In human genetics, Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, that is spread across Eurasia. Human genetics is the study of genetics as applied to humans. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A haplogroup is a large group of haplotypes, which are series of alleles at specific locations on the chromosome. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ...

It is common in Europe, Northern Central Asia and India. In Europe the highest frequencies are in Eastern Europe. Today it is found with its highest levels in Ukraine, Poland and Russia, where one out of two men has this haplogroup. Relatively high frequencies are also found in Northern Europe and it is believed to have been spread across Europe by the Indo-Europeans, which accounts for the existence of it in, among other places, the British Isles.[1] World map showing Europe Political map (neighbouring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe variably defined. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... Indo-Europeans are speakers of Indo-European languages. ... NB *See note on Irish Governments perception of the term British Isles directly below. ...

Origins

The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to have been nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes about 10,000 years ago. Current theories point to them being the first speakers of the proto-Indo-European languages (the Kurgan culture). The steppe extends roughly from the Dniepr to the Ural or 30 to 55 degrees eastern longitude, and from the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south to the temperate forest and taiga in the north, or 45 to 55 degrees northern latitude. ... In 1956 Marija Gimbutas introduced her Kurgan hypothesis combining Kurgan archaeology with linguistics to locate the origins of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) speaking peoples. ...

Europe

R1a1 is spread across the whole of Europe, with the highest concentrations found in Eastern Europe. The two main directional components of the spread are consistent with a East to West migration as well as a radial spread from the Balkans. The latter is claimed to be a trace of the re-population of Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum [2]. Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe variably defined. ... Balkan peninsula with northwest border Isonzo-Krka-Sava The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe a region of southeastern Europe. ... Temperature proxies for the last 40,000 years The Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation, approximately 21 thousand years ago. ...

India

Further information: Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia: R1a1 and R2

In India initial studies with limited samples observed a correlation between the Brahmin caste and the R1a haplogroup which was consistent with an Indo-Aryan migration from Central Asia (Bamshad et al. 2001), in line with earlier suggestions (Cavalli-Sforza 1994). The frequency gradients of the haplogroup, falling off eastward across Siberia to the Altai mountains and southward into India, were held to perfectly reflect the inferred migrations of the Indo-Iranians during the period 3000 to 1000 BC (Wells et al 2001). The northern migration theory is also supported by the dating of the haplogroup (Wells et al 2003). The origins and affinities of the 1 billion people living on the subcontinent of India have long been contested. ... A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit word IAST ; Devanagari ), also known as Vipra, Dvija, Dvijottama (best of the Dvijas), (god on Earth) is a member of an upper caste within Hindu society. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... For the republic in Russia, see Altai Republic. ... Map of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red), its expansion into the Andronovo culture during the 2nd millennium BC, showing the overlap with the BMAC in the south. ...

However, another study showed the R1a lineage forms around 35-45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) and the Badagas of the Nilgiris making the association with the Brahmin caste more vague. A further study (Saha et al 2005) examined R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups more closely, and questioned the concept of its Aryan origin. Most recently Sengupta et al. (2006) have confirmed R1a's diverse presence including even Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables) and populations not part of the caste system. From the diversity and distinctiveness of microsatellite Y-STR variation they conclude that there must have been an independent R1a1 population in India dating back to a much earlier expansion than the Indo-Aryan migration. The Badagas are an indigenous people inhabiting the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, southern India. ... Map of The Nilgiris district The Nilgiris or Blue Mountains are a range of mountains and a district in the south-Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. ... In South Asias caste system, a Dalit; often called an untouchable; is a person of shudra; the lowest of the four castes. ... Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), are polymorphic loci present in nuclear DNA that consist of repeating units of 1-4 base pairs in length [1]. They are typically neutral, co-dominant and are used as molecular markers which have wide-ranging applications in the field of genetics, including kinship... A Y-STR is a short tandem repeat (STR) on the Y chromosome. ...

Relationship to other haplogroups

R1a1 is a subgroup of Haplogroup R (M207). In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-mrca) is the male counterpart to mitochondrial Eve: the most recent common ancestor from whom all male human Y chromosomes are descended. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup A (M91) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup B (M60) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup C (M130) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup F* (M89) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup D (M174) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup E (M96) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup H (M52) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup K (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup J (previously known as HG9 or Eu9/Eu10) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup L (M20) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup M (M4) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup P (M45) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup N (LLY22G) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup Q (M242) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 mutation. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 mutation. ...

It is related to Haplogroup R1b (M343) which is dominant in Western Europe, and more distantly related to Haplogroup R2 (M124). In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b (M343) (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R2 (M124) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...

• Haplogroup R (M207)
  • Haplogroup R1 (M173)
    • Haplogroup R1a (SRY10831.2-)
      • Haplogroup R1a1 (M17)
      • Haplogroup R1a*
    • Haplogroup R1b (M343)
  • Haplogroup R2 (M124)

In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 mutation. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b (M343) (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R2 (M124) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 mutation. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b (M343) (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R2 (M124) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...

See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
• Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia

In human genetics, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in the DNA of the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). ... The origins and affinities of the 1 billion people living on the subcontinent of India have long been contested. ...

References

• Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08750-4
• Semino et al (2000), The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans, Science, Vol 290
• Wells et al (2001), The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity, PNAS, Vol 98
• Saha Anjana, Sharma Swarkar, Bhat Audesh,Pandit Awadesh, Bamezai Ramesh (2005). Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow. J Hum Genet;50:49–51 PMID 15611834
• Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists, American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221

External links

• Spread of R1a1, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic