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Substitution reaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (215 words) |
 | Organic substitution reactions are classified in several main organic reaction types depending on whether the reagent that brings about the substitution is considered an electrophile or a nucleophile, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical or whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. |
| A nucleophile reacts with an aliphatic substrate in a nucleophilic aliphatic Substitution reaction. |
| Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions and particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions. |
| Radical (chemistry) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2089 words) |
| In the upper atmosphere free radicals are produced through dissociation of the source molecules, particularly the normally unreactive chlorofluorocarbons by solar ultraviolet radiation or by reactions with other stratospheric constituents. |
| Free radicals play an important role in a number of biological processes, some of which are necessary for life, such as the intracellular killing of bacteria by neutrophil granulocytes. |
| Because free radicals are necessary for life, the body has a number of mechanisms to minimize free radical induced damage and to repair damage which does occur, such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. |
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