Zumbi (1655 - November 20, 1695, pronounced: "Zoom-bee") was the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. The quilombo was a refuge of runaway slaves. Events New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events July 17- The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. ... Alagoas (AL) is a small state in northeastern Brazil lying between the states of Pernambuco and Sergipe; touching the state of Bahia along a part of its southwestern border. ... The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. ... A quilombo (from a Kimbundu word) is a hinterland settlement originally created by runaway slaves in Brazil and sometimes included a minority of marginalised Portuguese and other non-black, non-slave Brazilians. ...

Quilombo dos Palmares was a self-sustaining republic of fugitive slaves escaped from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, "a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Bahia" (Braudel 1984 p 390). At its height, Palmares had a population of over 30,000. In the history of slavery in the United States, a fugitive slave was a slave who had escaped his or her masters often with the intention of traveling to a place where the state of his or her enslavement was either illegal or not enforced. ... The Republic of Portugal (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, the westernmost country in continental Europe. ... The Republic of Portugal (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, the westernmost country in continental Europe. ...

Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835

Forced to defend against repeated attacks by both Dutch and Portuguese colonial powers, the warriors of Palmares were expert in capoeira, a martial arts form developed in Brazil by African slaves in the 1500s. Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas. ... Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas. ... The Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). ... The Republic of Portugal (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, the westernmost country in continental Europe. ... Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835 Capoeira is a Brazilian martial art developed in the 1500s by slaves. ...

An African known only as Zumbi was born free in Palmares in 1655, but was captured by the Portuguese and given to a missionary, Father Antonio Melo when he was approximately 6 years old. Baptized Francisco, Zumbi was taught the sacraments, learned Portuguese and Latin, and helped with daily mass. Despite attempts to "civilize" him, Zumbi escaped in 1670 and, at the age of 15, returned to his birthplace. Zumbi became known for his physical prowess and cunning in battle and was a respected military strategist by the time he was in his early twenties.

By 1678, the governor of the captaincy of Pernambuco, Pedro Almeida, weary of the longstanding conflict with Palmares, approached its leader Ganga Zumba with an olive branch. Almeida offered freedom for all runaway slaves if Palmares would submit to Portuguese authority, a proposal which Ganga Zumba favored. But Zumbi was distrustful of the Portuguese. Further, he refused to accept freedom for the people of Palmares while other Africans remained enslaved. He rejected Almeida's overture and challenged Ganga Zumba's leadership. Vowing to continue the resistance to Portuguese oppression, Zumbi became the new leader of Palmares. Pernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Brazilian Northeast. ...

Fifteen years after Zumbi assumed leadership of Palmares, Portuguese military commanders Domingos Jorge Velho and Vieira de Mello mounted an artillery assault on the quilombo. February 6, 1694, after 67 years of ceaseless conflict with the cafuzos, or Maroons, of Palmares, the Portuguese succeeded in destroying Cerca do Macaco, the republic's central settlement. Palmares' warriors were no match for the Portuguese artillery; the republic fell, and Zumbi was wounded. Though he survived and managed to elude the Portuguese, he was betrayed, captured almost two years later and beheaded on the spot November 20, 1695. The Portuguese transported Zumbi's head to Recife, where it was displayed in the central plaza as proof that, contrary to popular legend among African slaves, Zumbi was not immortal. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events February 6 - The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed. ... Cafuzo is a term of Portuguese origin describing the first generation offspring of a Negro and an Amerindian. ... The word Maroon can have the following meanings: Maroon is a color mixture composed of brown and purple. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Recife (population 1. ... Plaza is a Spanish word related to field which describes an open public space, such as a town square. ...

Today, November 20 is celebrated, chiefly in Rio de Janeiro, as a day of national pride. The day has special meaning for Afro-Brazilians, who honor Zumbi as a hero, freedom fighter and a symbol of freedom. Ipanema beach A NASA satellite image of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro (meaning River of January in Portuguese) is the name of both a state and a city in southeastern Brazil. ...

Tributes

• Zumbi Day
• Mentioned in various Soulfly lyrics.
• Mentioned in the Sepultura song "Ratamahatta."
• His name is given to a fighter in the Macromedia Flash game: Capoeira Fighter 2.

November 20, the day of Zumbis celebration. ... Soulfly is the band started by Max Cavalera in 1997 after his decision to leave Sepultura. ... Sepultura is a Brazilian thrash metal band. ... Macromedia Flash or Flash is a graphics animation program, written and marketed by Macromedia, that uses vector graphics. ...

See also

• Atlantic slave trade
• Cafuzo
• Capoeira
• Garifuna
• Palmares (quilombo)
• Quilombo
• Slavery
• Triangular trade
• Zambo

The Atlantic slave trade was the capture and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. ... Cafuzo is a term of Portuguese origin describing the first generation offspring of a Negro and an Amerindian. ... Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835 Capoeira is a Brazilian martial art developed in the 1500s by slaves. ... The Garifuna or Garífuna are an ethnic group in the Caribbean area, decended from a mix of Amerindian and African people. ... A quilombo (from a Kimbundu word) is a hinterland settlement originally created by runaway slaves in Brazil and sometimes included a minority of marginalised Portuguese and other non-black, non-slave Brazilians. ... Slavery is any of a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion. ... A triangular trade is any three-way exchange, but the term is often used to refer to one particular instance: the 18th century trade between Europe, the west coast of Africa, and the Caribbean. ... Representation of Zambos during the Latin American colonial period Zambo (Cafuzo in Brazil and Lobo in Mexico) is a term of Latin American origin describing peoples of mixed African and Amerindian racial descent. ...

Reference

• Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective of the World, vol. III of Civilization and Capitalism 1984 (in French 1979).