Racialism is an emphasis on race or racial considerations.^[1] The term race serves to distinguish between populations or groups of people based on different sets of characteristics which are commonly determined through social conventions. ...

Sometimes the term racialism refers to the belief in the existence and significance of racial categories. In racial separatist ideologies, the term is used to emphasise perceived social and cultural differences among races. Although the term is sometimes used in contrast to racism, it can also be used synonymously with racism. Racialists often cite controversial^[2] academic works such as Race, Evolution and Behavior by J. Philippe Rushton, IQ and the Wealth of Nations by Richard Lynn, and The Bell Curve by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray. The term race serves to distinguish between populations or groups of people based on different sets of characteristics which are commonly determined through social conventions. ... Racial segregation is a kind of formalized or institutionalized discrimination on the basis of race, characterized by the races separation from each other. ... // The Unobservable Although the term social is a crucial category in social science and often used in public discourse, its meaning is often vague, suggesting that it is a fuzzy concept. ... The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights Disability... Look up Synonym in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... John Rushton John Philippe (Phil) Rushton (born December 3, 1943) is a psychology professor at the University of Western Ontario, Canada, who is most widely known for his controversial[1] work on intelligence and racial differences, particularly his book Race, Evolution And Behavior: A Life History Perspective. ... IQ and the Wealth of Nations IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a controversial 2002 book by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland[1]. The... Richard Lynn Richard Lynn (born 1930) is a British emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Ulster, known for his work on intelligence and differential psychology. ... The Bell Curve is a controversial, best-selling 1994 book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray exploring the role of intelligence in American life. ... Richard Herrnstein (1930-1994) was a prominent researcher in comparative psychology who did pioneering work on pigeon intelligence employing the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. ... Charles Murray Charles Alan Murray (born 1943) is a controversial conservative American policy writer and researcher. ...

Distinguishing from racism

While the term racism often refers to individual attitudes and institutional discrimination, racialism usually implies the existence of a social or political movement that promotes a theory of racism. Supporters of racialism claim that racism implies racial supremacism and a harmful intent, whereas racialism indicates a strong interest in matters of race without these connotations. They say their focus is on racial pride, identity politics, or racial segregation. Organisations such as the NAAWP insist on these distinctions, and claim that they vehemently oppose state sponsored racism. Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights Disability... American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century. ... Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. ... Supremacism is the belief that a particular race, religion, gender, belief system or culture is superior to others and entitles those who identify with it to dominate, control or rule those who do not. ... Identity politics is the political activity of various social movements for self-determination. ... The Rex Theatre for Colored People Racial segregation is characterized by separation of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or... The National Association for the Advancement of White People is a white nationalist political organization in the United States founded in 1980 by David Duke, former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. ... State racism is a concept used by French philosopher Michel Foucault to designate the reappropriation of the historical and political discourse of race struggle, In the late seventeenth century. ...

The relationship between the two concepts is expressed at length by Kwame Anthony Appiah in his book In My Father's House (1992): Kwame Anthony Appiah (1954-) is a philosopher whose interests include political and moral theory, the philosophy of language and mind, and African intellectual history. ...

...the view – which I shall call racialism – that there are heritable characteristics, possessed by members of our species, which allow us to divide them into a small set of races, in such a way that all the members of these races share certain traits and tendencies with each other that they do not share with members of any other race.

Pierre-André Taguieff (1987) has used the word racialism as a perfect synonym of scientific racism, to distinguish it from popular racism. He argues that racialism is racism which claims to be scientifically founded. Arthur Gobineau's An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-55) is an example of such racialism. Human zoos have been an important component of both popular racism and racialism. It popularized colonialism to the masses and was a subject of curiosity for anthropology and anthropometric studies, until at least the 1930s. Pierre-Andre Taguieff, born at 1946 in Paris is a philosopher and political economist, director of research at CNRS (in a Institut dEtudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) laboratory, the CEVIPOF). ... Scientific racism is racist propaganda disguised as science. ... Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 - October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat who became famous for advocating White Supremacy and developing the theory of the Aryan master race in his book An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855). ... An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races by Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau is an early and significant work defining the concept of Scientific racism and White supremacy. ... Human Zoo (Völkerschau) in Stuttgart (Germany) in 1928 A Human zoo (also called ethnological expositions or Negro Villages) was a 19th and 20th century public exhibit of human beings usually in their natural or primitive state. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Anthropology is the study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships. ... It has been suggested that Bertillion Record be merged into this article or section. ...

