NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Qi Jiguang

Qi Jiguang ( Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. The other set is Traditional Chinese... Simplified Chinese: 戚继光; Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. The other form is simplified Chinese characters, created by the government of the Peoples Republic of China (mainland China). Traditional Chinese is text written with Traditional Chinese characters. Traditional Chinese characters are used... Traditional Chinese: 戚繼光; Chinese language Romanization For Standard Mandarin EFEO Gwoyeu Romatzyh Hanyu Pinyin Latinxua Sinwenz Lessing-Othmer Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II Postal System Pinyin Tongyong Pinyin Wade-Giles Yale For Standard Cantonese Barnett-Chao Hong Kong Government Jyutping Meyer-Wempe Sidney Lau Yale For Min Nan (Taiwanese) Presbyterian Church in Taiwan Pinyin... Pinyin: qī jì gūang) ( November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 49 days remaining. November Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... November 12, Years: 1525 1526 1527 - 1528 - 1529 1530 1531 Decades: 1490s 1500s 1510s - 1520s - 1530s 1540s 1550s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events June 19 - Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. Pol is decisively defeated. November 6 - Shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza... 1528 - January 5 is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 360 days remaining until the end of the year (361 in leap years). January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13... January 5, Years: 1585 1586 1587 - 1588 - 1589 1590 1591 Decades: 1550s 1560s 1570s - 1580s - 1590s 1600s 1610s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events May 12 - Day of the Barricades in Paris. Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee. May 28 - The Spanish Armada... 1588) was a Chinese military general and national hero during the History of China series The Three August Ones and the Five Emperors Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period Qin Dynasty Western Han Dynasty Xin Dynasty Eastern Han Dynasty Three Kingdoms Jin Dynasty Sixteen Kingdoms Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Zhou... Ming Dynasty. He was best remembered for his courage and leadership in the fight against 16th century Japanese pirate raids. Wokou (Chinese: 倭寇; Japanese pronunciation: wakō; Korean pronunciation: waegu) were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century onwards. They were comprised largely of Japanese soldiers, ronin and merchants, and later also of Chinese bandits and smugglers. The... Japanese pirates (倭寇) along the east coast of This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see ... China (disambiguation). ... ... The The Great Wall of China (TC: 長城; SC: 长城, Pinyin: Chángchéng), also known in China as the Great Wall of 10,000 Li¹ (SC: 万里长城, Pinyin: W... China, as well as his reinforcement work on the The Great Wall of China (TC: 長城; SC: 长城, Pinyin: Chángchéng), also known in China as the Great Wall of 10,000 Li¹ (SC: 万里长城, Pinyin: Wànlĭ Chángchéng), is an ancient Chinese fortification built from the end of the... Great Wall of China.

Life

Early life

Qi Jiguang was born in the town of Luqiao (鲁桥) in 山东省 Shāndōng Shěng Abbreviation: 鲁 (pinyin: Lǔ) Origin of Name 山 shān - mountain 东 dōng - east east of the Taihang Mountains Administration Type Province Capital Jinan Largest Cities Jinan and Qingdao CPC Shandong Committee Secretary Zhang Gaoli... Shandong Province to a family with a long military tradition. His forefather served as a military leader under Hongwu Emperor Birth and death: Oct. 21, 1328–Jun. 24, 1398 Family name: Zhu (朱) Birth name (小名): Chongba¹ (重八) Given name (大名): Xingzong (興宗), later Yuanzhang² (元璋) Courtesy name (字): Guorui (國瑞) Dates of reign: Jan. 23 1368 ³–Jun. 24, 1398... Zhu Yuanzhang and died in battle. When Zhu Yuanzhan later became the founding emperor of the History of China series The Three August Ones and the Five Emperors Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period Qin Dynasty Western Han Dynasty Xin Dynasty Eastern Han Dynasty Three Kingdoms Jin Dynasty Sixteen Kingdoms Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Zhou... Ming Dynasty, he bestowed upon the Qi family the hereditary post of commander-in-chief of Dengzhou Garrison (登州卫), a district of the present day Penglai City (蓬莱市 Pinyin Pénglái), a subsection of Yantai City, Shandong Province, China. Penglai is the northmost part of mainland Yantai and in central Yantai. Except Bohai Sea to the north, Penglai is entirely surrounded by Yantai: west of Fushan District, east of Longkou City, north... Penglai.

Qi Jiguang's father, Qi Jingtong (戚景通), was an honest and upright man. He cultivated in his son a yearning for knowledge as well as a firm set of morals. When his father died, Qi Jiguang took over the commandership of Dengzhou Garrison at the age of seventeen. As his siblings were still young, he married Wang and left domestic affairs to her. Besides building up naval defense at the garrison, he also had to lead his troops to help in the defense of Jizhou (蓟州), southwest of present day 北京市 Běijīng Shì Abbreviation: 京 (pinyin: Jīng) The Forbidden City Origin of Name 北 běi _ north 京 jīng _ capital northern capital Administration Type Municipality CPC Beijing Committee Secretary Liu Qi Mayor Wang Qishan Area 16,808... Beijing) against East The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China, particularly Inner Mongolia. They currently number about 8.5 million and speak the Mongol language. They form one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. There are approximately... Mongolian raiders during spring time from 1548 to 1552.

At twenty-two, Qi Jiguang headed for Beijing to take part in the martial arts section of the The imperial examinations (科舉, kējǔ) in dynastic China determined positions in the civil service, which had promoted upward mobility among the people for centuries. It also made a gap between intellectuals educated in classical Confucianism and ordinary people. However, in some dynasties imperial examinations were abolished... imperial examination. During this time, East Mongolian troops led by Atlan Khan broke through the northern defense and laid siege on Beijing. Candidates participating in the martial arts exam were also mobilized to defend the capital. Qi Jiguang displayed extraordinary valor and military ingenuity during the battle, which eventually saw the defeat of the invaders.

Battles against Japanese pirates

In 1553, Qi Jiguang was promoted to Assistant Regional Military Commissioner (都指挥佥事) of Shandong's defense force against Japanese pirates. He disciplined his troops and reinforced the defense works well so that the pirates, seeing strong resistance in Shandong, had to move southwards to seek more vulnerable targets.

Sixteenth-century Japanese pirate raids. Based on Map 23, from The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644, Part I (Cambridge University Press: 1988) Modern provinces of China are soon. Created and copyright (2004) by Yu Ninjie, with thanks to suggestions from Ran. Released under the...

Raids of 16th century Japanese pirate raids. Wokou (Chinese: 倭寇; Japanese pronunciation: wakō; Korean pronunciation: waegu) were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century onwards. They were comprised largely of Japanese soldiers, ronin and merchants, and later also of Chinese bandits and smugglers. The... Japanese pirates on This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see ... China (disambiguation). ... ... The The Great Wall of China (TC: 長城; SC: 长城, Pinyin: Chángchéng), also known in China as the Great Wall of 10,000 Li¹ (SC: 万里长城, Pinyin: W... China and Korean Peninsula Korea is a formerly unified country, situated on the Korean Peninsula in north East Asia adjacent to China in the west and Russia in the north. When World War II ended in 1945, the country was divided into two: the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic... Korea during Qi Jiguang's time

In the fall of 1555, Qi Jiguang was sent to 浙江省 Zhèjiāng Shěng Abbreviation: 浙 (pinyin: Zhè) Origin of Name Old name of Qiantang River Administration Type Province Capital and Largest City Hangzhou CPC Zhejiang Committee Secretary Xi Jinping Governor Lu Zushan Area 101,800 km² (25th) Population (2002) - Density 46,470... Zhejiang, where the Japanese pirates colluded with their Chinese counterparts and expanded their forces. Together with two other renowned generals of his time, Yu Dayou (俞大猷) and Tan Lun (谭纶), Qi Jiguang led the Ming soldiers to a decisive victory at Cengang (岑港) in 1558. Henceafter, his troops continued to deal fatal blows to the pirates at Taozhu (桃渚), Haimen Garrison (海门卫) and Taizhou (台州).

