Quebec English is the common term for the set of various linguistic and social phenomena affecting the use of English in the predominantly French-speaking Canadian Province of Quebec and more specifically in the Greater Montreal Area.^[1] Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Pierre Duchesne - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area  Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² (595... The Greater Montreal Area is a term used to describe either the Montreal, Quebec, Canada Census Metropolitan Area or the Montreal Metropolitan Community (French: Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal) The CMA is defined by Statistics Canada while the Montreal Metropolitan Community is a level of government in Quebec, and...

There is reputedly no linguistic evidence for the existence of any distinct regional dialects or varieties of Quebec English, the more so in that there are no distinctive phonological features and very few restricted lexical features common among all first-language speakers of English from or raised in Quebec. Nonetheless, it has been clearly demonstrated that most second-language speakers of English or persons acculturated in an environment in which such speakers dominate, be they francophones or allophones, do use an interlanguage of French and English or a distinct pronunciation arising from social concentration ethnic enclaves. What some perceive as "Quebec English" is thus more likely to consist of the practices by speakers of English who hail from such communities, especially so since alone or together they may outnumber first-language English-speakers, and certainly outnumber those acculturated only among English-speakers and in the English language. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ... A variety of a language is a form that differs from other forms of the language systematically and coherently. ... A lexicon is a list of words together with additional word-specific information, i. ... A second language is any language other than the first, or native, language learned; it is typically used because of geographical or social reasons. ... A Francophone is a person who speaks French natively or by adoption (i. ... In Quebec, an allophone is someone whose first language or language of use is neither English nor French. ... An interlanguage is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language who has not become fully proficient yet, but is only approximating the target language: preserving some features of their first language in speaking or writing the target language and creating innovations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

This characteristics are not necessarily unique. Even accounting for Montreal's relatively recent adoption of French as the dominant public language, little apart from small vocabulary differences appears to separate Quebec first-language speakers of English from the greater pan-Canadian and English North American Sprachraum. While first-language speakers of English are a minority only in Quebec (under 10%), they form part of an overwhelming majority both in Canada (67%) and in North America north of the Rio Grande (over 98%), such that there is more American television and music available in Quebec than UK or English-Canadian cultural products combined. This may be one of the reasons why Quebec English has no unifying and unique characteristic that would render it a distinct dialect. Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (in unity, prosperity) Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Quebec Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Río Bravo redirects here. ...

Other reasons include concentration and permeability. With regard to concentration, the vast majority of Quebec-born-and-raised first-language English-speakers (roughly 90%) now live in the Greater Montreal area, a phenomenon that is historically recent. With regard to permeability, a strong influx of Anglophones move to or visit Quebec on an ongoing basis — particularly Montreal, with two major English-language universities and a number of American and Canadian employers (notwithstanding employment laws which require that employers over a certain size must hold company meetings and conduct internal company business in French). In the summer months, similarly roughly half of all tourists are said to be anglophones from the U.S. or from Canadian provinces other than Quebec.

The symbol N@ denotes a language practice which is neither used nor deemed acceptable in English-language writing and broadcasting in Quebec. The same lack of acceptability holds true by any outside-Quebec anglophone's notion of English. Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. ...

First-language English-speaker Phenomena

1. The use of French-language toponyms and official names of institutions/organizations which have no English names; this is probably not a uniquely Quebec phenomenon, though, so much as the practice of calling a thing by its name. Though not normally italicized in English written documents, these Quebec words are pronounced as in French, especially in broadcast media. Note that the reverse language status situation holds true when using French in a province such as British Columbia, where many of the province's entities have a designation only in English. Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo - Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 36 - Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 4th - Total 944,735 km...

the Régie du Logement[1], the Collège de Maisonneuve

Québec Solidaire, the Parti Québécois

Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Trois-Rivières

Particular cases: Pie-IX (as in the boulevard, bridge and métro station) is pronounced /pinœf/ or /pinʌf/, not as "pie nine". On the other hand, sometimes a final written consonant is included or added in pronunciation, where an historic English-language name and pronunciation exists among Anglophone or English-dominant Allophone communities associated with particularly neighbourhoods — such as for "Bernard", which in French is known as rue Bernard. Montreal is always pronounced as an English word, following its historic official English-language name. English-speakers generally pronounce the French Saint- (m.) and Sainte- (f.) in street and place names as the English "saint"; however, Saint-Laurent (the city) can be pronounced as in French /sɛ̃lɔrɑ̃/, whereas Saint Lawrence Boulevard can be pronounced as "/sɛ̃lɔrɑ̃/" (silent t) or as the original English name, Saint Lawrence. Sainte-Foy is pronounced "saint-fwa" /seɪnʔ.fwa/ not "saint-foy" /seɪnʔ.fɔɪ/, which would be used elsewhere in English-speaking North America. Saint-Denis is often pronounced on the Saint model with a silent s in Denis, or as "Saint Dennis". Verdun, as a place name, has the expected English-language pronunciation, /Vɝɹ.'dʌn/, while English-speakers from Verdun traditionally pronounce the eponymous street name as "Verd'n", /'Vɝɹ.dn/. Saint-Léonard, a borough of Montreal, is pronounced "Saint-Lee-o-nard" /seɪnt.li.o.'nɑɹd/, which is reputedly neither English nor French. CEGEP de Maisonneuve is a francophone CEGEP pre-university and technical college located at 3800 Sherbrooke Street East in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... Québec solidaire is a broadly left-wing and sovereignist political party in Quebec, Canada, that was created on February 4, 2006 in Montreal. ... The Parti Québécois (PQ) is a political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. ... Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is a district of Montreal, Quebec, situated on the eastern half of the island, generally to the south and south-west of the citys Olympic Stadium. ... Location City Information Established: January 1, 2002 Area: 228. ... The Pie IX Bridge is a Quebec bridge, spanning the Rivière des Prairies. ... Pie-IX Pie-IX is a station on the Montreal Metro Green Line. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (in unity, prosperity) Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Quebec Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... Saint-Laurent (French for Saint Lawrence) is the name or part of the name of several communes in France. ... There is also a Boulevard Saint-Laurent in Gatineau, see Boulevard Saint-Laurent (Gatineau) Saint Lawrence Boulevard or boulevard Saint-Laurent (its official name, in French) is a major street in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... There are communes that have the name Sainte-Foy in France: In France Sainte-Foy, in the Landes département Sainte-Foy, in the Saône-et-Loire département Sainte-Foy, in the Seine-Maritime département Sainte-Foy, in the Vendée département Related Sainte-Foy-d... Verdun is a borough of the City of Montreal, situated along the St. ... Saint-Léonard is a borough of the City of Montreal. ...

Used by both Quebec-born and outside English-speakers, acronyms with the letters pronounced in English, not French, rather than the full name for Quebec institutions and some areas on Montreal Island are common, particularly where the English-language names either are or, historically, were official. For instance, SQ --> Sûreté du Québec (pre-Bill 101: QPP --> Quebec Provincial Police, as it once was); NDG --> Notre-Dame-de-Grâce; DDO --> Dollard-des-Ormeaux; TMR --> Town of Mount Royal, the bilingual town's official English name. The Sûreté du Québec or SQ. (French for Surety of Quebec, but usually transliterated as Quebec Provincial Police) is the provincial police force of Quebec. ... The Charter of the French Language (also known as Bill 101) is a framework law in the province of Quebec, Canada, defining the linguistic rights of all Quebecers and making French, the language of the majority, the sole official language of Quebec. ... Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is a residential district of Montreal located to the west of downtown; population: 30102 (according to the 2001 census data) [1]). This district, which is known as NDG to locals, is one of five districts of the borough of Côte-des-Neiges—Notre-Dame... Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, (1635-1660), usually known simply as Dollard des Ormeaux, was a colonist of New France who led his companions from the newly founded town of Ville Marie in 1660 to ambush a larger force of Iroquois. ... Mount Royal within the Island of Montreal. ...

