Quagga
Conservation status
Extinct  (1883) (IUCN)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus Subgenus: Hippotigris Species: E. quagga Subspecies: E. q. quagga
Trinomial name
Equus quagga quagga Boddaert, 1785

The quagga closly resembled the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in South Africa's Cape Province and the southern part of the Orange Free State. It was distinguished from other zebras by having the usual vivid marks on the front part of the body only. In the mid-section, the stripes faded and the dark, inter-stripe spaces became wider, and the rear parts were a plain brown. The name comes from a Khoikhoi word for zebra and is onomatopoeic, being said to resemble the quagga's call. The only Quagga to ever have been photographed alive was the Regent's Park Zoo mare in London. Look up quagga in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Image File history File links Status_iucn3. ... For other uses, see Extinction (disambiguation). ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including those that produce milk, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex... Families Equidae Tapiridae Rhinocerotidae The odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla are large to very large browsing and grazing mammals with relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. ... Species - Donkey - African Wild Ass - Domestic Horse - Wild Horse - Grevys Zebra - Onager - Kiang - Plains Zebra - Cape Mountain Zebra - Hartmanns Mountain Zebra Equidae is the family of horse-like animals, order Perissodactyla. ... Species - Donkey - African Wild Ass - Domestic Horse - Wild Horse - Grevys Zebra - Onager - Kiang - Plains Zebra - Cape Mountain Zebra - Hartmanns Mountain Zebra Equidae is the family of horse-like animals, order Perissodactyla. ... For other uses, see Zebra (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Boddaert, 1785 Range map of The Plains zebra subspecies E. q. ... Trinomial nomenclature is a taxonomic naming system that extends the standard system of binomial nomenclature by adding a third taxon. ... Pieter Boddaert (1730 - 1795 or 1796) was a physician and naturalist. ... 1785 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Binomial name Boddaert, 1785 Range map of The Plains zebra subspecies E. q. ... Under the Union of South Africa and after that under the Republic of South Africa, the old Cape Colony became the Cape of Good Hope Province (though it was commonly known as the Cape Province). ... Flag of the Orange Free State Capital Bloemfontein Language(s) Afrikaans, English Religion Dutch Reformed Church Government Republic President  - 1854 - 1855 Josias P. Hoffman  - 1855 - 1859 Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff  - 1859 - 1863 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (also President of the South African Republic from 1857 to 1871). ... An 18th century drawing of Khoikhoi worshipping the moon The Khoikhoi (men of men) or Khoi are a historical division of the Khoisan ethnic group of south-western Africa, closely related to the Bushmen (or San, as the Khoikhoi called them). ... For the supervillain, see Onomatopoeia (comics). ...

Taxonomy

1793 illustration of the quagga stallion of Louis XVI's menagerie at Versailles.

The quagga was originally classified as an individual species, Equus quagga, in 1788. Over the next fifty years or so, many other zebras were described by naturalists and explorers. Because of the great variation in coat patterns (no two zebras are alike), taxonomists were left with a great number of described "species", and no easy way to tell which of these were true species, which were subspecies, and which were simply natural variants. Water colour on vellum parchment by Nicolas Marechal (1753 -1802), painted at Paris in 1793 and illustrates the Quagga stallion of Louis XVI menagerie at Versailles. ... Water colour on vellum parchment by Nicolas Marechal (1753 -1802), painted at Paris in 1793 and illustrates the Quagga stallion of Louis XVI menagerie at Versailles. ... Louis XVI Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793), was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French in 1791-1792. ... This article is about the city of Versailles. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... This article is about the zoological term. ...

Long before this confusion was sorted out, the quagga had been hunted to extinction for meat, hides, and to preserve feed for domesticated stock. The last wild quagga was probably shot in the late 1870s, and the last specimen in captivity, a mare, died on August 12, 1883 at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam. Because of the great confusion between different zebra species, particularly among the general public, the quagga had become extinct before it was realized that it appeared to be a separate species. is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Natura artis magistra, commonly known simply as Artis, is a zoo in Amsterdam. ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ...

Quagga specimen at Natural History Museum, London.

The quagga was the first extinct creature to have its DNA studied. Recent genetic research at the Smithsonian Institution has demonstrated that the quagga was in fact not a separate species at all, but diverged from the extremely variable plains zebra, Equus burchelli, between 120,000 and 290,000 years ago, and suggests that it should be named Equus burchelli quagga. However, according to the rules of biological nomenclature, where there are two or more alternative names for a single species, the name first used takes priority. As the quagga was described about thirty years earlier than the plains zebra, it appears that the correct terms are E. quagga quagga for the quagga and E. quagga burchelli for the plains zebra. Image File history File links Quagga-london. ... Image File history File links Quagga-london. ... For other similarly-named museums see Museum of Natural History. ... DNA replication Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid which carries genetic instructions for the biological development of all cellular forms of life and many viruses. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... Binomial name Boddaert, 1785 Range map of The Plains zebra subspecies E. q. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

After the very close relationship between the quagga and surviving zebras was discovered, the Quagga Project was started by Reinhold Rau in South Africa to recreate the quagga by selective breeding from plains zebra stock, with the eventual aim of reintroducing them to the wild. This type of breeding is also called breeding back. In early 2006, it was reported that the third and fourth generations of the project have produced animals which look very much like the depictions and preserved specimens of the quagga, though whether looks alone are enough to declare that this project has produced a true "re-creation" of the original quagga is controversial. DNA from mounted specimens was successfully extracted in 1984, but the technology to use recovered DNA for breeding does not yet exist. In addition to skins such as the one held by the Natural History Museum in London, there are 23 known stuffed and mounted quagga throughout the world. A twenty-fourth specimen was destroyed in Königsberg, Germany during World War II.^[1] The Quagga Project is an attempt by a group of dedicated people in South Africa to bring back the Quagga (Equus quagga quagga) from extinction and reintroduce it into reserves in its former habitat. ... Reinhold Rau (7 February 1932 - 12 February 2006) was a well-known South African natural historian. ... Breeding back is an attempt to assemble the genes of an extinct subspecies or domesticated breed, which may still be present in the larger gene pool of the overall species or other interbreedable species. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... For other similarly-named museums see Museum of Natural History. ... Locator map on an international level map of Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad (Russian: Калининград), seaport city, capital and main city of the Kaliningrad Oblast, a small Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania with access to the Baltic Sea. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Quagga hybrids and similar animals

Quagga specimen with zebra-horse hybrid foal at Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum, Tring, England.

Zebras have been cross-bred to other equines such as donkeys and horses. There are modern animal farms which continue to do so. The offspring are known as zeedonks, zonkeys and zorses (the term for all such zebra hybrids is zebroid). Zebroids are often exhibited as curiosities although some are broken to harness or as riding animals. On January 20, 2005, Henry, a foal of the Quagga Project, was born. He most resembles the quagga. Image File history File links Quagga-tring. ... Image File history File links Quagga-tring. ... The Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum was once the private museum of Lionel Walter, 2nd Baron Rothschild, and is located in the grounds of the former Rothschild family home of Tring Park, Tring, Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Zebra (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 For other uses, see Donkey (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Binomial name A zeedonk (also spelled zedonk) (also known as zebrass, zebronkey, zonkey, zebadonk, zenkey, zebrinny, or deebra) is a cross between a zebra and a donkey. ... A zeedonk in South Africa Colchester Zoos zeedonk, named Shadow A zeedonk (also called similar names including zebrass, zebronkey or zenkey) is a mixed breed animal, a cross between a zebra and a donkey. ... It has been suggested that Zebrula be merged into this article or section. ... A zebra/donkey hybrid A zebroid is a cross between a zebra and any other equid: essentially, a zebra hybrid. ... The Quagga Project is an attempt by a group of dedicated people in South Africa to bring back the Quagga (Equus quagga quagga) from extinction and reintroduce it into reserves in its former habitat. ...

There is a record of a quagga being bred to a horse in the 1896 work Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine by George M. Gould and Walter L. Pyle:

In the year 1815 Lord Morton put a male quagga to a young chestnut mare of seven-eighths Arabian blood, which had never before been bred from. The result was a female hybrid which resembled both parents.^[2]

In his 1859 The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin recalls seeing coloured drawings of zebra-donkey hybrids, and mentions "Lord Moreton's famous hybrid from a chesnut [sic] mare and male quagga..." Darwin mentioned this particular hybrid again in 1868 in The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication,^[3] and provides a citation to the journal in which Lord Morton first described the breeding. Charles Darwins Origin of Species (publ. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ...

Okapi markings are nearly the reverse of the quagga, with the forequarters being mostly plain and the hindquarters being heavily striped. However, the okapi is no relation of the quagga, horse, donkey, or zebra. Its closest taxonomic relative is the giraffe. Binomial name (P.L. Sclater, 1901) Range map The okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is a mammal of the Ituri Rainforest in central Africa. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Range map The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest of all land-living animal species. ...

See also

• List of extinct animals

// Extinct Animals redirects here. ...

References

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quagga

1. ^ Max D.T. 2006. Can You Revive an Extinct Animal? The New York Times. Published: January 1, 2006.
2. ^ Hartwell, S. Hybrid Mammals. Downloaded at July 24, 2006 at http://www.messybeast.com/genetics/hybrid-mammals.html.
3. ^ Darwin, C. 1883. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. Second Edition, Revised. D. Appleton & Co, New York. Online available at http://www.esp.org/books/darwin/variation/facsimile/title3.html.

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Other sources

• , M.A., East, R. & Rubenstein, D.I. 2002. Equus quagga. In: 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Last accessed on 08 March 2007

External links

• ARKive - images and movies of the quagga (Equus quagga)
• The Quagga Project
• PBS Nature: Restoring the Quagga
• Biology Letters: A rapid loss of stripes: the evolutionary history of the extinct quagga, 2005
• The Extinction Website - Species Info - Quagga
• African Explorer - Bringing the Quagga back to life.
• "Quagga Quest Can we bring back a long-extinct animal?"