This article is about the Native American nation. For the university, see Quinnipiac University. Quinnipiac University is a private four-year university in Hamden, Connecticut, located on about 500 acres (2 km²), just north of New Haven. ...

The Quinnipiac -- rarely spelled Quinnipiack -- is the Anglo name for the Eansketambawg (meaning "We, the original, surface-dwelling people"; c.f. Ojibwe: anishinaabeg) a Native American nation of the Algonquian family who inhabited the region including present-day Connecticut. The Anishinaabe language or the Ojibwe group of languages or Anishinaabemowin in Eastern Ojibwe syllabics) is the third most commonly spoken Native language in Canada (after Cree and Inuktitut), and the fourth most spoken in North America (behind Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut). ... Anishinaabe or more properly Anishinaabeg or Anishinabek (which is the plural form of the word) is a self-description often used by people belonging to the indigenous Odawa, Ojibwe, and Algonkin peoples of North America, who share closely related Algonquian languages. ... Native Americans are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ... Algonquian Indians are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds, and hundreds of thousands who still identify with various Algonquian peoples. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ...

Introduction

The Quinnipiac (occasionally misspelled Quinnipiack) people — also known as Quiripi and Renapi — are speakers of the r-dialect of the Algonquian language family. (The Algonquian Language Phyla was the largest in North America and covered about one-third of the continent above Mexico.) The Quinnipiac/Quiripi/Renapi people are considered to be the first of the indigenous peoples to be placed on a reservation (by the English in 1638), ^[1] under the first of several treaties which resulted in additional reservations at Branford, Madison, Derby, and Farmington. ^[2] J.H. Trumbull was the first to recognize that the New Haven band of the Quiripi was only one band or sub-sachemship and not the entire tribal nation. ^[3] Blair Rudes found that the Eastern Algonquian r-dialect group's “territory extended “… up to the Hudson in the west, including a portion of land in present-day New York state…. Furthermore… the same people occupied a portion of … western Long Island ….” ^[4] Since 1997, more extensive research, based on linguistics and early historical records, has extended the boundaries of the 1500-1600 AD Quiripi/Renapi/Quinnipiac confederacies to include all of what is now Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey, and half of Long Island (prior to the immigration of the Pequot/Mohegan peoples into eastern CT). ^[5] Quiripi is the name of a Native American language of the Algonquin language family, specifically the Algonquin-Mosan branch. ... The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota... BIA map of reservations in the United States Tribal sovereignty: Map of the United States, with non-reservation land highlighted. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the Queen England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 967 AD  Area  -  Total 130,395 km²  50,346 sq mi  Population  -  2007 estimate 50... Academy in Branford. ... Madison is a town in the southeastern corner of New Haven County, Connecticut, and it occupies a central location on the Connecticut Shoreline area. ... Derby is a town located in New Haven County, Connecticut. ... Coordinates: NECTA Hartford Region Capitol Region Incorporated 1645 Government  - Type Council-manager  - Town manager Kathleen Eagen  - Council chairman Michael Clark Area  - City 74. ... Nickname: Location in Connecticut Coordinates: NECTA New Haven Region South Central Region Settled 1638 Incorporated (city) 1784 Consolidated 1895 Government  - Type Mayor-board of aldermen  - Mayor John DeStefano, Jr. ... NY redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... Map showing Long Island; to the north is Connecticut and to the west are New York City and New Jersey. ... The Pequot are a tribal nation of Native Americans who, in the 17th century, inhabited much of what is now Connecticut. ... The Mohegan tribe is an Algonquian-speaking tribe living in eastern (upper Thames valley) Connecticut [1] who were jointly ruled by the Pequot tribe until 1637. ...

Quinnipiac River History

The Quinnipiac River flows southward from Farmington, CT (Tunxis Sub-Sachemship) at Deadwood Swamp to the New Haven harbor on Long Island Sound. Its length is 38 miles and its name means “long-water-country.” The Quinnipiac people of the Long Water Land had several sub-sachemships and villages along its banks as well as main trails that criss-crossed its length. The Quinnipiac River and Quinnipiac Hiking Trail still run directly through Sleeping Giant State Park, a sacred site revered by the Quinnipiac people as the petrified body of their culture hero, the Stone Giant, Hobbomock. The Quinnipiac River is a river in the New England region of the United States, located entirely in the state of Connecticut. ... The Sleeping Giant, or Mount Carmel, is a trap rock ridge system located in the Mount Carmel neighborhood of Hamden, Connecticut, overlooking Quinnipiac University. ...

Quinnipiac Settlements and Self-Identity

The Dutch and French called these people Quiripi (also spelled Quiripey), and the English knew them as Quinnipiac (also Quinnipiack, Quillipiac). Appellatives from the PEA-A (Proto-Eastern Algonquian/Archaic) dialects reflecting Self-Identity include the following:

• Eansketambawg (meaning “we, the surface-dwelling people”) is a generalized term used by the Dawnlanders (original inhabitants of NE USA and Eastern Canada) to identify the Algonquians of the NE Woodlands.

• Rennawawk (meaning “true human beings”) is the indigenous term for “aboriginal Native Americans.”

• Quiripi/Quiripey (meaning “long-water-land people”) is the archaic equivalent of Quinnipiac (n-dialect) and Quillipiac (l-dialect).

• Renapi (also spelled Renape, meaning “the real people”) represents the true term of self-identity for the sachemships who spoke the r-dialect of the PEA-A region.

• Wampano (also spelled Wappinger, Wampanoo, Wabeno) refers generically to the sub-tribal Renapi/Lenape Dawnland Confederacy, also known today as the Wappinger-Mattabesec Confederacy.

The place name “Quinnipiac” derives from regional variations of Quinni/pe/okke which is similar to Quinneh/tukq/ut. The first indicates “long-water-land” and the second indicates “at the long water estuary” which are two locations of the Renapi bands. One linguist theorizes that the name “Quinnipiac” means “turning point” (i.e., where we change our route), however, there is no historical or cultural evidence to support this assumption. Evidence does exist, however, to indicate that the original “long-water-land” related to the entire shoreline along Long Island Sound. Bands of the Long Water Land Renapi were situated in Eastern NY, Northern NJ, and Connecticut, where their summer camps were on the shores and along the estuaries that ran into the Sound. In Pre-Columbian times, after the glaciers melted, there was a freshwater lake waterfall 100 miles long. Legend has it that this was the derivation of the term “Long-Water-Land.” Archaeological evidence of the ancient camps lie throughout the region. Quinnipiac River runs almost the width (top to bottom) of the state and the Connecticut (originally spelled Quinnehtukqut) River runs from the Sound all the way to Quebec, Canada. New York City waterways: 1. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Austrias longest glacier, the Pasterze, winds its 8 km (5 mile) route at the foot of Austrias highest mountain, the Grossglockner A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity. ... Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² - Water...

Socio-Political Structure

The Quiripi/Renapi/Quinnipiac consisted of the following socio-political elements.

Primary Sachemdom

A primary Sachemdom (likened to a kingdom, aboriginal domain, etc.), where a hereditary Long-House Grand Sachem presided over an alliance of Stump-Chief Sachems (non-hereditary, but holding positions by virtue of marriage or appointment) and Sagamores/Sagamaughs (hereditary positions), all of whom acted as wise councilors. The Algonquian Primary Sachemdom was always located at the heart or center of the domain, where a traditional maweomi (central council fire) was positioned. The Sachemdom was defended by Indian Forts or menehkenum which the English called “entrenched castles.” ^[6]

Secondary Sub-sachemships

Secondary sub-sachemships (bands) were genetically, culturally, politically, socially, economically, and linguistically related to and defended the central council fire. The central council fires in turn, were allied with a Great Grand Council known as a Confederacy.

Primary Economic Commodity

The primary economic commodity of the Long Water people was the production of wampum-peague or “shell-money” which has sacred origins. Huge piles of clam and oyster shells were stockpiled and archaeologists erroneously identified them as “refuse dumps” for lack of understanding. Shipments of these shells were sent to regional Algonquian Trade Centers. One of the most renown was at Cahokia, where archaeologists found these stockpiles with drills and drillbits, as well as large quantities of finished beads. There were two types. Littleneck clams; the pictured mollusks are of the species Mercenaria mercenaria. ... Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron, opened The name oyster is used for a number of different groups of mollusks which grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. ... Cahokia is the site of an ancient Native American city near Collinsville, Illinois, across the Mississippi River from St. ...

1. Sun wampum were the red, white, and purple beads of cylindrical shape, drilled through the center, used to make strings of wampum and to make belts or sashes. In the belts the colors were manipulated so that pictographic images told a symbolic story and these were given to honor important actions by the Great Grand Councils and Maweomis for peace treaties, wars, marriages, and other significant events. In the colonies of New Haven and Boston, wampum-peague became the first legal tender and it was used in fathoms.
2. Larger round beads like discs were known as moon wampum and they were strung together to make necklaces. Large crescent-moon wampums were hung from the necklaces to denote the maweomis which were set up in large crescent moon shapes, with the Grand Sachem at the center and his sachems at his side.

Other commodities included raw copper, mined from West Rock (Mautumpseck) in large nuggets. Samples weighing a few tons can be viewed at the Peabody Museum of Natural History on Whitney Avenue in New Haven, CT. These nuggets were sent to regional trade centers where artisans turned them into beads, amulets, knives, and axes. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Pictogram for public toilets A pictogram or pictograph is a symbol which represents an object or a concept by illustration. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University was founded by the philanthropist George Peabody in 1866 at the behest of his nephew Othniel Charles Marsh, the early paleontologist. ... An amulet from the Black Pullet grimoire An amulet (from Latin amuletum, meaning A means of protection) consists of any object intended to bring good luck and/or protection to its owner. ...

Long Water Land Renapi Sachemdom

The Long Water Land Renapi (Quinnipiac Algonquians of the Renapi Nation) Sachemdom included the following Sachemships (circa 1500-1650 AD).

• Quinnipiac/Quirripeokke: Quinnipiac River confluence, New Haven
• Meriden (meaning “Pleasant Valley”) Cheshire, North Haven & Meriden
• Mioonkhtuck: East Haven, Fair Haven
• Totoket: Branford, North Branford
• Menunkatuck: Guilford, Madison
• Hammonasset: Clinton, Saybrook
• Nehantic: Durham, Haddam
• Mattabesec: Middletown
• Tunxis: Farmington
• Mattatuck: Waterbury
• Naugatuck: Derby, Ansonia, Orange
• Wepawaug: Milford
• Paugusset: New London
• Potatuck: Housatonic River
• Wangunk: Connecticut River, both banks
• Podunk: Windsor

Throughout the Sachemdom, the menuhkenumoag (Indian forts) were positioned along the main trail system, known as Mishimayagat. Trails and rivers served as highways for war and trade. The Quinnipiac River is a river in the New England region of the United States, located entirely in the state of Connecticut. ... Confluence of Rhine and Mosel at Koblenz In geography, a confluence describes the point where two rivers meet and become one, usually when a tributary joins a more major river. ... Nickname: Location in Connecticut Coordinates: NECTA New Haven Region South Central Region Settled 1638 Incorporated (city) 1784 Consolidated 1895 Government  - Type Mayor-board of aldermen  - Mayor John DeStefano, Jr. ... Cheshire is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. ... North Haven is a suburban New England town in New Haven County, Connecticut on the outskirts of New Haven, Connecticut. ... Meriden is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. ... Location in Connecticut Coordinates: Counties New Haven County Mayor Joseph A. Maturo, Jr. ... The northern portion of Front Street in Fair Haven, as seen from the Grand Avenue bridge in May, 2005. ... North Branford is a town located in New Haven County, Connecticut. ... Guilford is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, that borders Madison, Branford, North Branford and Durham, and is situated on I-95 and the coast. ... Madison is a town in the southeastern corner of New Haven County, Connecticut, and it occupies a central location on the Connecticut Shoreline area. ... Clinton is a town located in USA. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 13,094. ... Old Saybrook is a town located in Middlesex County, Connecticut. ... Durham is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. ... Haddam is a town located in Middlesex County, Connecticut. ... Nickname: Forest City Coordinates: NECTA Hartford Region Midstate Region Incorporated (town) 1651 Incorporated (city) 1784 Consolidated 1923 Government type Mayor-council Mayor Sebastian N. Giuliano Area    - City 42. ... Coordinates: NECTA Hartford Region Capitol Region Incorporated 1645 Government  - Type Council-manager  - Town manager Kathleen Eagen  - Council chairman Michael Clark Area  - City 74. ... Nickname: Location in Connecticut Coordinates: NECTA Waterbury Region Central Naugatuck Valley Incorporated (town) 1686 Incorporated (city) 1853 Consolidated 1902 Government  - Type Mayor-board of aldermen  - Mayor Michael J. Jarjura Area  - City 74. ... Derby is a town located in New Haven County, Connecticut. ... Ansonia is a city and town located in New Haven County, Connecticut, on the Naugatuck River, immediately north of Derby and about 12 miles northwest of New Haven. ... Orange is a town located in New Haven County, Connecticut. ... Nickname: A Small City with a Big Heart Coordinates: NECTA Bridgeport-Stamford Region South Central Region Named 1640 Incorporated (city) 1959 Government type Mayor-council  - Mayor James L. Richetelli, Jr. ... Nickname: The Whaling City Motto: MARE LIBERUM Coordinates: NECTA Norwich-New London Region Southeastern Connecticut Settled 1646 (Pequot Plantation) Named 1658 (New London) Incorporated (city) 1784 Government  - Type Council-manager  - City council Margaret Mary Curtin, Mayor Kevin J. Cavanagh, Dep. ... The Housatonic River is a river, approximately 144 mi (230 km) long, in western Massachusetts and central Connecticut in the United States. ... The Connecticut River as seen from the French King Bridge in western Massachusetts. ... Motto: First in State, First in Service Location in Hartford County, Connecticut Coordinates: NECTA Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford Region Capitol Region Settled 1633 Named 1637 Government  - Type Council-manager[1]  - Town manager Peter Souza  - Town council Donald S. Trinks, Mayor; Timothy Curtis, Deputy Mayor; Robert B. Gegetskas II; William...

The Mattabesec Sachemship in the heart of Wangunk sub-sachemships was the easternmost entrance to the Wappinger-Mattabesec Confederacy and prior to the major epidemics of the 1500-1600s, this eastern door was where Rhode Island is now (and the eastern border of Connecticut). This article is about the U.S. State. ...

Populations and Treaty Reservation Land

Population prior to contact with Europeans

Prior to the devastating epidemics (according to contemporary scholars Snow, Grumet, Bragdon, et. al.), the estimated population was about 25,000 in Connecticut, an additional 25,000 in Eastern New York and New Jersey (Northern Mountains). This equates to roughly 1,000 to 1,200 per band or sub-sachemship (called ‘sub-tribes’ by ethnologists). The Connecticut Scholar, per Collier & Collier, indicates that the figures estimated by DeForest (and emulated by Townshend) circa 1850-1900, “are no longer taken seriously.” An epidemic is generally a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population. ...

The Quinnipiac Reservation

The Quinnipiac reservation at Mioonhktuck (East Haven) is said to be the first reservation in what would become the United States over a century later, as a result of the first Quinnipiac/English Treaty signed in November 1638. Additional reserved lands were recorded by the late John Menta in his thesis and subsequent work about the Quinnipiac. There were three major Treaties, and one ratification by Naushop, the son of Shaumpishuh. These Treaties were with the British Crown and, as such, were RATIFIED by the U.S. Constitution, according to U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Reserved land locations included:

• 1200 acre reserve at Mioonkhtuck, East Haven
• reserved lands at Indian Head, Totoket, Branford
• reserved lands at Ruttawoo (East River), Madison
• reserved lands at Menunkatuck, Guilford, West Pond
• reserved lands at Derby, Orange, Turkey Hill
• reserved 50 acres at Waterbury (negotiated but never solidified).

Quinnipiac Refugees

The “Quinnipiac Trail of Heartaches”^[7] refers to the numerous relocations of the Quinnipiac people who became refugees as a result of the encroachment, religious conversion, and ethnic cleansing by the Puritans. Large groups, who could not remain at the regional reserved lands, embarked on a series of removals to other Algonquian groups. Some of these included, but were not limited to the Schaghticoke enclave, which began in the year 1699, after old Joseph Chuse married Sarah Mahwee (Mahweeyeuh). Sarah told Ezra Stiles of Yale that she was born at East Haven and Dr. Blair Rudes confirmed that she was indeed Quinnipiac. Joseph was a Paugusset and they were a sub-sachemship of the Long Water People, as noted by James Hammond Trumbull. The last families who had been at Turkey Hill/Naugatuck moved to Kent, Connecticut, where the Schaghticoke emerged. Today they have split into the Schaghticoke Nation and the Schaghticoke Tribe. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism · Supremacism Anti... The Puritans were members of a group of radical Protestants which developed in England after the Reformation. ... “Yale” redirects here. ... Kent is a town located in Litchfield County, Connecticut, alongside the border with New York. ... The Schaghticoke are a Native American tribe of the Eastern Woodlands consisting of Mahican/Mohican (not Mohegan), Pootatuck (Potatuck), Weantinock, Tunxis, Podunk and other Connecticut New York and Massachusetts indigenous people who amalgamated together due to white settler encroachment on their ancestral lands. ...

Other groups of refugees migrated to Brotherton at Oneida, New York, then to the White River and Muncie, Indiana; some to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and Stockbridge, Wisconsin; some to Odenak (St. Francis) and Quebec, Canada. Oneida is a city located in Madison County, New York. ... The forks of the White River are highlighted in blue. ... Muncie (IPA: ) is a city in Delaware County in east central Indiana, best known as the home of Ball State University and the birthplace of the Ball Corporation. ... Stockbridge is a town in Berkshire County in Western Massachusetts. ... Stockbridge is a village located in Calumet County, Wisconsin. ... Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² - Water...

Others who migrated went to Pennsylvania, eastern New York, and northern New Jersey, at the Ramapo Mountain refugium, by moving from rock shelter to rock shelter, in order to survive. In the 1850s to 1900, the Quinnipiac began to return to the Long Water Land. Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ... NY redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ...

War and Peace

The Quinnipiac/Quiripi were known as “grandfathers” in the Dawnland Confederacy, with their Lenape cousins. Although they were a people of peace and commerce, when forced into war, they were fierce warriors and outstanding soldiers. Eastern Connecticut, originally inhabited by the Quinnipiac Nation’s sub-sachemships of the Eastern Nehantic, Podunk, and Wangunk, as well as the Narragansett, suffered more losses than western Connecticut, and so in 1506, after 80% population losses due to epidemics, the Pequotoog moved into the area from the upper Hudson region and pushed the survivors of the Narragansett into what is now Rhode Island, and the Nehantic wedged in close to the Connecticut River (Old Lyme). A rogue sachem, named Uncus, angry for being passed over to lead the Pequotoog, took his followers and struck out on his own, founding the Mohegan Band. Uncus and his warriors joined with Nepaupuck (a Quinnipiac War Captain) and entered into several Treaties with the English. In the “Direful Swamp Fight,” 150 Quinnipiac and Mohegan warriors joined with 350 English troops and, in December of 1675, they defeated the powerful Pequotoog. Quinnipiac warriors served in many wars and battles as soldiers and sailors and their refugees, who migrated to Stockbridge, merged into an alliance to help the Sons of Liberty defeat the English in the American Revolution because of the betrayal by English allies in land dealings. The Sons of Liberty changed their name to the Sons of King Tammany (a Munsee Grand Sachem whose title, Tamanend, means “The Affable One”). The original thirteen colonies adopted the socio-political structure of the Quinnipiac Wampano Confederacy, with each state having its own totem and calling their leader a sachem. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Pequot are a tribal nation of Native Americans who, in the 17th century, inhabited much of what is now Connecticut. ... The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk in Mahican, is a river that runs through the eastern portion of New York State and, along its southern terminus, demarcates the border between the states of New York and New Jersey. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The Connecticut River as seen from the French King Bridge in western Massachusetts. ... Old Lyme is a town located in New London County, Connecticut. ... The Mohegan tribe is an Algonquian-speaking tribe living in eastern (upper Thames valley) Connecticut [1] who were jointly ruled by the Pequot tribe until 1637. ... The Sons of Liberty as depicted in British press The Sons of Liberty was a label adopted by Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies before the American Revolution. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that... Tamanend or Saint Tammany (c. ... In 1775, the British claimed authority over the red and pink areas on this map and Spain ruled the orange. ...

Quinnipiac Culture

The Long Water Land people lived in their fishing camps along the shores during the spring (Sequan) and summer (Nepun). Their horticultural patterns produced corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, fruits, nuts, berries, all in a plantation-style setting. They used a slash-and-burn technique to replenish the soil and rotated their plantation sites regularly. They used horseshoe crabs and menhadden (alewives) as a natural fertilizer. They caught shell and scalefish and dried them in the sun or on racks over a fire. The Quinnipiac were avid hawkers, using hawks to keep crows away from the corn. The bean and squash plants were planted in the valleys between rows of corn, so that the beans would curl around the corn stalks and weeding was unnecessary. Many other plants considered weeds today were used by the Long Water people for food, beverages, medicine, and for making mats. Concern has been expressed that this article or section is missing information about: horticulture as used in anthropology, a label for agriculture as used in small-scale societies. ... “Corn” redirects here. ... This article is on the plant. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... Pumpkins A pumpkin is a gourd (Cucurbitaceae), most commonly orange in colour when ripe, that grows from a trailing vine. ... Assarting in Finland in 1892 Slash and burn (a specific practice that may be part of shifting cultivation or swidden-fallow agriculture) is an agricultural procedure widely used in forested areas. ... Satellite image of circular crop fields in Haskell County, Kansas in late June 2001. ... Binomial name Limulus polyphemus The horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) also known as King Crab, is an arthropod that is more closely related to spiders than crabs. ... Binomial name Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson, 1811) This article is about the fish. ... Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (British English fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... Cooked mussels Shellfish is a term used to describe shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. ... Genera Accipiter Micronisus Melierax Urotriorchis Erythrotriorchis The term hawk refers to birds of prey in any of three senses: Strictly, to mean any of the species in the bird sub-family Accipitrinae in the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis, and Megatriorchis. ... For other uses of the word Crow, please see Crow (disambiguation). ...

In the fall (Taquonck) the Long Water people moved inland along their trails to the winter (Pabouks) grounds, and, along the way they hunted fowl, rabbits, beaver, and other small game, until they came to Meriden “the Pleasant Valley,” where oaks provided shelter against high winds and the acorns were main staples for deer and wild turkey, another winter staple. A fowl is a bird of any kind, although some types of birds use the word specifically in their names (for example, Guineafowl and Peafowl). ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world. ... Species C. canadensis C. fiber Beavers are semi-aquatic rodents native to North America and Europe. ... Oaks is the name of several places in the United States: Oaks in Missouri. ... This article is about the seed; for other meanings of the word, especially ACORN community organization, see acorn (disambiguation). ... “Fawn” redirects here. ... Binomial name Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 For other uses, see Wild Turkey (disambiguation). ...

During the Colonial period, Quinnipiac men hired out as laborers, fishermen, and guides (where the English constantly got lost), and the Quinnipiac women sold their crafts.

The Quinnipiac and other Algonquians lived in dwellings known as wigwams (elliptical houses with sapling frames covered with bark, mats, skins, or sod) and quinnekommuk (long houses that were rectangular and two or three times as long as their width, covered with similar coverings). Quiripi/Quinnipiac long houses averaged thirty to one hundred feet long, by twenty feet wide, and about fifteen feet high. The bigger dwellings were Sachem’s houses, which often had five or six fire pits in one dwelling (because they often had their extended family living with them). Religious Society (Wampano or “Men of the Dawn,” Powwauwoag, Medarennawawg, and others) had the biggest long houses for ceremonial purposes. Apache wickiup, by Edward S. Curtis, 1903 A wigwam or wickiup is a domed single room dwelling used by certain Native American tribes. ... A longhouse at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia. ... Extended family (or joint family) is a term with several distinct meanings. ...

The Long Water Land people were well-known for their elm bark canoes (light and fast for easy portage), and 20 to 40 foot dugout canoes, used for trade and war. Species See Elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees making up the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. ... A dugout is a boat which is basically a hollowed tree trunk. ...

They reckoned the passing of time by a lunar calendar and an 8-part ceremonial cycle, using various lithic and earth features as observatories to determine the phases of the sun, moon, and stars for planting, harvest, and ceremonies. ^[8] A lunar calendar is a calendar oriented at the moon phase. ...

Individuals of Importance in Quinnipiac History

Momauguin, Quinnipiac Grand Sachem in 1638, signed the First Treaty with the English planters at Quinnipiac (New Haven), “along with others of his council,” ^[9] granting the English the use of Quinnipiac land at New Haven, the Central Council Fire of the Sachemdom, while retaining full rights to the 1200-acre “reservation” as well as full rights to fish and hunt all property.

Mantowese, sachem of Mattabesec (Middletown), to the north of New Haven, signed the Second Treaty with the English, granting them use of land in his Sub-sachemship. Mantowese, the son of Sowheag, served on Momauguin’s Grand Council and was the nephew of Sequin.

Shampishuh, sister to Momauguin, was the female sachem (sunksquaw) of the Menunkatuck (Guilford) Sub-sachemship, who signed the Third Treaty with the English, granting them the use of land near Madison and Guilford, but reserving land east of Kuttawoo River for her people. Shampishuh was the sister of Momauguin and niece of Quosoquonch, the sachem of nearby Totoket (Branford). Shampishuh’ son, Naushop, signed the ratification of her treaty with the English.

Quosoquonch, the sachem of the Totoket Sub-sachemship and uncle of Shampishuh, worked with Shaumpishuh in 1639 to draw up a map (for Rev. Henry Whitfield and John Higginson) of the Quinnipiac sachemdoms from the Quinnipiac River in the west to beyond Hammonasset in the east, which included landmarks.

Sarah Mahwee (Mahweeyeuh), was born in East Haven (Mioonkhtuk Sub-sachemship). In 1699 she married Joseph Chuse (Paugusset Sub-sachemship) and together they began the Schaghticoke enclave.

Elizabeth Sakaskantawe Brown was born around 1850 and lived to be well over 100 years old, living on about 20 acres near Branford, CT. Sakaskantawe (Flying Squirrel) was the last matriarch of the Totoket Band and was a descendant of James Mah-wee-yeuh, a Sachem of the Mioonkhtuk Band (East Haven), who died near Cheshire in 1745. ^[10]

Language, Religion, and Folklore

The Quinnipiac Language is the PEA-A R-Dialect, known today as WAMPANO-QUIRIPEY. It was originally spoken throughout the Dawnland around 1500 to 1600 AD. After contact with the Europeans, which caused the epidemics and resulted in a shift of regional dialects, the language was spoken in western Connecticut, eastern New York, half of Long Island, and northern New Jersey. From 1770 to the 1900s, the dialect became a pidginized hybridization of the n,l,y, and r dialects, until ACLI began reviving the original dialect. Today QTC (Quinnipiac Tribal Council) Press (ACLI series) has a 295-page Complete Language Guide and has been training people to speak, write, and understand the archaic r-dialect.

The Quinnipiac people practiced a number of traditional religious ceremonies, hosted by seven medicine societies. Chapter 12 of the Complete Language Guide preserves these teachings according to linguistic and cultural traditions, while Chapter 13 preserves the ancient Graphical Writing Systems of the Eastern Algonquians, used by the Sachems and Shamans. As noted by contemporary scholars, the Quinnipiac/Algonquians remained the strongest group to resist the Puritan ethnic cleansing. Rev. Pierson was taught by Rev. John Eliot, who founded the Puritan Praying Towns, where any Quinnipiac who “converted” had to renounce everything “Indian” including religion, language, dress, ceremonies, homes, businesses, freedom, and families and live like Europeans in square houses, but with stringent rules of conduct not imposed on Europeans. Many converted just to stay alive; some pretended to convert in order to remain in their homeland and/or to avoid being sold into slavery; others converted but relocated at missionary refugee camps that boasted better treatment; still others migrated to refugiums on land of other Algonquian or Iroquoian peoples. For the record label, see Puritan Records. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism · Supremacism Anti... Slave redirects here. ...

Contrary to popular assumptions, those who did relocate were NOT absorbed into the receiving tribe. They were made part of Dawnland Grand Council Fire Circles, which is their traditional mode of socio-political existence. This is known as socio-political preservation and is how many of the Algonquian groups obtained state recognition in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, after they had been rendered “extinct” with the stroke of a pen in the legislatures of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York.

Basically, Quinnipiac/Algonquian Shamans, called powawaus, prayed and made offerings of tobacco, etc. to the spirits (mandooak) of game animals to ensure successful hunts. The warrior-shamans called Pinessi (plural is Pinessisok) were dedicated to the Thunderer who bestowed supernatural powers on them. Offerings were also made to the mandooak of the sun, moon, stars, mountains, rivers, oceans, the Little People, and the Stone Giants, Hobbomock and Maushop. Women tended all crops except tobacco and herbals, which were planted by shamans only. The Algonquians used over twenty herbals in smoking their ceremonial pipes. This article is about the product manufactured from Tobacco plants (Nicotiana spp. ...