Finally, some French place names are very difficult for English-speakers to say without adopting a French accent, such that those proficient in French nonetheless choose an English pronunciation rather than accent-switching. Examples are Vaudreuil, Belœil and Longueuil in which pronunciation of the segment /œj/ (spelled "euil" or "œil") is a challenge. These are most often pronounced as "voh-droy" /vo.drɔɪ/, "bel-oy" /bɛl.ɔɪ/ and "long-gay" /loŋ.geɪ/ or less often "long-gale" /loŋ.geɪl/. Vaudreuil-Dorion is a city (ville) in southwestern Quebec in Vaudreuil-Soulanges on the Ottawa River (Riviere des Outaouais). ... Belœil is a town in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the Richelieu River in the Regional County Municipality of La Vallée-du-Richelieu. ... Longueuil is a city in extreme southwestern Quebec, Canada, on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River across from Montreal, of which it is a suburb. ...

2. N@ (when written) - The practice of using English versions of place names that may now be officially in French, especially where such place names had official English-language designations. Far from being restricted to monolingual, older English speakers of British Isles ancestry, this practice is particularly common among immigrant communities associated with central Montreal districts and who, as was allowed, were schooled in and acculturated via English-language institutions. Particularly among more recent Anglophone newcomers to Montreal, the practice of regarding only French-language place names as legitimate has grown, giving rise to the surprising phenomenon of recent arrivals correcting long-established Montrealers as to the pronunciation of street names on which entire generations grew up

Pine Avenue, Park Avenue, Mountain Street, Dorchester Blvd. - often used without St., Blvd., Ave., Rd., etc. (names for the designations "avenue des Pins", "ave. du Parc", "rue de la Montagne", "boulevard René-Lévesque"; the English-language official designations have reputedly been revoked, although evidence for this is difficult to find)

Guy and Saint Catherine Streets

Town of Mount Royal, as it was chartered, which charter has not been revoked

Pointe Claire (English pronunciation and typography, instead of official "Pointe-Claire")

3. The use of limited number of Quebec French terms for everyday places (and occasional items) that have English equivalents; all of these are said using English pronunciation or have undergone an English clipping or abbreviation, such that they are regarded as ordinary English terms by Quebeckers. Some of them tend sometimes to be preceded by the definite article in contexts where they could normally take "a(n)". Mount Royal within the Island of Montreal. ... Pointe Claire is a suburb of Montreal, located on the west side of the island of Montreal. ...

the dep - instead of corner, variety, or convenience store; from dépanneur

the guichet - instead of bank machine, even when all ATMs are labelled "ATM";

the SAQ - the official name of the government-run monopoly liquor stores (pronounced "ess-ay-cue" or "sack"), the Société des alcools du Québec. This usage is similar to that in other provinces, such as in neighbouring Ontario where liquor stores are referred to as the LCBO (for Liquor Control Board of Ontario).

the metro - like the SAQ, this practice consists of calling a thing by its proper name, making it particularly unremarkable; the Paris metro is pronounced similarly, as are the San Diego, and Washington D.C. metros

poutine - french fries with gravy and cheddar cheese curds

terrasse - the French pronunciation of 'terrace' is common among anglophones in casual speech yet considered incorrect in formal speech. Spelling remains as in English.

