R
Designed by	Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman
Developer	R Development Core Team
Latest release	2.7.0/ April 22, 2008
Latest unstable release	Through SVN
Influenced by	S
OS	Cross-platform
License	GNU General Public License
Website	http://www.r-project.org/

The R programming language, sometimes described as GNU S, is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. It was originally created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and is now developed by the R Development Core Team. R is considered by its developers to be an implementation of the S programming language, with semantics derived from Scheme. The name R comes partly from the first name of the two original authors, and partly as a word play on the name 'S'.^[1] The S language has become a de facto standard among statisticians for the development of statistical software.^[2] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Software developer (disambiguation). ... A software release refers to the creation and availability of a new version of a computer software product. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... In computing, Subversion (SVN) is a version control system (VCS) initiated in 2000 by CollabNet Inc. ... S is a statistical programming language developed by John Chambers of Bell Laboratories. ... An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... A cross-platform (or platform independent) programming language, software application or hardware device works on more than one system platform (e. ... A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ... GPL redirects here. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... System R is a database system built as a research project at IBM San Jose Research (now IBM Almaden Research Center) in the 1970s. ... GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. ... S is a statistical programming language developed by John Chambers of Bell Laboratories. ... This article is about the field of statistics. ... The University of Auckland (Māori: Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau) is New Zealands largest research-based university. ... S is a statistical programming language developed by John Chambers of Bell Laboratories. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language. ...

R is widely used for statistical software development and data analysis. R's source code is freely available under the GNU General Public License, and pre-compiled binary versions are provided for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and several Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. R uses a command line interface, though several graphical user interfaces are available. GPL redirects here. ... Windows redirects here. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... GUI redirects here. ...

Features

R supports a wide variety of statistical and numerical techniques. R is also highly extensible through the use of packages, which are user-submitted libraries for specific functions or specific areas of study. Due to its S heritage, R has stronger object-oriented programming facilities than most statistical computing languages. Extending R is also eased by its permissive lexical scoping rules.^[3] Illustration of an application which may use libvorbisfile. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. ... This article or section should be merged with scope (programming) In computer science, static scoping, as opposed to dynamic scoping, is a way that the scope (programming) of free variables is determined according to its position in program code. ...

Another of R's strengths is its graphical facilities, which produce publication-quality graphs which can include mathematical symbols.

Although R is mostly used by statisticians and other practitioners requiring an environment for statistical computation and software development, it can also be used as a general matrix calculation toolbox with comparable benchmark results to GNU Octave and its proprietary counterpart, MATLAB (version < 7).^[4] In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular table of elements (or entries), which may be numbers or, more generally, any abstract quantities that can be added and multiplied. ... Octave is a free computer program for performing numerical computations which is mostly compatible with MATLAB. It is part of the GNU project. ... Not to be confused with Matlab Upazila in Chandpur District, Bangladesh. ...

Critiques

Although R is widely applauded for being free, open source and the de facto standard in many research communities, many have complained about its poor handling of memory, the slowness of its loops and the lack of standardization between packages.^{[citation needed]} A comparison of R 1.9.0 to a few other statistical packages can be found at http://www.sciviews.org/benchmark/. It should be taken into account that the comparison is based on version R 1.9.0, and that version 2.0.0 (October 4, 2004) introduced "Lazy loading", which enables fast loading of data with minimal expense of system memory. Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... The word standard has several meanings: Originally, standard referred to a conspicuous object used as a rallying point in battle. ...

Packages

The capabilities of R are extended through user-submitted packages, which allow specialized statistical techniques, graphical devices, as well as programming interfaces and import/export capabilities to many external data formats. These packages are developed in R, LaTeX, Java, and often C and Fortran. A core set of packages are included with the installation of R, with over 1000 more available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network. Notable packages are listed along with comments on the official R Task View pages. API and Api redirect here. ... This article is about the typesetting system. ... Java language redirects here. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ...

Development

The bioinformatics community has seeded a successful effort to use R for the analysis of data from molecular biology laboratories. The bioconductor project, which started in the fall of 2001, provides R packages for the analysis of genomic data, such as Affymetrix and cDNA microarray object-oriented data handling and analysis tools. Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... BioConductor set out to collect and integrate software for the statistical analysis of wet-lab data in molecular biology. ... Affymetrix Logo Affymetrix NASDAQ: AFFX was founded by Stephen P.A. Fodor, Ph. ... In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template. ... A DNA microarray (also DNA chip or gene chip in common speech) is a piece of glass or plastic on which pieces of DNA have been affixed in a microscopic array. ...

The Gnumeric developers have cooperated with the R project to improve the accuracy of Gnumeric.^[5] Gnumeric is a free spreadsheet program that is part of the GNOME desktop. ...

Milestones

• Version 0.16 – This is the last alpha version developed primarily by Ross and Robert. Much of the basic functionality from the "White Book" (see S history) was implemented. The mailing lists commenced on April 1, 1997.
• Version 0.49 – April 23, 1997 – This is the oldest available source release, and compiles on a limited number of Unix-like platforms. CRAN is started on this date, with 3 mirrors that initially hosted 12 packages. Alpha versions of R for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS are made available shortly after this version.
• Version 0.60 – December 5, 1997 – R becomes an official part of the GNU Project, the code is hosted and maintained on CVS (since September 17, 1997 — although anonymous access wasn't granted until November 12, 1999).
• Version 1.0.0 – February 29, 2000 – Considered stable enough for production use.
• Version 2.0.0 – October 4, 2004 – Introduced "Lazy loading", which enables fast loading of data with minimal expense of system memory.
• Version 2.1.0 - April 18, 2005 - Contains significant updates from previous version making R almost unique from S and S-plus. (https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2005/000797.html)
• Version 2.4.1 - December 18, 2006 - Improvements in graphics and fixes for numerous bugs (https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2006/000822.html).
• Version 2.5.0 - April 24, 2007.
• Version 2.6.0 - October 3, 2007.
• Version 2.6.1 - November 26, 2007.
• Version 2.6.2 - February 8, 2008.
• Version 2.7.0 - April 22, 2008

Code complete redirects here. ... S is a statistical programming language developed primarily by John Chambers and (in earlier versions) Rick Becker and Allan Wilks of Bell Laboratories. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... This article relates to both the original Classic Mac OS as well as Mac OS X, Apples more recent operating system. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... The Concurrent Versions System (CVS), also known as the Concurrent Versioning System, is an open-source version control system invented and developed by Dick Grune in the 1980s. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... February 29 is a day added into a leap year of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ...

Productivity tools

There are several graphical user interfaces for R, including: A graphical user interface (or GUI, pronounced gooey) is a method of interacting with a computer through a metaphor of direct manipulation of graphical images and widgets in addition to text. ...

• Brodgar - commercial software designed for biologists
• Java GUI for R|JGR (Java GUI for R) - based on Java
• pmg (Poor Man's GUI) - based on GTK+2
• Rattle^[6] (the R Analytical Tool to Learn Easily) - based on GTK+2 (also offers a set of PMML exporters)
• R Commander - based on tcltk
• RKWard - based on the KDE libraries
• SciViews-R - based on tcltk2
• Statistical Lab

Many editors have specialised modes for R, including: Java language redirects here. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The Data Mining Group (DMG) is an independent, vendor-led group which develops data mining standards, such as the Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML). ... R Commander is a GUI for the R programming language licensed under the GNU General Public License. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... RKWard is an easy to use, transparent frontend to the R programming language, a very powerful, yet hard-to-get-into scripting-language with a strong focus on statistic functions. ... For the NYSE stock ticker symbol KDE, see 4Kids Entertainment. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... The computer program Statistical Lab is released as freeware for non-commercial purposes and is being developed by the Center for Digital Systems at the Free University of Berlin. ...

• ConTEXT
• Emacs (Emacs Speaks Statistics)
• jEdit^[7]
• Kate
• Syn^[8]
• TextMate
• Tinn-R^[9]
• Vim

• Bluefish
• An R plug-in for the Eclipse IDE framework.^[10]
• WinEdt with R Package RWinEdt

R functionality has been made accessible from the Python programming language by the RPy^[11] interface package. Look up Context in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the text editor. ... an emacs mode for editing statistic languages like S. and interacting with statistic inferior process like S-Plus or R ... This article is about the text editor jEdit. ... In computing, Kate is a text editor for KDE. The acronym Kate stands for KDE advanced text editor. Kate has been part of the kdebase package since KDE release 2. ... TextMate is a general-purpose GUI text editor for Mac OS X. It provides users with innovative abstractions to support declarative customizations which are at once transparent and flexible. ... Vim, which stands for Vi IMproved, is an open source, multiplatform text editor extended from vi. ... Bluefish is a free software/open source text editor for POSIX-conforming operating systems such as Linux and Mac OS X. Its use is suitable for many programming and markup languages, with particular focus on their use for web development. ... Eclipse is an open-source software framework written primarily in Java. ... An integrated development environment (IDE), also known as integrated design environment and integrated debugging environment, is a programming environment that has been packaged as an application program,that assists computer programmers in developing software. ... WinEdt is a shareware ASCII editor and shell for Microsoft Windows. ... Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. ...