With the situation in Zhejiang under control, Qi Jiguang began to concentrate on training a disciplined and effective army. He drafted mainly miners and farmers from the county of Yiwu City is a city of about 1,000,000 people in central Zhejiang Province in the Peoples Republic of China. Contents // 1 History 2 Geography 3 Administration 4 Economy 5 Miscelleneous History Yiwu was founded in the Qin dynasty, at or about 222 BC. Geography Yiwu is located... Yiwu (义乌) because he believed these people to be honest and hardworking. He also oversaw the construction of forty-four naval vessels of various sizes to be used against pirates at sea.

The first trial for Qi Jiguang's new army came in 1559. After a month-long battle with Japanese pirates in the Taizhou Prefecture (台州府), with the pirates suffering over five thousand casualties, Qi Jiguang's army established a name for itself among both the people of Zhejiang and its enemies.

Partly as a result of Qi Jiguang's military success in Zhejiang, pirate activities surged in the province of 福建省 Fújiàn Shěng This infobox describes the PRC-administered Fujian province Abbreviation: 闽 (pinyin: Mǐn) Origin of Name 福 fú - Fuzhou 建 jiàn - Jianou Administration Type Province Capital and Largest City Fuzhou CPC Fujian Committee Secretary Lu Zhangong Governor Huang... Fujian. More than ten thousand pirates had established strongholds along the coast from Fu'an (福安) in the north to Zhangzhou (Chinese: 漳州; pinyin: Zhāngzhōu) is a prefecture-level city, located on the banks of the Xi River in the Fujian province of China, about 55 km (35 mi) west of Xiamen. In older English works, its name may be written as Chang-Chow or... Zhangzhou in the south. In July 1562, Qi Jiguang led six thousand elite troops south into Fujian. Within two months, his army eradicated three major lairs of Japanese pirates at Hengyu (横屿), Niutian (牛田) and Lindun (林墩).

However, his own army also suffered significant losses to fighting and diseases. Seeing the pirate infestation in Fujian subdued, Qi Jiguang then returned to Zhejiang to regroup his force. The Japanese pirates took the opportunity to invade Fujian again, this time succeeding in conquering Xinghua (兴化) (present day Putian (莆田)). In April 1563, Qi Jiguang led ten thousand troops into Fujian and regained Xinghua. Over the next year, a series of victories by Qi Jiguang's army finally saw the pirate problem in Fujian fully resolved.

A final major battle against Japanese pirates was fought on the island of Nan'ao (南澳), which lies near the boundary between the provinces of Fujian and 广东省 Guǎngdōng Shěng Abbreviation: 粤 (pinyin: Yuè) Origin of Name 广 guǎng - region name 东 dōng- east eastern Guang Administration Type Province Capital Guangzhou CPC Guangdong Committee Secretary Zhang Dejiang Governor Huang Huahua Area 177,900 km² (15th... Guangdong, in September 1565. There Qi Jiguang joined arms with his old comrade Yu Dayou again to defeat the remnant of the combined Japanese and Chinese pirate force.

Years on the northern frontier

The The Great Wall of China (TC: 長城; SC: 长城, Pinyin: Chángchéng), also known in China as the Great Wall of 10,000 Li¹ (SC: 万里长城, Pinyin: Wànlĭ Chángchéng), is an ancient Chinese fortification built from the end of the... Great Wall of China at Badaling, which Qi Jiguang reinforced

With the pirate situation along the coast under control, Qi Jiguang was called to Beijing in late 1567 to take charge of training troops for the imperial guards. In the next year, he was given command of the troops in Jizhou to defend against the Mongols. Qi Jiguang soon began the repair work on the segment of the Great Wall can refer to several things: Great Wall of China Great Wall of Galaxies, part of the Coma Cluster This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want... Great Wall between First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. Shanhaiguan (山海关) is a part of the city of Qinhuangdao, in Hebei province, Peoples Republic of China. It literally means The Pass of Mountain and Sea. It is a popular tourist destination, featuring the eastern end of the Great... Shanhai Pass and Juyong Pass (居庸关). Meanwhile, he also directed the construction of watchtowers along the wall. After two years of hard work, more than a thousand watchtowers were completed, giving the defensive capability in the north a great boost.

Qi Jiguang also conducted a month-long military exercise involving more than 100,000 troops in winter 1572. From the experience of the maneuver he wrote Records of Military Training (练兵实纪), which became an invaluable reference for military leaders after him. Over the sixteen years when Qi Jiguang was in Jizhou, not a single Mongolian raider crossed to the south of the Great Wall.

In early 1583, Qi Jiguang was relieved of his duty on the northern frontier and assigned an idle post in Guangdong. His already ill health worsened in the next two years, forcing him to retire to his hometown. He finally passed away in 1588, days before the A banner of the celebration of Chinese New Year. Photographed in Taipei. Chinese New Year (Chinese: 春節 Chūnjíe, 農曆新年 Nónglì Xīnnián or 過年 Guònián), also known as the Lunar New Year or the Spring Festival, one... Lunar New Year. His life was probably best summarized by his own poem:

Historical background

Domestic situation

Qi Jiguang was born during the reign of Jiajing Emperor Birth and death: Sept. 16, 1507–Jan. 23, 1567 Family name: Zhu (朱) Given name: Houcong (厚熜) Dates of reign: May 27, 1521–Jan. 23, 1567 Era name: Jiajing (嘉靖) Era dates: Jan. 28, 1522–Feb. 8, 1567 Temple name: Shizong (世宗... Jiajing Emperor, who was a devout follower of For other uses of the words tao and dao, see Dao (disambiguation). Names Chinese: 道教 Pinyin: Dàojiào Wade-Giles: Tao-chiao The Yin-Yang or Taiji diagram, often used to symbolize Taoism. Most accounts describe Taoism or Daoism as an Asian philosophy and religion, although some regard... Taoism. The emperor devoted much of his time to seeking the way of immortality and, ironically, material indulgence. Most of the administrative matters, including military power, were left in the hands of the prime minister, Yan Song (Chinese: 嚴嵩; pinyin: Yán Sōng) (1481 - 1568) was a corrupt Ming Chinese prime minister who became a homeless pauper. courtesy name (字): Weizhong (惟中) pseudonym (號): Jiexi (介溪) Born in Fenyi (分宜), Jiangsu province, Yan was skilled in poetry and whose... Yan Song. Yan Song was an extremely corrupt official who abused his power. Every year, six tenths of the wages meant for troops guarding the frontlines would end up in his pocket. As a result, damaged defense works were not promptly repaired and acts of desertion were rampant.

When Qi Jiguang took over the commandership of 山东省 Shāndōng Shěng Abbreviation: 鲁 (pinyin: Lǔ) Origin of Name 山 shān - mountain 东 dōng - east east of the Taihang Mountains Administration Type Province Capital Jinan Largest Cities Jinan and Qingdao CPC Shandong Committee Secretary Zhang Gaoli... Shandong's coastal defense, he had less than 10,000 troops at hand, though the recorded strength was 30,000. Furthermore, most of the deserters were young and strong men who could find a living elsewhere, leaving behind the old and the weak. The troops also lacked training and discipline, while the defense works were dilapidated due to years of negligence.

