The Rex Theatre for Colored People, Leland, Mississippi, June 1937

Racial segregation is a kind of formalized or institutionalized discrimination on the basis of race. It is characterized by the races' separation from each other when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant. However, segregation often allows close contact in hierarchical situations, such as when a person of one race is working as a servant for the member of another race. Segregation can involve spatial separation of the races, and/or the use of different institutions, such as schools by different races. See also: racism. An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... A hierarchy (in Greek hieros = sacred, arkho = rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things. ... The word space has many meanings, including: Physics The definition of space in physics is contentious. ... Japanese secondary school students in uniform. ... A Black person drinks out of a water foutain designated for black people in 1939 at a streetcar terminal. ...

Introduction

Although many societies throughout history have practiced racial segregation, it was by no means universal, and some multiracial societies such as the Roman Empire were notable for their rejection of racial segregation. Most modern societies reject racism (at least officially). However, anxieties about racial issues tend to be phrased in coded form as issues relating to immigration. The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus). ...

In general, rationales for racial segregation can be divided into two classes:

• an attempt by a majority group to oppress or expel a minority group, or vice-versa
• an attempt at self-determination by the minority group itself, or vice-versa

Nazi Germany

An example of miscegenation laws was the racist and anti-Semitic Nuremberg Laws enacted by the Nazis in Germany against the large German Jewish community during the 1930s. The laws prohibited marriages between Jews (deemed as Untermenschen - "lower people") and German "Aryans" (deemed the Übermenschen - "higher people"). Many interfaith and intermarried couples committed suicide when these laws came into effect. Miscegenation describes interracial humans producing offspring; the direct use of this term thus supposes that the category race is meaningful when applied to the human species. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... 1933 to 1939 Nazi racial policy changed extensively in the years between 1933 and 1939. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... Untermensch (German for subhuman) is a term from Nazi racial ideology. ... Aryan is an English word derived from the Indian Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-. The Old Persian ariya- is a cognate as well. ... In Thus spake Zarathustra (in German, Also sprach Zarathustra), the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche explains the steps through which man can become an Ãœbermensch ((homo superior): By his will to power, manifested destructively in the rejection of, and rebellion against, old ideals and moral codes; By his will to power...

Under the General Government of occupied Poland in 1940, the population was divided into different groups, each with different rights, food rations, allowed strips in the cities, public transportation, and assigned The General Government (in full General government for the occupied Polish areas, in German Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete) was the name given by Germany to the governing authority in Poland after its occupation by the Wehrmacht in September and October 1939. ... 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

• Ukrainians,
• Highlanders (Goralenvolk) - an attempt to split Polish nation by using local collaborators
• Poles,
• Jews (eventually sentenced to extermination as a category).

During the 1930s and 40s, Jews and Roma were forced to wear yellow ribbons, and were discriminated against by the racial laws. Jewish doctors and professors were not allowed to teach Aryan pupils or treat Aryan patients. Later, during WWII, Jews and Roma were sent to the concentration camps, solely on the basis of their race. // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... // Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... The Roma people (pronounced rahma; singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom), along with the closely related Sinti people, are commonly known as Gypsies in English. ... Aryan is an English word derived from the Indian Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-. The Old Persian ariya- is a cognate as well. ... Aryan is an English word derived from the Indian Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-. The Old Persian ariya- is a cognate as well. ... German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ... A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ...

USA

Sign for "Colored waiting room", Georgia, 1943

After the Civil War abolished slavery in the U.S. Southern States, racial discrimination became regulated by the so-called Jim Crow laws, which mandated strict segregation of the races. Though such laws were instituted shortly after fighting ended in many cases, they only became formalized after the end of Reconstruction in the 1870s and 80s during a period known as the nadir of American race relations. This legalized segregation lasted up to the 1960s. White and black people would sometimes be required to use separate schools, public toilets, park benches, train and restaurant seating, etc. In some locales, in addition to segregated seating, it could be forbidden for stores or restaurants to serve different races under the same roof. Description: Colored Waiting Room sign from segregationist era United States Medium: Black_and_white photograph Location: Rome GA, United States Date: September 1943 Author: Esther Bubley Source: Library of Congress Provider: Images of American Political History at the College of New Jersey [1] License: Public domain Misc: Borders cropped with with GIMP... Description: Colored Waiting Room sign from segregationist era United States Medium: Black_and_white photograph Location: Rome GA, United States Date: September 1943 Author: Esther Bubley Source: Library of Congress Provider: Images of American Political History at the College of New Jersey [1] License: Public domain Misc: Borders cropped with with GIMP... The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the northern states, popularly referred to as the U.S., the Union, the North, or the Yankees; and the seceding southern states, commonly referred to as the Confederate States of America, the CSA, the Confederacy... The U.S. Southern states or the South, also known colloquially as Dixie, constitute a distinctive region covering a large portion of the United States, with its own unique heritage, historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... A depiction of Thomas D. Rices Jim Crow In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African Americans from doing things that a white person could do. ... In the history of the United States, Reconstruction was the period after the American Civil War when the southern states of the breakaway Confederacy were reintegrated into the United States of America. ... The nadir of American race relations refers to the period in United States history at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. ... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ...

Segregation was also pervasive in housing. State constitutions (for example, that of California) had clauses giving local jurisdictions the right to regulate where members of certain races could live. White landowners often included restrictive covenants in deeds through which they prevented blacks or Asians from ever purchasing their property from any subsequent owner. In the 1948 case of Shelley v. Kraemer, the Supreme Court finally ruled that such covenants were unenforceable in a court of law. However, residential segregation patterns had already been become established in most American cities, and have often persisted up to the present (see white flight for more explanation). A restrictive covenant is a legal obligation imposed in a deed by the seller upon the buyer of real estate to do or not to do something. ... Shelley v. ... White flight is a colloquial term for the demographic trend of upper and middle class American Whites moving away from (predominantly non-white) inner cities, finding new homes in nearby suburbs or even moving to new locales entirely, e. ...

"Miscegenation" laws prohibited people of different races from marrying. As one of many examples of such state laws, Utah's marriage law had an anti-miscegenation component that was passed in 1899 and repealed in 1963. It prohibited marriage between a white and anyone considered a negro, mulatto (one-half negro), quadroon (one-quarter negro), octoroon (one-eighth negro), Mongolian, or member of the malay race (presumably a Polynesian or Melanesian). No restrictions were placed on marriages between people that were not "white persons." (Utah Code, 40-1-2, C. L. 17, §2967 as amended by L. 39, C. 50; L. 41, Ch. 35.). Miscegenation describes interracial humans producing offspring; the direct use of this term thus supposes that the category race is meaningful when applied to the human species. ...

In World War I, blacks served in the United States Armed Forces to some degree or another, including in the Army where segregated units were created. However, they were often poorly trained, equipped, and led, and low expectations meant low performance. Still, the 93rd Division, serving alongside the French (who needed troops, and with their use of Algerian, Moroccan, etc soldiers saw nothing wrong with black soldiers), performed well, with the 369th Infantry (formerly 15th New York National Guard) Regiment distinguished themselves, and were known as the "Harlem Hellfighters". World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... The armed forces of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Navy United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Note: The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. ...

During World War II, people of Japanese descent (whether citizens or not) were excluded from the West Coast and placed in internment camps, on the basis of their race. World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ... Jerome Relocation Camp The Japanese American internment refers to the exclusion and subsequent removal of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, officially described as persons of Japanese ancestry, 62% of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War... The West Coast States. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ...

Advocation to end government racial segregation grew among African Americans and progressives after the end of the World War. On January 26, 1948 President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, ending segregation in the United States Armed Forces. January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. ... For the victim of Mt. ... On July 26, 1948, US President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 establishing equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all races. ... The armed forces of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Navy United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Note: The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. ...

Institutionalized racial segregation was ended in practice by the efforts of such civil rights activists as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr., working during the period from the end of World War II through the passage of the Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 supported by President Lyndon Johnson. Many of their efforts were acts of civil disobedience aimed at violating the racial segregation rules and laws, such as insisting on sitting at the white part of the bus (Rosa Parks), or holding sit-ins at all-white diners. Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to make room for white people. ... Martin Luther King Jr. ... The United States Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed the requirement that would-be voters take literacy tests and provided for federal registration of African American voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible voters registered. ... President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ... Civil disobedience encompasses the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government or of an occupying power without resorting to physical violence. ... A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for protest, often political, social, or economic change. ...

Although racial equality is, at least in theory, granted to all citizens in the US today, some see the USA Patriot Act as an attempt at covert racial segregation or discrimination against non-citizens. Arabs and Pakistanis, who have similar skin color, are allegedly subjected to different procedures that do not apply to others. However, the US has strict rules against racial profiling to prevent such segregation. President Bush signs USA PATRIOT Act, October 26, 2001 The USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001)1 (U.S. H.R. 3162, S. 1510, Public Law 107-56) is an act of federal legislation in the... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ʻarab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. ... Racial profiling is the use of race as one consideration in suspect profiling or other law enforcement practices. ...

Not all racial segregation laws have been repealed in the United States, although Supreme Court rulings have rendered them unenforceable. For instance, the Alabama Constitution still mandates that "Separate schools shall be provided for white and colored children, and no child of either race shall be permitted to attend a school of the other race." [1] A proposal to repeal this provision was narrowly defeated in 2004. The Alabama Constitution is the basic governing document of the U.S. state of Alabama. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

South Africa

Apartheid was a system which existed in South Africa for over forty years, although the term itself had a history going back to the 1910s. It was formalized in the years following the victory of the National Party in the all-white national election of 1948, increased in dominancy under the rule of Prime Minister Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd and remained law until 1990. Examples of apartheid policy introduced are the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1951, which made it illegal for marriage between races. Apartheid was abolished following a rapid change in public perception of racial segregation throughout the world, and an economic boycott against South Africa which had crippled and threatened to destroy its economy. A segregated beach, in apartheid South Africa, 1982. ... // Events and trends Technology Gideon Sundback patents the first modern zipper Harry Brearley invents stainless steel Charles P. Strite invents first pop-up bread toaster Science Einsteins theory of general relativity Max von Laue discovers the diffraction of x-rays by crystals Alfred Wegener puts forward his theory of... The National Party (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of South Africa from 1948 until 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (8 September 1901 - 6 September 1966) was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966, when he was assassinated. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... The World in plate carrée projection The World In English, world is rooted in a compound of the obsolete words were, man, and eld, age; thus, its oldest meaning is Age of Man. ... A boycott is a refusal to buy, sell, or otherwise trade with an individual or business who is generally believed by the participants in the boycott to be doing something morally wrong. ...

Rhodesia

The British colony of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), under Ian Smith, leader of the white minority government, declared unilateral independence in 1965. For the next 15 years, Rhodesia operated under white minority rule until international sanctions forced Smith to hold multiracial elections, after a brief period of British rule in 1979. In politics and in history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a geographically-distant state (or city, in ancient times). ... This article is about the break-away colony of (Southern) Rhodesia , today Zimbabwe. ... Ian Smith Ian Douglas Smith (born April 8, 1919) was the Premier of the British Crown Colony of Southern Rhodesia from April 13, 1964 to November 11, 1965 and the Prime Minister of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) from November 11, 1965 to June 1, 1979, when Rhodesia was ruled by its...

Israel

Israel has been accused of racial bias towards Palestinians and of being an "Apartheid state": the most visible manifestation of this is the use of the epithet "Apartheid wall", which some use to refer to the Israeli West Bank barrier. The Palestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. ... Apartheid wall is a term sometimes used to describe the Israeli West Bank barrier by its opponents. ... The barrier route as of February 2005 The Israeli West Bank barrier (commonly referred to as a fence by its supporters and a wall by its opponents) is a physical barrier consisting of a network of fences, walls, and trenches, which is being constructed by Israel. ...

Israel's advocates respond that within Israel's pre-1967 borders, Arabs and other minorities are given freedom of religion, culture and political organization, although they acknowledge that Palestinian citizens of Israel do not share many of the same basic rights as Jewish citizens, such as equal property rights.

Several Arab political parties have elected members to the Knesset. Arabs are typically not conscripted into the Israeli military (though they are accepted as volunteers), so they will generally never have to fight their own peoples. However, this can deny them job opportunities, as some jobs in Israel require previous military service. The Knesset (כנסת, Hebrew for assembly) is the Parliament of Israel, located on a hilltop in the west of Jerusalem. ...

Arab world

Jordan forbids Jews from becoming citizens. Saudi Arabia forbids Jews from entering the country and forbids all non-muslims from entering the city of Mecca. This article is about the holy city in Saudi Arabia. ...

After municipal elections in Bahrain in 2002 brought Islamist opposition party Al Wefaq Islamic Action to power in the capital Manama, its newly installed mayor, Murthader Bader called for the introduction of racial segregation with the removal from the city of all non-Bahraini South Asian inhabitants and for the creation of a new township to house them. Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Al Wefaq National Islamic Society is Bahrains most largest political society. ... Manama from space, June 1996 Manama (Arabic: المنامة Al-Manāmah) is the capital city of Bahrain and is situated on the Persian Gulf, in the northeast of Bahrain Island. ...

Mr Bader told the English language Gulf Daily News "It would cost a lot and we would have to find an area to accept them," he said. "A big question is where to build any new accommodation."

The government rejected the proposals.

In the past a variety of measures against dhimmi (Non-muslims living in muslim societies) have been proposed. A Dhimmi, or Zimmi (Arabic ذمّي), as defined in classical Islamic legal and political literature, is a person living in a Muslim state who is a member of an officially tolerated non-Islamic religion. ...

Fiji

Two military coups in Fiji in 1987 removed from power a government that was led by an ethnic Fijian, but was supported principally by the Indo-Fijian (ethnic Indian) electorate, which then made up approximately half of the population. A new constitution was promulgated in 1990, establishing Fiji as a republic, with the offices of President, Prime Minister, two-thirds of the Senate, and a clear majority of the House of Representatives reserved for ethnic Fijians, despite the fact that ethnic Fijians then comprised less than half the population. Ethnic Fijian ownership of the land (which was worked principally by Indo-Fijians) was also entrenched in the constitution. Fiji Coups of 1987 refers to the 1987 overthrow of the government of Fiji by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, then third in command of the Royal Fiji Military Forces. ... 1987 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fijians are the major indigenous people of the Fiji Islands. ... Indo-Fijian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fiji became a republic in 1987, when Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom formally abdicated as Queen of Fiji, following two military coups led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka. ... Fiji received its independence in 1970. ... The Senate of Fiji is the upper chamber of Parliament. ... Overview The House of Representatives is the lower chamber of Fijis Parliament. ...

World-wide condemnation of the 1990 constitution, and a brain-drain of many Indo-Fijian professionals and businesspeople, caused the Fijian government to revise the constitution in 1997. Amendments deleted most of the discriminatory provisions, and subsequent elections in 1999 brought a new government to power, with Mahendra Chaudhry as the country's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister. 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals for other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflict or lack of opportunity or health hazards where they are living. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Mahendra Pal Chaudhry (born 9 February 1942) is the leader of the Fiji Labour Party and currently the Leader of the Opposition in Parliament. ...

Another coup followed in 2000, with George Speight, supported by sympathetic offices in the Army and police force, seizing power, with the aim of ending Indo-Fijian influence in politics. Democracy, and the moderate 1997 constitution, were eventually restored, however. Timeline (2000) May: 19, 20, 26, 27, 29, 30. ... George Speight George Speight, occasionally known as Ilikimi Naitini (born 1957), was the principal instigator of the Fiji coup of 2000, in which he kidnapped thirty-six government officials and held them from May 19, 2000 to July 13, 2000. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Current prime minister Laisenia Qarase has refused to adhere to the Constitution by not including members of the largely Indo-Fijian Fiji Labour Party in the government. Laisenia Qarase (born February 4, 1941) is the Prime Minister of Fiji. ... The Fiji Labour Party is a political party in Fiji. ...

Related issues

Although not all advocates concede the validity of the concept of "race" as applied to human divisions, discrimination on color or other ethnic characteristics is often labelled "racist" (see race, racism). A race is a population of humans distinguished in some way from other humans. ... A Black person drinks out of a water foutain designated for black people in 1939 at a streetcar terminal. ...

White separatism

White separatism is the belief that those who are of white or Caucasian race should have separate institutions or even separate societies, territories, governments, and should not "breed" with those considered to be of non-white races. White separatists often label themselves as racialists rather than racists. [[2]] White separatism is one among many forms of separatism. For other uses, see White (disambiguation). ... Caucasian is originally a geographical term, meaning relative or pertaining to the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe and West Asia. ... A race is a population of humans distinguished in some way from other humans. ... Hitlers Nazi Germany: the epitome of 20th-century racialism Racialism is a term used to describe racial policy, in what is generally perceived to be a negative sense, as promoting stratification and inequality between racial categories (in themselves, often disputed). ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... Separatism involves setting oneself or others apart. ...

Many white separatists believe in white supremacy, but some do not. Some consider the segregationists of the Southern United States and the advocates of apartheid in South Africa as being white separatists as these advocates of segregationism and apartheid used the same language of separatism and denied that they were "White supremacists" despite evidence to the contrary. Both groups also had advanced a belief in the inherent "inferiority" of non-whites, whom they claimed are incapable of properly either governing themselves or any other races. Some segragationists put forward the proposition that "separation" doesn't necessarily mean superiority and thus endorsed the "separate but equal" proposition for educational segregation that the U.S. Supreme Court struck down in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. White supremacy is an ideology which holds that the white race (variously defined) is superior to other races (also variously defined). ... The Southern United States or the South, also known colloquially as Dixie, constitute a distinctive region covering a large portion of the United States, with its own unique heritage, historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Holding Racial segregation in public education violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; separate facilities are “inherently unequal. ...

see separate article White separatism White separatism is a political movement to obtain sovereignty for and split white people from another people or peoples. ...

Black separatism

Parallel to the white separatism, there also exists, particularly in the United States, a similarly politically marginal black separatist movement. Black separatists generally hold that whites are racist oppressors of blacks and that there can be no remedy for black advancement within contemporary white-dominated society. They believe that the only solution for blacks is to break away and to create a separate, segregated black society.

The more specific goals were historically in flux and varied from group to group. Martin Delaney in the 19th century and Marcus Garvey in the 1920s outspokenly called for African Americans to return to Africa, by moving to Liberia. The Nation of Islam calls, much more quietly, for an independent black state on American soil. Much more mainstream views within black separatism hold that blacks would be better served by exclusively black schools and businesses, as well as by black local politicians and police. Martin Robison Delany (May 6, 1812 - 1885) was the First Afro-American Field Officer in the United States Army. ... Marcus Garvey (far right) in parade Marcus Mosiah Garvey (August 17, 1887 – June 10, 1940) was a publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, crusader for black nationalism and founder of the UNIA-ACL. He was born in Jamaica. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and 3rd most populous. ... The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with a declared aim of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of the black man and woman of America and the world. ...

The mainstream black separatism is sharply opposed by anti-segregationists and integrationists within the African American community. They generally hold that blacks can and should advance within the larger American society and call on them to work to achieve that through personal improvement, educational achievement, business involvement, and political action. Martin Luther King, who led the political effort to overthrow segregation in 1960s, and Malcolm X, a contemporary black separatist from the Nation of Islam may personify the opposition between the two views. Martin Luther King Jr. ... Malcolm X Malcolm X (May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965 – also: Malcolm Little, Detroit Red, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, and Omowale) was a spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with a declared aim of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of the black man and woman of America and the world. ...