4. French-language first and last names using mostly French sounds. Such names may be mispronounced by non-French-speakers, for instance a first-syllable stress or silent-d pronunciation in Bouchard --> /buʃard/. French speakers, as are most Quebec English speakers, are on the other hand more likely to vary pronunciation of this type depending on the manner in which they adopt an English phonological framework. A dépanneur (French, from dépanner, meaning to help out of difficulty; often nicknamed a dep) is a convenience store in the province of Quebec, in Canada. ... An NCR Personas 85-Series interior, multi-function ATM in the USA Smaller indoor ATMs dispense money inside convenience stores and other busy areas, such as this off-premise Wincor Nixdorf mono-function ATM in Sweden. ... Société des alcools du Québec logo The Société des alcools du Québec (French for Quebec Alcohols Corporation), often abbreviated and referred to as SAQ, is a state-owned corporation in the Province of Quebec. ... The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) is a provincial Crown corporation established in 1927 by Premier Howard Ferguson to sell liquor, wine, and beer in Ontario through a chain of retail stores. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Americas Finest City Location Location of San Diego within San Diego County Coordinates , Government County San Diego Mayor City Attorney         City Council District One District Two District Three District Four District Five District Six District Seven District Eight Jerry Sanders (R) Michael Aguirre Scott Peters Kevin... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Poutine Poutine (pronounced, roughly, poo-tin; pronunciation in IPA as heard in Quebec French — listen to it in . ... Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech) is a subfield of grammar (see also linguistics). ...

Mario Lemieux

Marie-Claire Blais

Jean Charest

Jean Chrétien

Robert Charlebois

Céline Dion

This importation of French-language syllabic stresses and phonemes into an English phonological framework may be regarded as interlanguage or translation. Mario Lemieux (born October 5, 1965, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a retired professional ice hockey centre who played 17 seasons for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League between 1984 and 2006. ... Marie-Claire Blais is a Canadian author. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, usually known as Jean Chrétien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... Robert Charlebois (born June 25, 1944) is a Canadian author, composer, musician, performer and actor. ... Céline Marie Claudette Dion, OC, OQ (born March 30, 1968) is a Canadian Grammy, Juno, and Oscar award-winning pop singer and occasional songwriter and actress. ... An interlanguage is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language who has not become fully proficient yet, but is only approximating the target language: preserving some features of their first language in speaking or writing the target language and creating innovations. ...

French-language Phenomena in English (not restricted to Quebec only)

High-frequency, second-language phenomena by francophones, allophones, and generally non-pure-English speakers occur, predictably, in the most basic structures of English. Commonly called "Frenglish" or "franglais", these phenomena are a product of interlanguage, calques or mistranslation and thus may not constitute so-called "Quebec English", to the extent that these can be conceived of separately — particularly since such phenomena are similar among English-subsequent-language French speakers throughout the world, leaving little that is Quebec-specific: Franglais, a portmanteau made by mixing the words français (French) and anglais (English), is a slang term for types of speech, although the word has different overtones in the English and French languages. ... An interlanguage is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language who has not become fully proficient yet, but is only approximating the target language: preserving some features of their first language in speaking or writing the target language and creating innovations. ... In linguistics, a calque (pronounced [kælk]) or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) is a phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word translation. ...

A. N@ - The use of French collocations. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Close the TV - Turn/shut off the TV.

Close the door. - Lock the door.

Open the light. - Turn on the lights.

Take a decision. - Make a decision.

Put your coat. - Put your coat on.

B. N@ - The use of French grammar or no grammatical change. Many of these constructions are grammatically correct but only out of context. It’s both the calquing and transfer from French and the betrayed meanings that make these sentences foreign to English.

He speak/talk to me yesterday. --> He spoke/talked to me yesterday. (verb tense)

Me, I work in Laval. --> I work in Laval. (vocal stress on "I")

It/He have many books. --> There are many books. (from French il y a meaning "there is/are")

I like the beef and the red wine. --> I like beef and red wine. (overuse of definite article to mean "in general")

You speak French? --> Do you speak French? (absence of auxiliary verb; otherwise it means surprise, disbelief or disappointment when out of context)

I don’t find my keys. --> I can’t find my keys. (lack of English modal auxiliary verb)

At this moment I wash the dishes. --> I’m washing the dishes right now. (verbal aspect)

My computer, he don’t work. --> My computer won’t work. (human pronoun, subject repetition, uninflected auxiliary verb)

I would like a brownies. --> Could I have a brownie? (plural –s thought to be part of the singular word in relexification process; other examples: "a Q-tips", "a pins", "a buns", "a Smarties", "a Doritos", etc.)

I would like shrimps with broccolis. -–> Could I have some shrimp and broccoli? (use of regular plural instead of English unmarked plural or non-count noun; this is not a case of hypercorrection but of language transfer).

Do you want to wash the dishes? --> Will/would you wash the dishes? (lack of English modal verb; modal vouloir from French instead - Veux-tu laver la vaisselle?)

C. N@ - Pronunciation of phoneme /ŋ/ as /n/ + /g/ (among some Italian Montrealers) or /n/ + /k/ (among some Jewish Montrealers, especially those who grew up in Yiddish-speaking environments), for instance due to high degrees of ethnic connectivity within, for instance, municipalities, boroughs or neighbourhoods on the Island of Montreal such as Saint-Léonard and Outremont/Côte-des-Neiges/Côte-Saint-Luc. These phenomena occur as well in other diaspora areas such as New York City. Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ... Definite Article is the title of British comedian Eddie Izzards 1996 performance released on video and CD. The video/DVD and CD performances were both recorded on different nights at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, England. ... In linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. ... In the English language, a modal auxiliary verb is an auxiliary verb (or helping verb) that can modify the grammatical mood (or mode) of a verb. ... In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. ... This article is about inflection in linguistics. ... Relexification is a term from linguistics used in pidgin and creole studies for the mechanism by which one language changes its lexicon to that of another language. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... It has been suggested that Count noun be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or interference) is the effect of a speaker or writers first language (L1) on the production or perception of his or her second language (L2). ... A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality. ... In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Yiddish (Yid. ... The Island of Montreal (in French, île de Montréal), in extreme southwestern Quebec, Canada, is located at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. ... Saint-Léonard is a borough of the City of Montreal. ... Côte Saint-Luc within the Island of Montreal. ... For other uses, see Diaspora (disambiguation). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

D. N@ - The use of false cognates (faux-amis); this practice is quite common, so much so that those who use them abundantly insist that the false cognate is the English term even outside of Quebec. Note that these French words are all pronounced using English sounds and harbour French meanings. While the possibilities are truly endless, this list provides only the most insidious false cognates found in Quebec. False cognates are a pair of words in the same or different languages that are similar in form and meaning but have different roots. ...

a stage – an internship (pronounced as in French)

college – Cégep (collège, cégep; collégial, cégepien), the acronym which is the official name of the institution which dispenses college-level technical education and precedes university in Quebec.

Chinese pâté – shepherd's pie (pâté chinois; many French-Canadian Quebeckers do not know that pâté chinois is similar to shepherd's-pie dishes associated with other cultures)

a cold plate – some cold-cuts (reversed gallicism - assiette de viandes froides)

coordinates - for address, phone number, e-mail, etc.

(a) salad – (a head of) lettuce

a subvention – a (government) grant

a parking – a parking lot/space

a location – a rental

a good placement – a good location

It’s ok. – It’s fine. (from Ça va.)

That’s it. - That is correct. (from C'est ça.)

Few anglophone Quebeckers use many such false cognates, but most understand such high-frequency words and expressions. Some of these cognates are used by many francophones, and others by many allophones and anglophone accultured in allophone environments, of varying English proficiencies, from the bare-minimum level to native-speaker level. Shepherds Pie with ground beef. ... Pâté chinois (literally translated as Chinese pie, commonly called shepherds pie in English) is a French-Canadian dish made from layered minced meat on the bottom, corn (either kernel corn or creamed corn) and mashed potatoes on top. ... Gallicism is a mode of speech peculiar to the French; a French idiom; also, in general, a French mode or custom. ...

A francophone with excellent English will often pronounce consonants less harshly and will make less use of the glottal stop, making their speech more fluid.

See also

• English-speaking Quebecer
• Quebec French
• Canadian English
• Franglais

This article or section cites its sources but does not provide page references. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Canadian English (CaE) is a variety of English used in Canada. ... Franglais (slang), a portmanteau combining the words français (French) and anglais (English), also called Frenglish, is a slang term for types of speech, although the word has different overtones in French and English. ...

References