W.E.B. DuBois argues that racialism is the philosophical belief that differences between the races exist, be they biological, social, psychological, or in the realm of the soul. He argues that racism is using this belief to push forward the argument that one's particular race is superior to the others. Kwame Anthony Appiah summarises Dubois' position in his book In My Father's House, chapter 3. Molefi Kete Asante criticises DuBois for this racialism in "The Afrocentric Idea". W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (pronounced ) (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was a civil rights activist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar, and socialist. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... // The Unobservable Although the term social is a crucial category in social science and often used in public discourse, its meaning is often vague, suggesting that it is a fuzzy concept. ... Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. ... The soul, acording to many religious and philosophical traditions, is a self-aware ethereal substance particular to a unique living being. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights Disability... Kwame Anthony Appiah (1954-) is a philosopher whose interests include political and moral theory, the philosophy of language and mind, and African intellectual history. ... Molefi Kete Asante (born 1942) is an African-American scholar who has written more than 60 books and 300 scholarly articles. ... Afrocentrism is an outlook or worldview centered on Africa and the descendants of African peoples, much the way Eurocentrism is centered on Europe and Europeans. ...

Whiteness studies have most recently begun to interrogate the idea that race is a category that only applies to groups who are perceived to be different in some way. Rather this area of scholarship comes to scrutinize the ways in which white has come to become silent and normative as the standard against which all 'race' is marked.

Advocates of racialism

Nazi Germany had a policy of racialism with its concept of "Großdeutschland" (Greater Germany), alongside anti-Semitism and anti-Communism. Malaysia promoted racialism with its policy of "Ketuanan Melayu" or Malay Supremacy, alongside its concept of Bumiputra (Sons of the Soil) Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The Racial Policy of Nazi Germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the Aryan race, and including measures aimed primarily against Jews. ... Grossdeutschland (literally Greater Germany) is a term that has been used in two separate contexts over history. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) Youth Chief Hishammuddin Hussein brandishing the kris (dagger), an action seen by some as a defence of ketuanan Melayu. ... Bumiputra or Bumiputera (Malay, from Sanskrit Bhumiputra; translated literally, it means son of the soil), is an official definition widely used in Malaysia, embracing ethnic Malays as well as other indigenous ethnic groups such as the Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia and the tribal peoples in Sabah and Sarawak. ...

In the United States in the 2000s, the term racialism has been appropriated by white separatist and white supremacist groups such as Christian Identity,^[3] Aryan Nations^[4], the American Nazi Party^[5], and White Aryan Resistance.^[6] White separatism is a political movement that promotes a separate homeland for white people. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ... Christian Identity is a label applied to a wide variety of loosely-affiliated groups and churches with a racialized theology. ... Aryan Nations (AN) is an American anti-government, anti-Semitic white nationalist group. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... WARs Hate and Fear logo The White Aryan Resistance is a neo-Nazi white supremacist organization founded and led by former Ku Klux Klan leader Tom Metzger. ...

The Nation of Islam is a racialist group operating in the USA. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Racialist perspective today

Main article: Craniofacial anthropometry

In the mid-20th century, racialist support among anthropologists declined. After Darwin hypothesized evolution, anthropologists applied it to humans, considering some to be more evolved as some to be less evolved.^[7] Scientific support for the Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid terminology has fallen steadily over the past century. Where 78 percent of the articles in the 1931 volume of Journal of Physical Anthropology employed these or similar synonymous terms reflecting a bio-race paradigm, only 36 percent did so in 1965, and just 28 percent did in 1996.^[8] In February 2001, the editors of the medical journal Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine asked authors to no longer use "race" as explanatory variable nor to use obsolescent terms. Other prestigious peer-reviewed journals, such as the New England Journal of Medicine and the American Journal of Public Health, have done the same.^[9] Furthermore, the National Institutes of Health recently issued a program announcement for grant applications through February 1, 2006, specifically seeking researchers who can investigate and publicize among primary care physicians the detrimental effects on the nation's health of the practice of medical racial profiling using such terms. The program announcement quoted the editors of one journal as saying that, "analysis by race and ethnicity has become an analytical knee-jerk reflex."^[10] Typical Caucasoid skull Typical Mongoloid skull Typical Negroid skull Craniofacial anthropometry is a technique used in physical anthropology comprising precise and systematic measurement of the bones of the human skull. ...

Main article: Genetic views on race

Racialism continues. Racialist vocabulary with inconsistent definitions^[11] is still used in medicine to a small extent^[12] even when it has vanished from some censual agencies^[11] and everyday speech."^[13] Genetics has renewed racialist perspectives, combining with the racialist perspectives of craniofacial anthrometry^[14] Racialism in genetics is criticized as being subjective^[15] and otherwise inappropriate.^[16] It has been suggested that Race and multilocus allele clusters be merged into this article or section. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ...

See also

• Black power
• Black pride
• Coolitude
• Racial hygiene
• Tribalism
• Multiculturalism
• Scientific racism
• Societalism
• Xenophobia
• White power
• White pride

Tommie Smith (gold medal) and John Carlos (bronze medal) famously performed the Black Power salute on the 200 m winners podium at the 1968 Olympics. ... Black pride is a slogan used interchangeably to depict both the movement of and concept within politically active black communities, especially African Americans in the United States. ... Coolitude is a term referring to the cultural interaction of the Indian or Chinese diaspora, and any migratory episode seen through its variegated aspects. ... Racial hygiene (often labeled a form of scientific racism) is the selection, by a government, of the most physical, intellectual and moral persons to raise the next generation (selective breeding) and a close alignment of public health with eugenics. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Multiculturalism is a philosophy that is sometimes construed as ideology advocating that modern society should at least embrace and include distinct cultural groups with equal cultural and political status. ... Scientific racism is racist propaganda disguised as science. ... An approach to the viewing of society based on understandings of its diachronic, structural, secular, material?, functional relations as opposed to historical, metaphysical/symbolic, religious/cultural/ethnic understandings. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... White Power is an ideology and a political slogan describing the views of white supremacists. ... White Aryan Resistance member wearing a white pride t-shirt White pride is a term used primarily in the United States to denote a celebration of the heritage of persons of White-European racial identity[1]—though generally to the exclusion of homosexuals and Jews, as well as certain other...

External links

• John Henrik Clarke - Race: An Evolving Issue in Western Social Thought

References

1. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., s.v. "Racialism."
2. ^ The Impact of National IQ on Income and Growth: A Critique of Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen's Recent Book by Thomas Volken
3. ^ Militias march on, retrieved August 18, 2005.
4. ^ Approving uses of the term were found on Aryan Nations website, retrieved August 18, 2005.
5. ^ Approving uses of the term were found on American Nazi party website, retrieved August 18, 2005.
6. ^ Approving uses of the term were found on White Aryan Resistance website, retrieved August 18, 2005.
7. ^ [1]
8. ^ Leonard Lieberman, Rodney C. Kirk, and Alice Littlefield, "Perishing Paradigm: Race—1931-99," American Anthropologist 105, no. 1 (2003): 110-13. A following article in the same issue, by Mat Cartmill and Kaye Brown, questions the precise rate of decline, but agrees that the Negroid/Caucasoid/Mongoloid paradigm has fallen into near-total disfavor.
9. ^ Frederick P. Rivara and Laurence Finberg, "Use of the Terms Race and Ethnicity," Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 155, no. 2 (2001): 119. For similar author's guidelines, see Robert S. Schwartz, "Racial Profiling in Medical Research," The New England Journal of Medicine, 344 (no, 18, May 3, 2001); M.T. Fullilove, "Abandoning 'Race' as a Variable in Public Health Research: An Idea Whose Time has Come," American Journal of Public Health 88 (1998): 1297-1298; and R. Bhopal and L. Donaldson, "White, European, Western, Caucasian, or What? Inappropriate Labeling in Research on Race, Ethnicity, and Health." American Journal of Public Health 88 (1998): 1303-1307.
10. ^ See program announcement and requests for grant applications at the NIH website, at URL: http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-057.html.
11. ^ ^{a b} P.J. Aspinall, "Collective Terminology to Describe the Minority Ethnic Population: The Persistence of Confusion and Ambiguity in Usage," Sociology 36, no. 4: 804.
12. ^ M.A. Winker, "Measuring Race and Ethnicity: Why and How?," The Journal of the American Medical Association 292, no. 13 (2004): 1612-14.
13. ^ John Relethford, The Human Species: An introduction to Biological Anthropology, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), 126.
14. ^ R.S. Cooper, "Race and IQ: Molecular Genetics as Deus ex Machina," American Psychologist 60, no. 1 (2005): 71-76.
15. ^ James F. Wilson et al., "Population genetic structure of variable drug response," Nature Genetics 29 (2001): 265-269.
16. ^ R. Bhopal et al., "Editors' practice and views on terminology in ethnicity and health research," Ethnicity & Health 2, no. 3 (1997): 223-27.

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is a dictionary of American English published by Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969. ...

Further reading

• The African National Congress and the policy of non-Racialism: A study of the membership issues (South African Journal of Political Studies, 2002).

• Appiah, Kwame Anthony. In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. 1993. ISBN 0-19-506852-1.

• Arter, David. "Black Faces in the Blond Crowd: Populist Racialism in Scandinavia", Parliamentary Affairs 45, no. 3 (1992): 357-372.

• Asante, Molefi Kete. The Afrocentric Idea. 1998. ISBN 1-56639-595-X.

• Dobratz, Betty A. "White Power, White Pride!": The White Separatist Movement in the United States. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.

• Kane, John. "Racialism and Democracy: The Legacy of White Australia." In The Politics of Identity in Australia, ed. Geoffrey Stokes, 117-131. Cambridge, UK: Cambrdige University Press, 1997. ISBN 052158356X.

• Kennedy, Paul and Nicholls Anthony, eds. Nationalist and racialist movements in Britain and Germany before 1914. Saint Antony's College Press, 1981.

• Lee, Woojin and Roemer, John. Electoral Consequences of Racialism for Redistribution in the United States: 1972-1992 (California Institute of Technology, Division of the Humanities and social Sciences, 2002).

• Melvern, Linda. Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwanda Genocide. London: Verso, 2004.

• Odocha, O. Race and racialism in scientific research and publication in the Journal of the National Medical Association. (National Library of Medicine, 2000).

• Racial Identity, the Apartheid State, and the Limits of Political Mobilization and Democratic Reform in South Africa: The Case of the University of the Western (Teachers College, Columbia University, 2003).

• Sanneh, Kelefa "After the Beginning Again: The Afrocentric Ordeal." Transition 10, no. 3 (2001): 66-89.

• Snyder, Louis L. The Idea of Racialism: Meaning and History. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1962.

• Taylor, Paul C. "Appiah's Uncompleted Argument: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Reality of Race." Social Theory and Practice 26, no. 1 (2000): 103-128.

• Thompson, Walter Thomas. James Anthony Froude on Nation and Empire: A Study in Victorian Racialism. London: Taylor & Francis, 1998.

• UNESCO General Conference. Declaration of Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War (University of Hawaii, 1978).

• Reggie White's Speech before the Wisconsin State Assembly (click 778)

• Zubaida, Sami, ed. Race and Racialism. London: Tavistock, 1970.