The Quinnipiac Stone Giant Twins (Hobbomock and Maushop), as the primary culture heroes, acted as the epitome of good and bad, right and wrong, honorable deeds and mischievous behavior. The Puritans refused to acknowledge any of this. Religious conversion and cultural ethnocide operated to redefine many of the Quinnipiac ancient traditions and language definitions. For example, the Puritanical families refused to honor Quinnipiac teachings. Hobbomock was, to the Quinnipiac, a benevolent spirit who taught the people how to hunt, fish, and survive the Ice Age, earthquakes, famines, etc., and he was the one prayed to when assistance was needed. The Puritans knew this, yet they forced the Long Water people to teach the children that Hobbomock was a “Bogeyman.” The Puritans redefined Hobbomock, Maushop, and other Quinnipiac spirit helpers as “devils.” Some Puritan descendants still maintain a paternalistic attitude towards Quinnipiac traditionalists and refuse to acknowledge even their existence, by choosing to hold on to the lie that the Quinnipiac have vanished from the earth. As the motto of the New England Algonquian Alliance proudly proclaimed after the passage of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1978, “WE ARE STILL HERE”; so today do the Quinnipiac. Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... The bogeyman, boogyman, bogyman, or boogeyman, is a legendary ghostlike monster often believed in by children. ... The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (commonly abbreviated to AIRFA) is a 1978 United States federal law and a joint resolution of Congress which pledged to protect and preserve the traditional religious rights of American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, and Native Hawaiians. ...

Quinnipiac Legacy in Greater New Haven and Connecticut

• Quinnipiac University
• Montowese Avenue
• Montowese Post Office
• Quinnipiac River
• Quinnipiac Watershed Wildlife Preserve
• Wappintumpseck (East Rock)
• Mautumpseck (West Rock)
• Sleeping Giant State Park
• Quinnipiac Hiking Trail
• “Quinnipiack” 90-foot Schooner
• Momauguin (Township, East Haven)
• Wampeag Island
• Quinnehtukqut/Connecticut River
• Quinnipiac Dawnland Museum and Library
• Kuttomquosh (Thimble Islands)
• Beaver Pond and Beaver Hills
• Hundreds of place names for rivers, parks, and preserves

Quinnipiac University is a private four-year university in Hamden, Connecticut, located on about 500 acres (2 km²), just north of New Haven. ... The Quinnipiac River is a river in the New England region of the United States, located entirely in the state of Connecticut. ... East Rock in May, 2005. ... West Rock is a traprock hill that rises to the northwest of downtown New Haven, Connecticut. ... The Sleeping Giant, or Mount Carmel, is a trap rock ridge system located in the Mount Carmel neighborhood of Hamden, Connecticut, overlooking Quinnipiac University. ... The Connecticut River as seen from the French King Bridge in western Massachusetts. ... Map of Thimble Islands The Thimble Islands are an archipelago of small islands in Long Island Sound, in and near the harbor of Stony Creek, Connecticut in the southeast corner of Branford, Connecticut, . Known to the Mattabesec Indians as the beautiful sea rocks, they consist of a jumble of granite...

Population and Whereabouts Today

ACQTC (Algonquian Confederacy of the Quinnipiac Tribal Council, Inc.]) today has three forms of membership: full, confederate, and honorary.

Full membership includes those who lineages trace back to the family names of Manweeyeuh, Mahwee, Cockenoe, Nonsuch, Soebuck, Redhead, Sock, Brown, Adams, Griswold, Parmalee, Curley, Skeesucks, LaFrance, Quinney, Ninham, Dean, Thompson/Tompson, Peters, Montour, Marchand, Klingerschmidt, Moses, Cornelius, Higheum, Waubeno, Douglas, Scott, Anthony, Butler, Burnham, Rouleau, and Hazel and these total about 50 to 100 families.

Confederate membership includes refugee families who trace their ancestry to the refugiums and enclaves cited above at NY, MA, PA, RI, IN, OH, WI, KS, TX, and Quebec (Canada) – which total about 100 families.

Honorary membership are adoptees who enter into the sacred BOND OF THE COVENANT with the ACQTC Central Council Fire and ACQTC Grand Council Fire Confederacy to honor, protect, and revitalize our language, religion, and traditions, and to honor our traditional obligations as Gechanniwitank (aboriginal land-stewards), under our “aboriginal title to land” rights, where Quinnipiac ancestors worshipped the creator and creation at certain landmarks within our ancestral sachemdom. These include about 25 to 50 families.

References

1. ^ Richard Carlson, “The Quinnipiac Reservation,” Rooted Like the Ash Trees, Eagle Wing Press, 1987.
2. ^ Iron Thunderhorse, “The ‘Other’ Quinnipiac Reservations”, Branford Review, April 26, 2003.
3. ^ J.H. Trumbull, Indian Names of Places, In and On the Borders of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 1881 (reprinted 1974 by Archon Books, the Shoestring Press, Inc., Hamden. Also see Trumbull’s Introduction to 1658 Pierson Catechism, in 1895 CHS Collections.
4. ^ Blair Rudes, “Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead, Phonological Preliminaries,” Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 39. No. 1, Spring 1997
5. ^ John Menta, “Shaumpishuh, ‘Squaw Sachem’ of the Quinnipiac Indians” in ARTIFACTS, Vol. 16, No. 3-4:32-27, 1988 and Iron Thunderhorse, “Setting the Record Straight: A Linguistic-Ethnographic Study of the True Identity of the Quinnipiac/Quiripi/Renapi Nation Structure.” 2007 [1]
6. ^ Kathleen J. Bragdon, Native People of Southern New England, 1500-1650, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1996 and "The Sachemship and its Defenders", paper submitted at the American Historical Association, Washington, DC, 1987. Also see Iron Thunderhorse, We the People Called Quinnipiac, 2006 http://acqtc.com/Culture/History
7. ^ see map at http://acqtc.com/Culture/WtpcqTrailHeartaches
8. ^ Iron Thunderhorse, “An Ancient American Indian Stone Calendar in Connecticut,” Ancient American, Volume 5, Issue Number 36, December 2000, pp. 2-4.
9. ^ Quinnipiac University, History and Mission Statement, http://quinnipiac.edu/xioii.xml
10. ^ Ruth Mahweeyeuh Thunderhorse, Following the Footprints of a Stone Giant, InfinityPublishing.com, 2007, p. 17.

Bibliography

Digital and Online

• ACQTC ON-LINE: http://www.acqtc.com.

• We the People Called Quinnipiac, QTC Press e-media e-book on CD-ROM (available through ACQTC, see http://acqtc.com/Store/HomePage)

• ”Setting the Record Straight: A Linguistic-Ethnographic Study of the True Identity of the Quinnipiac/Quiripi/Renapi Nation Structure” by Iron Thunderhorse, http://www.acqtc.com/Articles/SettingtheRecordStraight

• Quinnipiac River History (http://ColdSpringSchool.org/griver/oldeq.htm)

• The City of New Haven — Land of the Quinnipiac (http://www.yale,edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/4/97.04.01.x.html.)

• Quinnipiac Trail — Oldest of the Blue Trails in Connecticut (http://quinnipiacriver.com)

• Quinnipiac University — History and Mission Statement (http://quinnipiac.edu/xioii.xml)

• Quinnipiac Dawnland Museum, Archives and Library (see http://acqtc.com/NewsEvents/200606)

In Print

• The Complete Language Guide for Learning, Speaking, and Writing the PEA-A WAMPANO-QUIRIPI R-DIALECT, 2007 revised ed, QTC Press/ACLI Series, ACQTC, Inc. 201 Church Street, Milltown, IN 47145.

• ”The Quinnipiac of New England” by Iron Thunderhorse in Whispering Wind, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2002.

• Cultural Conflict in Southern New England: A History of the Quinnipiac Indians by John Menta, Yale Press, New Haven. CT.

• Some Helps for the Indians 1658 Bilingual Catechism, by Rev. Abraham Pierson, reprinted in “Language and Lore of the Long Island Indians” Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Vol. IV, 1980. Stony Brook, NY, Suffolk County Archaeological Association.

• “East Rock (Wappintumpseck): A Sacred Landmark In the Traditions of the Quinnipiac and Its Relationship to the Algonquian Ethos” by Iron Thunderhorse, 1996. Paper submitted to Connecticut Historical Commission and University of Connecticut at Storrs, CT.

• “The Strange Case of Nepaupuck: Warrior or War Criminal?” in Journal of the New Haven Colony Historical Society, Vol. 33 (2) 12-17, 1987, by John Menta.

• “The Quinnipiac Reservation: Land and Tribal Identity,” by Richard Carlson in Rooted Like the Ash Trees, Naugatuck, CT: Eagle Wing Press, 1987-1988.

• “Shaumpishuh, ‘Squaw Sachem’ of the Quinnipiac Indians,” by John Menta in Artifacts, 1988, Vol. 16, No. 3-4, pp. 32-37.

• “Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead: Phonological Preliminaries” by Blair A. Rudes, in Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 39, No. 1, Spring 1997.

• “Indian Names of Places, etc. In and on the Borders of Connecticut with Interpretations of Some of Them,” by James Hammond Trumball, 1881 (reprinted 1974 by Archon Books).

• “The intricate nature of sachemdoms” by Iron Thunderhorse in Branford Review, 9-7-02.

• Itineraries and Memoirs of Ezra Stiles, 1760-1762. Beineke Rare Books Library, New Haven, CT.

Further Reading

• Native People of Southern New England, 1500-1650, by Kathleen J. Bragdon, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.

• Algonquians of the East, Time-Life Books, 1995.

• The New England Indians, 2nd ed. An Illustrated SourceBook of Authentic Details of Everyday Indian Life by C. Keith Wilbur, Globe-Pequot Press.

• Wampano: Algonquian Dawnlanders of Southwestern New England, 1500-2000, by Iron Thunderhorse. Birdstone Publishers, Institute for American Indian Studies (reprint by QTC Press Archives series, ACQTC, Inc. 201 Church Street, Milltown, IN 47145)

• Quinnipiac Lunar and Ceremonial Calendar, 2003-2004, by Iron and Ruth Thunderhorse, QTC Press, 2003, ACQTC, Inc., 201 Church Street, Milltown, IN 47145.