Commercialized versions of R

There are several commercialized or enterprise versions of R, which include support and services.

• R+,^[12] a beta version, released July 31, 2007
• RPro,^[13] and ParallelR^[14] with parallel processing capabilities
• RStat,^[15] several editions available

Code complete redirects here. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli. ...

CRAN

R and user-submitted packages are commonly distributed through CRAN, which is an acronym for the Comprehensive R Archive Network. There are over 60 CRAN mirrors world-wide, with the head-node (http://cran.r-project.org/) located in Vienna, Austria. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ...

R newsletter

A free newsletter is released online two to three times a year featuring statistical computing and development articles that might be of interest to both users and developers of R. It has been in press since January 2001.^[16]

See also

• Journal of Statistical Software
• List of statistical packages
• Comparison of statistical packages
• gretl
• List of numerical analysis software
• Comparison of numerical analysis software

Image File history File links Free_Software_Portal_Logo. ... The Journal of Statistical Software (also JSS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers related to new open source software. ... This is an incomplete list of software that is designed for the explicit purpose of performing statistical analyses. ... The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of statistical analysis packages. ... gretl is an open-source software application for compiling and interpreting data mainly for econometrics. ... Listed here are a number of computer programs used for performing numerical calculations: Baudline is a time-frequency browser for numerical signals analysis and scientific visualization. ... The following tables provide a comparison of numerical analysis software. ...

References

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... The American Political Science Association, founded in 1903, serves more than 15,000 members in more than 80 countries, bringing a variety of services to political scientists both inside and outside academic institutions. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the mythical creature. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Resources

• Crawley, M.J. (2002). Statistical Computing. John Wiley, New York. 
• Crawley, M.J. (2005). Statistics: An Introduction Using R. John Wiley, New York. 
• Crawley, M.J. (2007). The R Book. John Wiley, New York. ISBN 978-0-470-51024-7. 
• Everitt, B. S. and Hothorn, T. (2006). A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using R. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 
• Faraway, J. J. (2004). Linear Models with R. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 
• Faraway, J. J. (2005). Extending the Linear Model with R: Generalized Linear, Mixed Effects and Nonparametric Regression Models. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 
• Ihaka, R.; Gentleman, R. (1996). "R: A language for data analysis and graphics". Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 5 (3): pp. 299-314. doi:10.2307/1390807. 
• Jureckova, J. and Picek, J. (2005). Robust Statistical Methods with R. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 
• Maindonald, J. and Braun, W. J. (2007). Data Analysis and Graphics Using R, second edition. Cambridge University Press. 
• Murrell, P. (2005). R Graphics. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 
• Murtagh, F. (2005). Correspondence Analysis and Data Coding with Java and R. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 
• Verzani, J. (2004). Using R for Introductory Statistics. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 
• Wood, S. N. (2006). Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of

R Programming

At Wikiversity, you can learn about:

How to use R

• The R Project for Statistical Computing
• RSeek.org - R Search Engine by Sasha Goodman
• R Search Engine (helps with ambiguity of R as a search term)
• R Video Tutorial (a beginner's guide to getting started with R)
• Web-based interface to R
• Vincent Zoonekynd's introduction shows R in action.
• The R Reference Manual - Base Package by the R Development Core Team. ISBN 0-9546120-0-0 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-9546120-1-9 (vol. 2)
• R Wiki User contributed R documentation and how to information.
• The R Graph Gallery or the RGraphExampleLibrary show examples of graphics generated by R
• Statistical programming with R is a three part series (part 1, part 2, part 3), by David Mertz and Brad Huntting, introducing both the functional programming style of R, and explaining how to express object-oriented programs.
• Robert Gentleman's site
• Ross Ihaka's site
• John Maindonald's site
• Julian Faraway's site
• R core team
• R & BioC Manual Thomas Girke
• Short reference card by Tom Short
• R GUI Projects - List of different R GUI Packages
• Ecology and epidemiology in R - Open access modules published in The Plant Health Instructor, including an introduction to R
• Quantitative Methods in Linguistics using R – Full prepress book on using R for linguistic applications, including R code and datasets