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A railway electrification system is a way of supplying electric power to electric locomotives and multiple units. An electric multiple unit pulling into Tile Hill station on the West Coast Main Line in Coventry, England. ...
An electric multiple unit pulling into Tile Hill station on the West Coast Main Line in Coventry, England. ...
For alternative meanings see: Coventry (disambiguation) Coventry is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 280 KB) Summary A typical example, of catenary supporting system on Northerast Corridor stretch in USA. The photo is taken from eastbound track of Bridgeport, CT station. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 280 KB) Summary A typical example, of catenary supporting system on Northerast Corridor stretch in USA. The photo is taken from eastbound track of Bridgeport, CT station. ...
Nickname: The Park City Official website: www. ...
Lightning strikes during a night-time thunderstorm. ...
Modern three-phase AC locomotive (DBAG Class 152) A GG1 An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electric motors which draws current from an overhead wire (overhead lines), a third rail, or an on-board storage device such as a battery or a flywheel energy storage system. ...
A classic Belgian multiple unit of type 74 A multiple unit (MU) is a passenger train whose carriages have their own motors, either diesel (DMUs) or electric (EMUs), and do not need to be hauled by a locomotive, and can be coupled with other similar units to operate together, in...
Such systems can be classified by:
Third rail at the West Falls Church Metro stop in the Washington, D.C. area, electrified to 750 volts. ...
It has been suggested that Overhead catenary be merged into this article or section. ...
International danger high voltage symbol. ...
City lights viewed in a motion blurred exposure. ...
Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ...
The generation of AC electric power is commonly three phase, in which the waveforms of three supply conductors are offset from one another by 120°. These three conductors are commonly housed in a single conduit (e. ...
Three-phase power transformer which is the sole transfer point for electricity to a suburban shopping mall in Canada. ...
Kálmán Kandó (Kandó Kálmán) (July 10, 1869 - January 13, 1931, Budapest) Hungarian engineer. ...
Direct current
Early electric systems used relatively low-voltage DC. Electric motors were fed directly from mains, and were controlled by using a combination of resistors and relays that connected the motors in parallel or series. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 854 KB) Nottingham Express Transit tram 201 heads south from Wilkinson Street park & ride to Radford Road. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 854 KB) Nottingham Express Transit tram 201 heads south from Wilkinson Street park & ride to Radford Road. ...
A tram in downtown Nottingham. ...
TW2000 car in Hanover Volkswagen Cargo-Tram in Dresden on a section of grassed track. ...
Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ...
Rotating magnetic field as a sum of magnetic vectors from 3 phase coils. ...
Resistor symbols (US and Japan) Resistor symbols (Europe, IEC) A pack of resistors A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that resists an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohms law. ...
Automotive style miniature relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical circuit. ...
Left: Series / Right: Parallel Arrows indicate direction of current flow. ...
Left: Series / Right: Parallel Arrows indicate direction of current flow. ...
The common voltages are 600 V and 750 V for trams and metros, and 1500 V and 3000 V for railways. In the past, Rotary converters or mercury arc rectifiers were used to convert utility (mains) AC power to the required DC voltage. Today, this is usually done by semiconductor rectifiers. TW2000 car in Hanover Volkswagen Cargo-Tram in Dresden on a section of grassed track. ...
Metro is: a general term, synonymous with rapid transit, subway or underground, for an urban underground rail public transit system (see list of rapid transit systems); any of several specific public transport systems, including: Bi-State Development Agency in Missouri and Illinois, d/b/a Metro since 2003 Buffalo Metro...
Rotary Converter refers to a class of electrical machinery that was used to convert one form of electrical power into another form. ...
A mercury arc valve (mercury vapor rectifier) is a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current. ...
City lights viewed in a motion blurred exposure. ...
Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ...
A semiconductor is a material with an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of an insulator and a conductor. ...
AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals A rectifier is an electrical device, comprising one or more semiconductive devices (such as diodes) or vacuum tubes arranged for converting alternating current to direct current. ...
The DC system is quite simple, but requires thick wires and short distances between feeder stations; additionally, there are significant resistive losses. The feeder stations require watching personal permanently, and only one train or locomotive could enter one section. The distance between two feeder stations at 3000 V system is about 25 km (15.6 miles). Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an electrical component opposes the passage of current. ...
Auxiliary machinery, such as fans and compressors, are also powered by motors fed directly from mains. Consequently, these motors are often unusually bulky. Non-electric fan Household Electric Fan A fan has two purposes – to move air for creature comfort or for ventilation and to move air or gas from one location to another for industrial purposes. ...
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. ...
1500 V DC is used in The Netherlands, Japan, Ireland, parts of Australia and partially in France. In the United States, 1500 V DC is used in the Chicago area on the Metra (formerly Illinois Central) Electric district and the Chicago, South Shore and South Bend interurban streetcar line. In the Czech Republic two local lines remain 1500 V: Tabor - Bechyne and Rybnik - Lipno. In Slovakia, there are two narrow gauge lines in the High-Tatras (one is cog railway), The Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). ...
Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ...
Metra system schematic Metra (officially known as the Northeastern Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation) is Chicagolands commuter rail system, serving over 200 stations on eleven lines across the Regional Transportation Authoritys (RTAs) six-county service area. ...
The Illinois Central (AAR reporting mark IC), sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, was a railroad carrier in the central United States, with its primary routes connecting Chicago, Illinois with New Orleans, Louisiana and Birmingham, Alabama. ...
The Chicago South Shore & South Bend Railroad (CSS&SB, reporting mark CSS) (more commonly known as the South Shore Line) was an electric-powered interurban passenger railroad which operated between downtown Chicago, Illinois and suburban areas along the south shore of Lake Michigan in Illinois and northern Indiana. ...
An interurban streetcar line or interurban, also called a radial railway in Canada, is a streetcar line running between urban areas. ...
In the United Kingdom, 1500 V DC was used in 1954 for the Woodhead trans-Pennine route (now closed); the system used regenerative braking, allowing for transfer of energy between up and down trains on the steep approaches to the tunnel. The system was also used for suburban electrification in East London and Manchester, now converted to 25 kV AC. The only UK system now using this voltage is the Tyne and Wear Metro. Image File history File links Tyne&Wear_Metrotrain_at_Kingston_Park_station. ...
Image File history File links Tyne&Wear_Metrotrain_at_Kingston_Park_station. ...
The Tyne and Wear Metro is a light rail metro system based around Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland, in the Tyne and Wear county of north-east England. ...
The western portals of the Woodhead Tunnels in 2004, from the former Woodhead Station. ...
The Tyne and Wear Metro is a light rail metro system based around Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland, in the Tyne and Wear county of north-east England. ...
3000 V DC is used in Belgium, Italy, Poland, the northern Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, western Croatia and in the former Soviet Union. It was also formerly used by the Milwaukee Road's extensive electrification across the Continental Divide, and by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (now NJ Transit, converted to 25 kV AC). The Milwaukee Road, officially the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. ...
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad External links DL&W pages by the Erie Lackawanna Historical Society Employees Thomas Patrick Norton 1906 to 1960, Hoboken Terminus, Yardmaster Categories: Stub | Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad ...
New Jersey Transit Arrow III at West Windsor, NJ Hudson-Bergen Light Rail vehicle at 2nd Street station New Jersey Transit (NJ Transit) is a statewide public transportation system serving the U.S. state of New Jersey. ...
Voltages such as 1500 V DC are nominal, and fluctuate up and down from say 1300 V to 1800 V depending on:
- number of trains drawing current,
- distance from substation.
Note also that the common voltages are simple multiples of each other: Image File history File links en Third rail at the Amsterdam Metro (station Zuid / WTC) de Stromschiene der Amsterdamer Metro (station Zuid / WTC) nl Derde rail te Amsterdam Zuid/WTC by LennartBolks File links The following pages link to this file: Railway electrification system ...
Image File history File links en Third rail at the Amsterdam Metro (station Zuid / WTC) de Stromschiene der Amsterdamer Metro (station Zuid / WTC) nl Derde rail te Amsterdam Zuid/WTC by LennartBolks File links The following pages link to this file: Railway electrification system ...
The lines of the Amsterdam metro // History Amsterdam decided on the construction of a metro system in 1968. ...
- 1200 V DC = 2 x 600 V DC
- 1500 V DC = 2 x 750 V DC
- 3000 V DC = 2 x 1500 V DC
Third Rail Most electrification systems use overhead wires, but third rail is an option up to about 1200 V. While use of a third-rail does not require the use of DC, in practice all third-rail systems use DC because it can carry 41% more power than an AC system operating at the same peak voltage. Third rail is more compact than overhead wires and can be used in smaller diameter tunnels, an important factor for subway systems.
 With top-contact third (and fourth) rail a heavy "shoe" suspended from a wooden beam attached to the bogies collects power by sliding over the top surface of the electric rails.
 Arcs like this are quite normal and occur when the collection shoes of a train that is drawing power reach the end of a section of power rail. Third rail systems can be designed to use top contact, side contact, or bottom contact. Top contact is less safe, as the live rail is exposed to people treading on the rail unless an insulating hood of some sort is provided. Side- and bottom-contact third rail can easily have safety shields incorporated, carried by the rail itself. Uncovered top-contact third rails are vulnerable to disruption caused by ice, snow, and fallen leaves. Image File history File links Top_contact_pickup_shoe. ...
Image File history File links Top_contact_pickup_shoe. ...
Image File history File links Arcing_pickup_shoe. ...
Image File history File links Arcing_pickup_shoe. ...
DC systems are limited to relatively low voltages, and this can limit the size and speed of trains and the amount of air-conditioning the trains can provide; this may be a factor favouring overhead wires and high voltage AC, even for urban usage. In practice, the top speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to 100 mph (160 km/h) because above that speed reliable contact between the shoe and the rail cannot be maintained. See also Third rail Third rail at the West Falls Church Metro stop in the Washington, D.C. area, electrified to 750 volts. ...
Fourth Rail The London Underground is one of the few networks in the world that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that on third-rail and overhead networks is provided by the running rails. On the London Underground a top-contact third rail is placed beside the track, energised at +420 V DC, and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at -210 V DC, which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630 V DC. The nickname the Tube comes from the circular tube-like tunnels through which the small-profile trains travel. ...
The advantage of the fourth rail system is that the two running rails are available exclusively for track circuits, of which there are many, though this was not the primary reason for adopting a fourth-rail scheme. Most of the deep level tube lines run in cast iron tunnels (only some of the more recent constructions use concrete tunnel lining). Using a third-rail scheme necessitates that the return current is conducted through one (earthed) running rail. Such current is just as easily able to travel through the cast iron tunnel lining. Unless the joints between the sections are electrically sound, the current will arc across the sections causing considerable damage, or corrode the tunnel segments via electrolysis. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into track circuit. ...
Rust, the most familiar example of corrosion. ...
In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...
Further there are many cast iron gas and water mains in the vicinity of the tube tunnels, and the return current would travel along these just as easily. Some of these mains date back to the 19th century and the joints between separate sections would certainly not have been designed to be electrically sound, as deep-level electric tube trains were some way off.
The surface sections of the lines are constructed using fourth-rail purely to permit through running of the same trains, there being no other technical reason to do so.
The traction current has no direct earth point, but there are two resistors connected across the traction supply. The centre tap of the resistors is earthed, establishing the reference point between the positive and negative rails. The resistors are large enough to prevent large currents flowing through the earthed infrastructure. The positive resistor is twice as large as the negative resistor, since the positive rail carries twice the voltage of the negative rail.
 London Underground track, showing the third and fourth rails beside and between the running rails On lines where London Underground trains run over Network Rail owned lines, sharing the track with third-rail stock, the centre 'negative' rail is directly connected to the return running rail, allowing both types of train to operate. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 921 KB) Unrefurbished London Underground District Line D-stock electric multiple unit 7127 arrives into Ealing Common tube station on 22 October 2005. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 921 KB) Unrefurbished London Underground District Line D-stock electric multiple unit 7127 arrives into Ealing Common tube station on 22 October 2005. ...
The nickname the Tube comes from the circular tube-like tunnels through which the small-profile trains travel. ...
Network Rails logo Network Rail is a British not for dividend company limited by guarantee that owns the fixed assets of that part of the British railway system that formerly belonged to British Rail, the now-defunct UK state-owned railway operator. ...
A few lines of the Paris Metro also operate on a '4 rail' power scheme, but for a very different reason. It is not strictly a 4 rail scheme as they run on rubber tyres running on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel, and in some places, concrete. Since the tyres do not conduct the return current well, two conductor rails are provided outside of the running 'roadways', so at least electrically, it fits as a 4 rail scheme. The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply, because some lines use reversing loops at one end, causing the train to be reversed after every complete journey. Rubber tyres also run against the side contact conductor rails to guide the train on its track. Conventional rails are provided inside the 'roadways' to facilitate the operation of maintenance equipment, and movement of conventional rail stock. The rubber tyres were intended to provide a smoother ride and less vibration to surrounding buildings. They succeed in doing this, but at the expense of considerable running noise inside the trains and very short tyre life.
Low-frequency alternating current Common commutating electric motors can also be fed AC (universal motor), because reversing current in both stator and rotor does not change the direction of torque. However, inductance of the windings makes large motors impractical at standard AC distribution frequencies. Many European countries, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Norway, and Sweden have standardised on 15 kV 16-2/3 Hz (one-third the normal mains frequency) single-phase AC (earlier, 6 kV and 7.5 kV systems were in use). In the United States (with its 60 Hz distribution system), 25 Hz (an older, now-obsolete standard mains frequency) is used at 11 kV between Washington, DC and New York City. A 12.5 kV 25 Hz section between New York City and New Haven, Connecticut was converted to 60 Hz in the last third of the 20th century. Conventional continuous current flows from the battery. ...
Rotating magnetic field as a sum of magnetic vectors from 3 phase coils. ...
The stator is the fixed part of a rotating machine. ...
R0t0r is from efnet ...
In physics, torque can be thought of informally as rotational force. The SI units for Torque are newton meters although centinewton meters (cN·m), foot-pounds force (ft·lbf), inch pounds (lbf·in) and inch ounces (ozf·in) are also frequently used expressions of torque. ...
Inductance (or electric inductance) is a measure of the amount of magnetic flux produced for a given electric current. ...
Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...
Flag Seal Nickname: The Big Apple, The Capital of the World[1], Gotham [2], Metropolis Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area City 1,214. ...
Nickname: The Elm City Official website: www. ...
Motors are fed through a switching transformer that allows voltage change, so no resistors are required. Auxiliary machinery is driven by low voltage commutating motors, powered from a separate winding of the main transformer, and are reasonably small. Three-phase pole-mounted step-down transformer. ...
The unusual frequency means that electricity has to be converted from utility power by motor-generators or static inverters at the feeding substations, or generated at altogether separate electric power stations. A motor-generator (an M-G set) is a device for converting one form of electrical power to another form. ...
A static inverter station is the terminal equipment for a high voltage direct current transmission line, in which direct current is converted to three-phase alternating current, and, usually, the reverse. ...
Standard frequency alternating current
 Close-up view of catenary on USA Northeast Corridor The first attempts to use standard-frequency 50 Hz single-phase AC were made in Hungary in 1930s, by Kálmán Kandó on line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV. However, only in 1950s did this system become widespread. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 232 KB) Summary Such suspension is in use for Railway Catenary on Northeast Corridor Stretch Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 232 KB) Summary Such suspension is in use for Railway Catenary on Northeast Corridor Stretch Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU...
This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...
Kálmán Kandó (Kandó Kálmán) (July 10, 1869 - January 13, 1931, Budapest) Hungarian engineer. ...
The 1950s were the decade that spanned the years 1950 through 1959, although some sources say from 1951 through 1960. ...
Today, some locomotives in this system use a transformer and rectifier that provide low-voltage pulsating DC current to motors. Speed is controlled by switching windings in the transformer. More sophisticated locomotives use thyristor or IGBT transistor circuitry to generate chopped or even variable-frequency AC that is then directly consumed by AC traction motors. A locomotive (from Latin loco motivus) is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train, and has no payload capacity of its own; its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks. ...
Three-phase pole-mounted step-down transformer. ...
AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals A rectifier is an electrical device, comprising one or more semiconductive devices (such as diodes) or vacuum tubes arranged for converting alternating current to direct current. ...
Pulse-width modulation of a signal or power source involves the modulation of its duty cycle to either convey information over a communications channel or control the amount of power sent to a load. ...
Circuit symbol for a thyristor The thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating N and P-type material. ...
A power IGBT The Insulated (or sometimes called Isolated) Gate Bipolar Transistor combines the simple gate drive characteristics of the MOSFET with the high current and low saturation voltage capability of bipolar transistors by combining an isolated gate FET for the control input, and a bipolar power transistor as a...
City lights viewed in a motion blurred exposure. ...
Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are used to power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive, electrical multi-unit train (such as a subway or light rail vehicle train), or a tram. ...
This system is quite economical, but it has its drawbacks: the phases of the external power system are loaded unequally, and there is significant electromagnetic interference generated, not to mention acoustic noise. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by electrical circuits carrying rapidly changing signals, as a by-product of their normal operation, and which causes unwanted signals (interference or noise) to be induced in other circuits. ...
The 25 kV 50 Hz single-phase AC system is used in France, Great Britain, Finland, Denmark, Malaysia, the former Soviet Union, the former Yugoslavia (excluding Slovenia and western Croatia, which use 3 kV DC), India, Japan, New Zealand, Queensland and Western Australia), while the USA commonly uses 12.5 and 25 kV at 60 Hz. 25 kV AC is the system of choice for high speed and long distance railways, even if the railway uses a different system for existing trains. This applies to Spain, Italy, South Africa, Taiwan, China, etc. Official language Serbo-Croatian, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Bosnian, Macedonian Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Area (1991) - Total - % water Ranked xxst 255,804 km² Negligible Population - Total (2004) - Density Ranked xxth 20,522,972 80/km² Currency Yugoslav dinar Time zone - in summer CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) National anthem...
Wickham Terrace entrance to Central Station - showing Queensland Rail QR sign QR, previously known as Queensland Rail and Queensland Railways, is the corporation responsible for the operation and maintenance of the railway system in the State of Queensland, Australia. ...
Emblems: Floral - Kangaroo Paw (Anigozanthos manglesii); Mammal - Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus); Bird - Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) Motto: Cygnis Insignis (Distinguished by its swans) Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Const. ...
To prevent the risk of out of phase supplies mixing, sections of line fed from different feeder station must be kept strictly isolated. This is achieved by Neutral Sections (also known as Phase Breaks), usually provided at and midway between feeder stations, although typically only half are in use at any time, the others being provided to allow a feeder station to be shut down and power provided from adjacent feeder stations. Neutral Sections usually consist of an earthed section of wire which is separated from the live wires on either side by insulating material, typically ceramic beads, designed so the the pantograph will smoothly run from one section to the other. To prevent the risk of an arc being drawn across from one section of wire to the other, when passing through the neutral section the train must be coasting and the circuit breakers must be open. In many cases this is done manually by the driver. To help them, a warning board is provided both just before the neutral section and also an advanced warning some distance before. A further board is then provided after the neutral section to tell the driver they can reclose the circuit breaker, although the driver must not do this until the rear pantograph has passed this board. In the UK, a system known as Automatic Power Control (APC) is in use which automaticaly opens and closes the circuit breaker, this being achieved by using sets of permanent magnets alongside the track communicating with a detector on the train. The only action needed by the driver is to shut off power and coast, and therefore warning boards are still provided at and on the approach to neutral sections.
Multisystem locomotives Because of the variety of railway electrification systems, which can vary even within a country, trains often have to pass from one system to another. One way this is accomplished is by changing locomotives at the switching stations. These stations have overhead wires that can be switched from one voltage to another, and so the train arrives with one locomotive, and then departs with another. Often, however, this is inconvenient and time-consuming. The switching stations have very sophisticated components, and they are very expensive.
Another way is to use multisystem locomotives that can operate under several different voltages and current types. In Europe, it is common to use four-system locomotives (1.5 kV DC, 3 kV DC, 15 kV 16-2/3 Hz AC, 25 kV 50 Hz AC). These locomotives do not have to stop when passing from one electrification system to another, the changeover occurring where the train coasts for a short time. World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ...
In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the railways have both 3000 V DC and 25 kV AC systems, but there are no switching stations - the two sytems meet at breaks on overhead wires. Except for two breaks (Kutná Hora and somewhere in South-Moravia), they are all away from stations.
Eurostar trains through the Channel Tunnel are multisystem: a significant part of the route near London is on southern England's 750 V DC third rail system, the route into Brussels is 3000 V DC overhead, while the rest of the route is 25 kV 50Hz overhead. The need for these trains to use third rail will end upon completion of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link in 2007. Southern England has some overhead/third rail dual-system locomotives and multiple units to allow through running between 750 V DC third rail south of London and the 25 kV AC overhead north and east of London. Eurostar is a train service that connects London (Waterloo station) with Paris (Gare du Nord), Lille and Brussels (Gare du Midi). ...
The British terminal at Cheriton, from the Pilgrims Way. ...
For other uses, see London (disambiguation). ...
Third rail at the West Falls Church Metro stop in the Washington, D.C. area, electrified to 750 volts. ...
Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Brussels City Hall Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: Brüssel) is the capital of Belgium, the...
A Eurostar train on the CTRL, near Ashford Model showing the current redevelopment of the Kings Cross area with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link terminal behind the barrel-vaulted St Pancras Station on the left. ...
Early Electrification systems in the UK used 6.25kV in urban areas, to prevent the need to raise many bridges to meet with the clearance standards of the time. This system was used on suburban routes in Glasgow and East London, the latter having been upgaded from 1500V DC. Further away from the cities, though, the voltage switched to 25kV. A system known as "Automatic Power Control" was developed to allow trains to automatically switch between the voltages whilst moving. All the driver had to do was shut off power and coast until clear of the neutral section; the system automatically opened the circuit breaker, detected a change in voltage and switched over the transformer to the correct input voltage setting, then closed the circuit breaker. This system proved unreliable, with the voltage changeover often failing to work. Since by this time enough knowledge of high voltage electrification was known, the rules were able to be changed to allow 25kV to be used in areas where 6.25kV had previously been used, and all new electrification was then at 25kV, with the 6.25kV systems graually disappearing, in particular spurred on by the desire to eliminate dual voltage equipment from new trains, the last line to retain 6.25kV being the semi-isolated London, Tilbury and Southend line, converted in 1983.
In the United States, New Jersey Transit uses multisystem ALP-44 and ALP-46 locomotives for its Midtown Direct service into New York, and Amtrak uses multi-system AEM-7, HHP-8 and Acela locomotives on the Northeast Corridor between Washington DC and Boston. In both cases, through trains run on both newer, 25 kV 60 Hz built or refurbished by their respective agencies since the 1980s, and older, 12 kV 25 Hz inherited from the now-defunct Pennsylvania Railroad. The latter dates to the 1930s, when the Pennsylvania upgraded its electrified network from 650 V DC third rail. New Jersey Transit Arrow III at West Windsor, NJ New Jersey Transit RTS-06 in Newark, NJ The end of the Port Jervis Line The New Jersey Transit Corporation (NJ Transit) is a private statewide public transportation system serving the U.S. state of New Jersey. ...
The ALP-44 is an electric locomotive built by Asea Brown Boveri (Sweden) between 1990 and 1996. ...
The Kearny Connection allows trains from New Jersey Transits Morris and Essex Lines (part of the Hoboken Division) to go to New York Penn Station, known as MidTOWN DIRECT service. ...
Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area Ranked 27th - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²) - Width 285 miles (455 km) - Length 330 miles (530 km) - % water 13. ...
Amtrak train in downtown Orlando, Florida Amtrak’s high-speed Acela Express at Penn Station New York, NY For other uses, see Amtrak (disambiguation). ...
The AEM-7 is a B-B electric locomotive used by Amtrak on its Northeast Corridor routes between Washington DC and Boston, United States. ...
An Amtrak-owned HHP-8 moving the since renamed Acela Regional out of Boston The double-ended HHP-8 electric locomotive is one of the latest editions from the Bombardier company which has re-entered the railroad equipment business. ...
Acela is a brand applied by Amtrak to its high-speed trains along the Northeast Corridor in the Northeast U.S., called Acela Express. ...
...
Boston is a town and small port c. ...
1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ...
In India, dual-voltage WCAMX series locomotives haul intercity trains out of Mumbai suburban region, which is predominantly 1500 V DC, unlike the rest of the electrified trackage in India, which is 25 kV 50 Hz. Mumbai (Marathi: मà¥à¤‚बई) (pronounced ), formerly known as Bombay, is the capital of the state of Maharashtra, and the most populous city of India, with an estimated population of about 13 million (as of 2006)[1]. Mumbai is located on Salsette Island, off the west coast of Maharashtra. ...
See also Japanese Shinkansen trains began the development of modern high-speed railways (shown here: West Japan Railway Company 500 Series Shinkansen at Kyoto). ...
This a list of the voltages, etc. ...
Transrapid at the Emsland test facility Maglev in Shanghai Inside the Shanghai maglev Magnetic levitation transport, or maglev, is a form of transportation that suspends, guides and propels vehicles via electromagnetic force. ...
It has been suggested that Overhead catenary be merged into this article or section. ...
Railroad electrification in the United States comprised many different systems in many different geographical areas, few of which were connected. ...
Third rail at the West Falls Church Metro stop in the Washington, D.C. area, electrified to 750 volts. ...
TW2000 car in Hanover Volkswagen Cargo-Tram in Dresden on a section of grassed track. ...
External links - Railway Technical Web Page
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