In addition, Yan Song also established a clan of court and district officials, which ostracized those who opposed its members. Besides covering up one another's acts of corruption, Yan Song's followers also blamed their inability on others, especially those whose capabilities threatened their positions. After the victory at Cengang (岑港), not only was Qi Jiguang not credited for his valor, he was almost demoted over slander that he liaised with Japanese pirates.

Pirate raiders from Japan

Meanwhile, For other uses, see Japan (disambiguation). 日本国 (Nippon/Nihon-koku) Dual status seal. See National and Imperial Seal for more of this issue. (Flag of Japan) Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Largest City Tokyo Emperor Akihito Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi Area - Total - % water Ranked 60th 377... Japan was in a state of great unrest. The The Sengoku Period (戦国時代 Sengoku jidai) or warring-states period, is a period of long civil war in the History of Japan that spans through the middle 15th to the early 17th centuries. It started in the late Muromachi period in 1467 with the Onin War (Onin... Sengoku Period saw the entire Japan plunged in small-scale regional civil wars. Many defeated Japanese samurai in armour, 1860 photograph. Samurai (侍 or sometimes 士) is a common term for a warrior in pre-industrial Japan. A more appropriate term is bushi (武士) (lit. warrior or armsman) which came into use during the Edo period. However, the term samurai now usually refers to... samurais as well as impoverished workers and farmers turned to piracy. They often occupied offshore islands near the coast of This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see ... China (disambiguation). ... ... The The Great Wall of China (TC: 長城; SC: 长城, Pinyin: Chángchéng), also known in China as the Great Wall of 10,000 Li¹ (SC: 万里长城, Pinyin: W... China and raided Chinese coastal cities. The raids seriously impeded China's economy and trade, not to mention the mass killings and lootings. The pirate problem intensified during the mid-16th century. Efforts by Chinese generals such as Qi Jiguang effectively curbed the pirate insurgency, but the problem was only eradicated with the coming of the History of Japan Paleolithic Jomon Yayoi Yamato period ---Kofun period ---Asuka period Nara period Heian period Kamakura period Muromachi period Azuchi-Momoyama period ---Nanban period Edo period Meiji period Taisho period Showa period ---Japanese expansionism ---Occupied Japan ---Post-Occupation Japan Heisei The Azuchi-Momoyama period is a division of Japanese... Azuchi-Momoyama period when the situation in Japan stabilized and few new pirates were produced.

Conflicts with the Mongols

With the revolt against the History of China series The Three August Ones and the Five Emperors Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period Qin Dynasty Western Han Dynasty Xin Dynasty Eastern Han Dynasty Three Kingdoms Jin Dynasty Sixteen Kingdoms Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Zhou... Yuan Dynasty in mid-14th century, Hongwu Emperor Birth and death: Oct. 21, 1328–Jun. 24, 1398 Family name: Zhu (朱) Birth name (小名): Chongba¹ (重八) Given name (大名): Xingzong (興宗), later Yuanzhang² (元璋) Courtesy name (字): Guorui (國瑞) Dates of reign: Jan. 23 1368 ³–Jun. 24, 1398... Zhu Yuanzhang drove the The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China, particularly Inner Mongolia. They currently number about 8.5 million and speak the Mongol language. They form one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. There are approximately... Mongols north beyond the Great Wall can refer to several things: Great Wall of China Great Wall of Galaxies, part of the Coma Cluster This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want... Great Wall and founded the History of China series The Three August Ones and the Five Emperors Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period Qin Dynasty Western Han Dynasty Xin Dynasty Eastern Han Dynasty Three Kingdoms Jin Dynasty Sixteen Kingdoms Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Zhou... Ming Dynasty. However, he did not manage to emasculate the Mongolian power, which continued to pester the northern front of China for the next two hundred years. When Qi Jiguang was in 北京市 Běijīng Shì Abbreviation: 京 (pinyin: Jīng) The Forbidden City Origin of Name 北 běi _ north 京 jīng _ capital northern capital Administration Type Municipality CPC Beijing Committee Secretary Liu Qi Mayor Wang Qishan Area 16,808... Beijing in 1550, Altan Khan (1507-1582), whose given name was Anda, was the de facto ruler of the Right Wing of the Mongols and exercised his power over whole Mongolia. He was the second son of the Bars Bolud Jinong and a grandson of Dayan Khan, who had re-unified the Mongolian... Altan Khan, ruler of the right wing of the East Mongols, whom the Chinese called "Dada" (鞑靼) after Tatars or Tartars is a collective name applied to the Turkic-speaking people of Europe and Asia. Most Tatars live in the central and southern parts of Russia, Ukraine, and in Bulgaria, China, Kazakhstan, Romania, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. They collectively numbered more than 8 million in the late 20th century... Tatar, broke through the northern defense and nearly felled Beijing. In 1571, the Ming Dynasty bestowed the title Lord Shunyi (顺义王) upon Atlan Khan and established trade with the Tatar. Atlan Khan then forbidded his subordinates from raiding Chinese settlements. However, the left wing of the Tatar led by Jasaghtu Khan continued to test Qi Jiguang's defense, though without much success.

