The eighth Mandala of the Rigveda has 103 hymns. Other than the "family books" (Mandalas 2-7, dated as an old part of the RV) and RV 1 and RV 10 (dated as the latest portion of hymns composed shortly before redaction of the Rigveda into shakhas), Mandala 8 cannot straightforwardly be dated as a whole relative to the other books, and its hymns may include both ancient and late specimens. Most hymns in this book are attributed to the kāṇva family. The hymns 8.49 to 8.59 are the apocryphal valakhīlya, the majority of them are devoted to Indra; these are accepted as a recent portion, properly already post-Rigvedic. The Rigveda (Sanskrit: , a tatpurusha compound of praise, verse and knowledge) is a collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns counted among the four Hindu religious texts known as the Vedas. ... The first Mandala (book) of the Rigveda has 191 hymns. ... The tenth Mandala of the Rigveda has 191 hymns, to Agni and other gods. ... Shakha (IAST ), literally branch or limb, is the Sanskrit term for a recension or version of Vedic texts according to a particular school. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

The hymns are dedicated to Indra, Agni, the Asvins, the Maruts, the Adityas, Varuna, Mitra-Varuna, the Vishvadevas, and Soma. 8.100 is dedicated to Indra and Vak (Speech). Of the Valakhilya, six hymns are dedicated to Indra, and one each to the Asvins, the Vishvadevas and Indra-Varuna. 8.55 and 8.56 praise "Praskanva's Gift", the reward given to the rishi by Dasyave-vrka "the wolf of the Dasyus", a hero who in alliance with the Kanvas has won a victory over the Dasyus. This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Agni is a Hindu deity. ... In Hinduism, the Asvins are the twin sons of Saranya with either Surya or Vivasvat. ... In Hinduism In Hinduism, the Maruts, also known as the Marutgana and the Rudras, are minor storm deities, sons of Rudra and Diti, and attendants of Indra. ... In Hinduism, the Adityas are a group of solar deities, sons of Aditi and Kasyapa. ... This article is about the god. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... The word Visvadevas means Lords of the Universe or All Gods. The term is used to address the various gods as a whole. ... Soma (Sanskrit), or Haoma (Avestan) (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Sauma) was a ritual drink of importance among the early Indo-Iranians, and the later Vedic and Iranian cultures. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In Hinduism, a Rishi () is a sage and/or seer who heard (cf. ... The Dasa are a tribe identified as the enemies of the Aryans in the Rig-Veda. ...

This Mandala has contains allusions to Afghan Flora and Fauna, e.g. to camels (úṣṭra- = Avestan uštra (c.f. Zaraθ-uštra; RV 8.5, 6, 46, 48; elsewhere in the RV only in 1.138.2). According to some scholars, the 8th Mandala has the most striking similarity to the Avesta.^[1] Mandala 8 is also the only Mandala that refers to the Swat River in the extreme Northwest (RV 8.19.37). Yasna 28. ... Zarathustra can refer to one of two people: Zarathustra, also spelled Zarathushtra or Zoroaster, was an ancient Iranian prophet, founder of the Zoroastrian religion. ... The first Mandala (book) of the Rigveda has 191 hymns. ... See Avesta Municipality for the Swedish town Yasna 28. ... Swat River flows from Karakorum Mountains to flows into Kabul River in Swat, Sarhad, Pakistan. ...

List of incipits

The dedication as given by Griffith is in square brackets

 8.1 (621) [Indra.] mâ cid anyád ví śaṃsata 8.2 (622) [Indra.] idáṃ vaso sutám ándhaḥ 8.3 (623) [Indra.] píbā sutásya rasíno 8.4 (624) [Indra.] yád indra prâg ápāg údaṅ 8.5 (625) [Asvins.] dūrâd ihéva yát satî 8.6 (626) [Indra.] mahâṁ índro yá ójasā 8.7 (627) [Maruts.] prá yád vas triṣṭúbham íṣam 8.8 (628) [Asvins.] â no víśvābhir ūtíbhir 8.9 (629) [Asvins.] â nūnám aśvinā yuváṃ 8.10 (630) [Asvins.] yát sthó dīrgháprasadmani 8.11 (631) [Agni.] tvám agne vratapâ asi 8.12 (632) [Indra.] yá indra somapâtamo 8.13 (633) [Indra.] índraḥ sutéṣu sómeṣu 8.14 (634) [Indra.] yád indrāháṃ yáthā tuvám 8.15 (635) [Indra.] tám u abhí prá gāyata 8.16 (636) [Indra.] prá samrâjaṃ carṣaṇīnâm 8.17 (637) [Indra.] â yāhi suṣumâ hí ta 8.18 (638) [Adityas.] idáṃ ha nūnám eṣ~āṃ 8.19 (639) [Agni.] táṃ gūrdhayā súvarṇaraṃ 8.20 (640) [Maruts.] â gantā mâ riṣaṇyata 8.21 (641) [Indra.] vayám u tvâm apūrviya 8.22 (642) [Asvins.] ~ó tyám ahva â rátham 8.23 (643) [Agni.] îḷiṣvā hí pratīvíyaṃ 8.24 (644) [Indra.] sákhāya â śiṣāmahi 8.25 (645) [Mitra-Varuna.] tâ vāṃ víśvasya gop~a 8.26 (646) [Asvins.] yuvór u ṣû ráthaṃ huve 8.27 (647) [Visvedevas.] agnír ukthé puróhito 8.28 (648) [Visvedevas.] yé triṃśáti tráyas paró 8.29 (649) [Visvedevas.] babhrúr éko víṣuṇaḥ sūnáro yúvā 8.30 (650) [Visvedevas.] nahí vo ásti arbhakó 8.31 (651) [Various Deities.] yó yájāti yájāta ít 8.32 (652) [Indra.] prá kṛtâni ṛjīṣíṇaḥ 8.33 (653) [Indra.] vayáṃ gha tvā sutâvanta 8.34 (654) [Indra.] â indra yāhi háribhir 8.35 (655) [Asvins.] agnínéndreṇa váruṇena víṣṇunā 8.36 (656) [Indra.] avitâsi sunvató vṛktábarhiṣaḥ 8.37 (657) [Indra.] prédám bráhma vṛtratûryeṣu āvitha 8.38 (658) [Indra-Angi.] yajñásya hí sthá ṛtvíjā 8.39 (659) [Agni.] agním astoṣi ṛgmíyam 8.40 (660) [Indra-Agni.] índrāgnī yuváṃ sú naḥ 8.41 (661) [Varuna.] asmâ ū ṣú prábhūtaye 8.42 (662) [Varuna.] ástabhnād dyâm ásuro viśvávedā 8.43 (663) [Agni.] imé víprasya vedháso 8.44 (664) [Agni.] samídhāgníṃ duvasyata 8.45 (665) [Indra.] â ghā yé agním indhaté 8.46 (666) [Indra.] tuvâvataḥ purūvaso 8.47 (667) [Adityas.] máhi vo mahatâm ávo 8.48 (668) [Soma.] svādór abhakṣi váyasaḥ sumedhâḥ 8.49 (1018) [Indra.] abhí prá vaḥ surâdhasam | the Valakhilya 8.50 (1019) [Indra.] prá sú śrutáṃ surâdhasam | 8.51 (1020) [Indra.] yáthā mánau sâṃvaraṇau | 8.52 (1021) [Indra.] yáthā mánau vívasvati | 8.53 (1022) [Indra.] upamáṃ tvā maghón~āṃ | 8.54 (1023) [Indra.] etát ta indra vīríyaṃ | 8.55 (1024) [Praskanva's Gift.] bhûrîd índrasya vīríyaṃ | 8.56 (1025) [Praskanva's Gift.] práti te dasyave vṛka | 8.57 (1026) [Asvins.] yuváṃ devā krátunā pūrviyéṇa | 8.58 (1027) [Visvedevas.] yám ṛtvíjo bahudhâ kalpáyantaḥ | 8.59 (1028) [Indra-Varuna.] imâni vām bhāgadhéyāni sisrata | 8.60 (669) [Agni.] ágna â yāhi agníbhir 8.61 (670) [Indra.] ubháyaṃ śṛṇávac ca na 8.62 (671) [Indra.] prá ū asmā úpastutim 8.63 (672) [Indra.] sá pūrviyó mahân~āṃ 8.64 (673) [Indra.] út tvā mandantu stómāḥ 8.65 (674) [Indra.] yád indra prâg ápāg údaṅ 8.66 (675) [Indra.] tárobhir vo vidádvasum 8.67 (676) [Adityas.] tiyân nú kṣatríyāṁ áva 8.68 (677) [Indra.] â tvā ráthaṃ yáthotáye 8.69 (678) [Indra.] prá-pra vas triṣṭúbham íṣam 8.70 (679) [Indra.] yó râjā carṣaṇīn~âṃ 8.71 (680) [Agni.] tuváṃ no agne máhobhiḥ 8.72 (681) [Agni.] havíṣ kṛṇudhvam â gamad 8.73 (682) [Asvins.] úd īrāthām ṛtāyaté 8.74 (683) [Agni.] viśó-viśo vo átithiṃ 8.75 (684) [Agni.] yukṣvâ hí devahûtamāṁ 8.76 (685) [Indra.] imáṃ nú māyínaṃ huva 8.77 (686) [Indra.] jajñānó nú śatákratur 8.78 (687) [Indra.] puroḷâśaṃ no ándhasa 8.79 (688) [Soma.] ayáṃ kṛtnúr ágṛbhīto 8.80 (689) [Indra.] nahí anyám baḷâkaram 8.81 (690) [Indra.] â tû na indra kṣumántaṃ 8.82 (691) [Indra.] â prá drava parāváto 8.83 (692) [Visvedevas.] devânām íd ávo mahát 8.84 (693) [Agni.] práyiṣṭhaṃ vo átithiṃ 8.85 (694) [Asvins.] â me hávaṃ nāsatiyā 8.86 (695) [Asvins.] ubhâ hí dasrâ bhiṣájā mayobhúvā 8.87 (696) [Asvins.] dyumnî vāṃ stómo aśvinā 8.88 (697) [Indra.] táṃ vo dasmám ṛtīṣáhaṃ 8.89 (698) [Indra.] bṛhád índrāya gāyata 8.90 (699) [Indra.] â no víśvāsu háviya 8.91 (700) [Indra.] kaníyā vâr avāyatî 8.92 (701) [Indra.] p~ântam â vo ándhasa 8.93 (702) [Indra.] úd ghéd abhí śrutâmaghaṃ 8.94 (703) [Maruts.] gaúr dhayati marút~āṃ 8.95 (704) [Indra.] â tvā gíro rathîr iva 8.96 (705) [Indra.] asmâ uṣâsa âtiranta yâmam 8.97 (706) [Indra.] yâ indra bhúja âbharaḥ 8.98 (707) [Indra.] índrāya sâma gāyata 8.99 (708) [Indra.] tuvâm idâ hiyó náro 8.100 (709) [Indra. Vak.] ayáṃ ta emi tanúvā purástād 8.101 (710) [Various.] ŕdhag itthâ sá mártiyaḥ 8.102 (711) [Agni.] tuvám agne bṛhád váyo 8.103 (712) [Agni.] ádarśi gātuvíttamo 

References

1. ^ Indo-Iranian Studies: I by J.C. Tavadia, Vishva Bharati, Santiniketan, 1950; Talageri, Shrikant. (2000) The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis