Foundation of the University of Padua Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... Events King Edward I of England banishes all Jews from Britain. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves. ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic monarch ruling under the terms of shariah. ...

Qalawun was a Burj Oghlu Kipchak Turk, and became a Mameluk in the 1240s after having been purchased for 1000 dinars by a member of the household of sultan al-Kamil. He never learned to speak Arabic fluently. He rose in power and influence and was an emir under sultan Baibars, whose son Baraka Khan was married to Qalawun's daughter. Baibars died in 1277 and was succeeded by Baraka. In 1279 Baraka and Qalawun invaded Armenia, but while they were away there was a revolt in Egypt and Baraka was forced to abdicate when he returned. He was succeeded by his brother Salamish, but it was in fact Qalawun who held power as atabeg. As Salamish was only a child, Qalawun argued that Egypt needed an adult ruler, and Salamish was deposed later in 1279. Qalawun took the title al-Malik al-Mansur. Sungur, the governor of Damascus, did not agree with this and declared himself sultan, but was defeated in battle in 1280. In 1281 the Mongol il-khan Abaqa invaded Syria, but was defeated at the Battle of Homs by Qalawun and Sungur, who had by this time reconciled. Kipchaks (also Kypchaks, Qipchaqs) are an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. Their language was also known as Kipchak. ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1190s 1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s - 1240s - 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s Years: 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 Events and Trends Categories: 1240s ... A five-dinar note featuring Saddam Hussein The word Dinar (in Arabic and Persian: دينار) traces its origin back to the Roman currency, the denarius (pl. ... Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right) al-Kamil Muhammad al-Malik (died 1238) was an Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, praised for defeating two crusades but also vilified for returning Jerusalem to the Christians. ... Arabic (العربية) is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Emir (also sometimes rendered as Amir or Ameer, Arabic commander) is a title of nobility historically used in Islamic nations of the Middle East and North Africa. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Ruk al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (1223 – July 1, 1277) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ... Events The philosophical doctrine Averroism is banned from Paris by bishop Etienne Tempier Burmas Pagan empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at Ngasaungsyan, near the Chinese border. ... Events Battle of Yamen. ... Atabeg is a title of nobility of Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a king or Emperor but senior to a Khan. ... Damascus by night, the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria and one of the worlds oldest cities. ... Events Eric II crowned king of Norway Births Deaths August 22 - Pope Nicholas III November 15 - German philosopher Categories: 1280 ... Events February 22 - Martin IV becomes Pope August 15 - Kamikaze storm wipes out invading Mongol army in the coast of Japan The Ottoman Empire was founded as an autonomous state (Beylik) in present day Bilecik, Turkey, by Osman Bey. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... Abaqa Khan reigned from 1265-1282, the son of Hulegu and Oroqina Khatun, a Mongol Christian, was the second Il_Khan emperor in Persia. ...

Baraka, Salamish, and their brother Khadir were exiled to Kerak, the former Crusader castle. Baraka died there in 1280 (it was rumoured that Qalawun had him poisoned), and Khadir gained control of the castle, until 1286 when Qalawun took it over directly. Kerak was a Crusader castle in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now located in Jordan. ... This article is about the medieval Crusades . ... Events Margaret I of Scotland became queen of Scotland, end of Canmore dynasty. ...

As Baibars had done, Qalawun made treaties with the remaining Crusader states, and often with the military orders and individual lords who wished to be independent; he recognized Tyre and Beirut as separate from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centred on Acre. The treaties were always in Qalawun's favour. In his treaty with Tyre, for example, it was agreed that the city would not build any new fortifications, would stay neutral in any wars between the Mameluks and other Crusaders, and Qalawun would be allowed to collect half the city's taxes. In 1281 Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus against Charles of Anjou, who was threatening both the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Before his death in 1290 he concluded trade alliances with the Genoans and the Kingdom of Sicily. The Crusader states, c. ... Christian military orders appeared following the First Crusade. ... Tyre (Arabic الصور aṣ-Ṣūr native Phoenician Ṣur, ) is an ancient Phoenician city in Lebanon on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, about 23 miles, in a direct line, north of Acre, and 20 south of Sidon. ... Central Beirut (2004) Beirut ( Arabic بيروت - the French name, Beyrouth, was also commonly used in English in the past) is the capital, largest city and chief seaport of Lebanon. ... The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a short-lived country established in the 12th century by the First Crusade. ... The Old City of Akko in the 19th or early 20th century, looking south-west from atop the Land Wall Promenade, the open space now a parking lot. ... This is a list of Byzantine Emperors. ... Michael VIII (1225 - December 11, 1282) was the founder of the Palaeologos dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. ... Charles I (March 1227 - January 7, 1285) was the posthumous son of King Louis VIII of France, created Count of Anjou by his elder brother King Louis IX in 1246, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Location within Italy Flag of Genoa Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Aquaverde Genoa (Italian Genova (jeno-vah), Genoese Zena (zaynah), French Gênes) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of Liguria. ... The following is a list of monarchs of Naples and Sicily: See also: List of Counts of Apulia and Calabria Hauteville Counts of Sicily, 1071-1130 Roger I 1071-1101 Simon 1101-1105 Roger II 1105-1130 Hauteville Kings of Sicily, 1130-1198 Roger II 1130-1154 William I 1154...

Despite the treaties with the Crusaders, in 1285 he captured the Hospitaller fortress of Margat, previously thought to be impregnable, and established a Mameluk garrison there. He also captured and destroyed the castle of Maraclea. He captured Latakia in 1287 and Tripoli on April 27, 1289, thus ending the Crusader County of Tripoli. Here was supposedly urged on by the Venetians and the Pisans who were opposed to Genoese influence in the county. His ultimate aim was the complete destruction of the Crusader states, and he marched towards Acre in 1290, despite having signed a ten-year truce with the city in 1284; his excuse was that the attack was revenge for an Italian riot in the city earlier in the year that had killed some Muslims. He died on November 10 before taking the city, but it was captured the next year by his son Khalil. Events Night watch created in Winchester, England - every householder patrols one night in turn The writ Circumspecte Agatis defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England Births Emperor Go-Nijo of Japan Pope Benedict XII Deaths March 28 - Pope Martin IV Categories: 1285 ... The Knights Hospitaller (the or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care... Margat, also known as Marqab (from the Arabic Qalaat al-Marqab, Castle of the Watchtower) was a Crusader fortress in modern Syria. ... Latakia (Arabic: اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah) is the principal port city of Syria. ... Events December 14 -- Zuider Zee sea wall collapses, killing over 50,000 people End of the reign of Emperor Go-Uda of Japan Emperor Fushimi ascends to the throne of Japan The Theravada Buddhist kingdom at Pagan, Myanmar falls to the Mongols. ... Tripoli is the second-largest city in Lebanon. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... Events In this year English law set 1189 as the beginning of time immemorial. ... Armenian Cilicia and Crusader States The County of Tripoli was the last of the four major Crusader states in the Levant to be created. ... Location within Italy Venice (Italian Venezia), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto, population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01). ... Pisas coat of arms This article is about Pisa in Italy. ... Events June 26 - According to the Brothers Grimm and older sources, in this date the Pied Piper of Hamelin visits the town of Hamelin, resulting in ca. ... Al-Malik Al-Ashraf Khalil (died 1293) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1290 until his assassination in December of 1293. ...

Khalil succeeded him after his death, although Qalawun did not entirely trust him. Khalil continued his father's policy of replacing Turkish Mameluks with Circassians, which eventually led to conflict within the Mameluk ranks, and Khalil himself was assassinated by the Turks in 1293. Circassian language is used in a number of ways: as a synonym for the Adyghe language; as a synonym for the Kabardian language; as a term for a distinct language that includes both Adyghe and Kabardian. ...