Other contributions

Not only was Qi Jiguang a brilliant general, he also left behind his invaluable practical experience in the form of two books on Military strategy in the Waterloo campaign Military strategy is a collective name for planning the conduct of warfare. Derived from the Greek strategos, strategy was seen as the art of the general. Military strategy deals with the planning and conduct of campaigns, the movement and disposition of forces, and the... military strategy - Ji Xiao Xin Shu (纪效新书) and Record of Military Training (练兵实纪). He also wrote a great number of Chinese poetry can be divided into three main periods: the early period, characterised by folk songs in simple, repetitive forms; the classical period from the Han dynasty to the fall of the Qing dynasty, in which a number of different forms were developed; and the modern period of Westernised free... poems and Prose is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to the patterns of everyday speech. The word prose comes from the Latin prosa, meaning straightforward. This describes the type of writing that prose embodies, unadorned with obvious stylistic devices. Prose writing is usually... proses, which he compiled into the Collection of Zhizhi Hall (止止堂集), named after his study hall during his office in Jizhou.

Guang bing stuffed with vegetable and meat. This variety does not have a hole in the center.

According to legends, a kind of hard pancake called guang bing (光饼, literally cake of guang) which is still widely consumed in 福建省 Fújiàn Shěng This infobox describes the PRC-administered Fujian province Abbreviation: 闽 (pinyin: Mǐn) Origin of Name 福 fú - Fuzhou 建 jiàn - Jianou Administration Type Province Capital and Largest City Fuzhou CPC Fujian Committee Secretary Lu Zhangong Governor Huang... Fujian Province today was named after Qi Jiguang. When Qi Jiguang led his troops into Fujian in 1562, the Japanese pirates, fearing his name, engaged mainly in History of warfare Eras Prehistoric warfare Ancient warfare Medieval warfare Early modern warfare Modern warfare Types Naval warfare Siege warfare Trench warfare Guerrilla warfare Aerial warfare Nuclear warfare Lists List of wars List of battles List of sieges Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from... guerilla-style battles. To enable Qi Jiguang's troops to march for days in pursuit of the enemy, the people of Fujian baked for them many disc-shaped cakes roughly the size of a palm. In the center of these cakes holes were made so that they could be strung together to be conveniently carried along. Later, to commemorate Qi Jiguang's victory against the pirate raiders, the cakes were named guang bing.

Life

Early life

Battles against Japanese pirates

Years on the northern frontier

Historical background

Domestic situation

Pirate raiders from Japan

Conflicts with the Mongols

Other contributions

Reference

External links

Life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Early life

Battles against Japanese pirates

Years on the northern frontier

Historical background

Domestic situation

Pirate raiders from Japan

Conflicts with the Mongols

Other contributions

Reference

External links

Life