Latino separatism

Some of the political groups among Latinos, or Americans of Mexican descent, in 1960s advocated racial separatism for the bronze race or the Chicanos. Some of them wanted to create an independent Chicano state in the south-west of United States, on the territories that were won by America from Mexico after the Mexican-American War in 1848. Some of these views were reflected in the Plan Espiritual de Aztlan document which inspired Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan, MEChA. Bronze race (Spanish: raza de bronce) is a term used by early 20th century Latin American writers of the indigenista and americanista schools to refer to the mestizo race that arose in America with the arrival of European (particularly Spanish colonisers and their intermingling with the New Worlds indigenous... A Chicano is a person of Mexican descent born in the United States. ... The Mexican-American War was a war fought between the United States and Mexico between 1846 and 1848. ... El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán (Spiritual Plan of Aztlan) is a document adopted in March 1968 by the First National Chicano Liberation Youth Conference at a convention held at Denver, Colorado. ... The title mecha RX-78-2 Gundam from the popular anime Mobile Suit Gundam In some works of science fiction, mecha (singular or plural) or mechs (singular: mech) are piloted or remote-controlled limbed vehicles. ...

See also

• Apartheid
• Forsyth County, Georgia v. The Nationalist Movement
• Jim Crow
• National Alliance
• Race
• Racism
• White supremacy
• Xenophobia
• Anti-semitism
• Nation of Islam
• MEChA
• Plan Espiritual de Aztlan
• Separate but equal
• Anti-Polonism
• Al Wefaq

A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... Forsyth County, Georgia v. ... A depiction of T.D. Rices Jim Crow In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African Americans from doing things that a white person could do. ... The National Alliance is a white nationalist organization based in the United States. ... A race is a population of humans distinguished in some way from other humans. ... A Black person drinks out of a water foutain designated for black people in 1939 at a streetcar terminal. ... White supremacy is an ideology which holds that the white race (variously defined) is superior to other races (also variously defined). ... Xenophobia denotes a phobic attitude towards strangers or of the unknown and comes from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), meaning foreigner, stranger, and φόβος (phobos), meaning fear. The term is typically used to describe fear or dislike of foreigners, but racism in general is sometimes described as a form of xenophobia. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with a declared aim of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of the black man and woman of America and the world. ... The title mecha RX-78-2 Gundam from the popular anime Mobile Suit Gundam In some works of science fiction, mecha (singular or plural) or mechs (singular: mech) are piloted or remote-controlled limbed vehicles. ... El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán (Spiritual Plan of Aztlan) is a document adopted in March 1968 by the First National Chicano Liberation Youth Conference at a convention held at Denver, Colorado. ... Separate but equal was a policy enacted into law throughout the U.S. Southern states during the period of segregation, in which African Americans and Americans of European descent would receive the same services (schools, hospitals, water fountains, bathrooms, etc. ... Germans execute Poles against a prison wall, Leszno, Poland, October 1939. ... Al Wefaq National Islamic Society is Bahrains most largest political society. ...

References

• Dobratz, Betty A. and Shanks-Meile, Stephanie L, White Power, White Pride!: The White Separatist Movement in the United States, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 384 pages, ISBN 0801865379.

External links

• A white separatist FAQ
• U.S. Segregation over several decades
• Constitutional Law and Race-Conscious Policies in K-12 Education
• Website of Bahraini Islamists Al-Wefaq (in Arabic)

Material regarding Israel

• Israeli Schools Separate, Not Equal
• Amnesty International report 2002 Israel and the occupied territories
• Item on the history of Jerusalem from the American Friends Service Committee
• LAW paper: "Israel's brand of apartheid: The Nakba continues"
• "Apartheid In the Holy Land": full text of a paper presented by Nafeez Ahmed of the Islamic Human Rights Commission, at the 2001 UN Conference Against Racism in Durban
• Islamic Human Rights Commission
• ADL statement on the anti-Israeli and anti-Semitic outcry at Durban
• Full text of Interview with Shimon Peres
• Alon Liel, former director general of the Israel Foreign Ministry, on the question of apartheid
• Anti-Semitism - past and Present. Claims anti-Semitic motives in some of the individuals who accuse Israel of Apartheid.
• ADL statement on the anti-Israeli and anti-Semitic outcry at Durban
• Haaretz article about interreligious marriages in Israel (omitted in the official English edition)