NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Rajgir

Coordinates: 25°02′N 85°25′E / 25.03, 85.42 Rajgir is a city and a notified area in Nalanda district in the Indian state of Bihar. The city of Rajgir (ancient Rajagriha or Rājagṛha; Pali: Rājagaha) was the first capital of the kingdom of Magadha, a state that would eventually evolve into the Mauryan Empire. Its date of origin is unknown, although ceramics dating to about 1000 BC have been found in the city. The epic Mahabharata calls it Girivraja and recounts the story of its king, Jarasandha, and his battle with the Pandava brothers and their allies Krishna. It is also mentioned in Buddhist and Jain scriptures, which give a series of place-names, but without geographical context. The attempt to locate these places is based largely on reference to them and to other locations in the works of Chinese Buddhist pilgrims, particularly Faxian and Xuanzang. It is on the basis of Xuanzang in particular that the site is divided into Old and New Rajgir. The former lies within a valley and is surrounded by low-lying hills. It is defined by an earthen embankment (the Inner Fortification), with which is associated the Outer Fortification, a complex of cyclopean walls that runs (with large breaks) along the crest of the hills. New Rajgir is defined by another, larger, embankment outside the northern entrance of the valley and next to the modern town. The sources do not agree which of the Buddha's royal contemporaries, Bimbisara and Ajatashatru, was responsible for its construction. Ajatashatru is also credited with moving the capital to Pataliputra (modern Patna). , Bihar (Hindi: à¤¬à¤¿à¤¹à¤¾à¤°, Urdu: Ø¨ÛØ§Ø±, IPA: , ) is a state of the Indian union situated in the eastern part of the country. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Locator_Dot. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Location of Mirzapur and the 82. ... The geography of India is diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, rainforests, hills, and plateaus. ... Basic Definition In geography, the elevation of a geographic location is its height above mean sea level (or some other fixed point). ... The divisions of a district. ... Nalanda district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India, and Bihar Sharif town is the administrative headquarters of this district. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of the Volunteer The United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations Events January January 1 - A black monolith measuring approximately nine feet tall appears in Seattles Magnuson Park, placed by an anonymous... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Nalanda district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India, and Bihar Sharif town is the administrative headquarters of this district. ... India is subdivided into twenty-eight states and seven union territories; the states and territories are themselves further subdivided. ... , Bihar (Hindi: à¤¬à¤¿à¤¹à¤¾à¤°, Urdu: Ø¨ÛØ§Ø±, IPA: , ) is a state of the Indian union situated in the eastern part of the country. ... Pali (IAST: ) is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Mauryan empire was Indias first great unified empire. ... For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ... In the Mahabharata, the Pandava are the five acknowledged sons of Pandu, by his two wives Kunti and Madri. ... This article is about the Hindu deity. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Faxian(Chinese: ; pinyin: ; also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca. ... A portrait of Xuanzang Xuanzang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: HsÃ¼an-tsang; CantoneseIPA: jyn4tsÉ”Å‹1; CantoneseJyutping: jyun4zong1) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler and translator that brought up the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. ... A portrait of Xuanzang Xuanzang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: HsÃ¼an-tsang; CantoneseIPA: jyn4tsÉ”Å‹1; CantoneseJyutping: jyun4zong1) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler and translator that brought up the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. ... Cyclopean is a descriptor applied to the characteristic wall-building method of the Mycenaean culture. ... Media:Example. ... Bimbisara (ruled 544-491 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire. ... AjÄtashatru (Sanskrit à¤…à¤œà¤¾à¤¤à¤¶à¤¤à¥à¤°à¥; ruled 491-461 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire that ruled north India. ... AjÄtashatru (Sanskrit à¤…à¤œà¤¾à¤¤à¤¶à¤¤à¥à¤°à¥; ruled 491-461 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire that ruled north India. ... ... , Paá¹nÄ (Hindi: à¤ªà¤Ÿà¤¨à¤¾) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. ...

This place has been associated with Lord Buddha and Mahavira. Rajgir has also developed as a health and winter resort due to its warm water ponds. These baths are said to contain some medicinal properties that help in the cure of many skin diseases. The added attraction of Rajgir is the Ropeway that leads uphill to the Shanti Stupa and Monasteries built by the Japanese Devotees of the Buddha on top of the Ratnagiri hills. Media:Example. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Children bathing in a small metal bathtub Bathing is the immersion of the body in fluid, usually water, or an aqueous solution. ...

One may visit Rajgir from Patna. Another way is to come via Begusarai junction or Mokameh, after arriving by train in an overnight journey from Kolkata. Rajgir is a diversion from somewhere midway on the Barauniand Patna highway. It is located in a verdant valley surrounded by rocky hills. Recently Indian Railways have started trains from Rajgir to Kolkata and Delhi. , Paá¹nÄ (Hindi: à¤ªà¤Ÿà¤¨à¤¾) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. ... Begusarai is a district in Bihar, India. ... Mokameh is a city and a municipality in Patna district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... , â€œCalcuttaâ€ redirects here. ... Link title , Barauni is a town in the state of Bihar, India. ... Indian Railways (Hindi: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¥€à¤¯ à¤°à¥‡à¤²), abbreviated as IR, is a Department of Government of India, under Ministry of Railways and is tasked with operating the rail network in India. ... , Delhi ( , Hindi: , Punjabi: , Urdu: ) sometimes referred to as Dilli, is the second-largest metropolis in India after Mumbai with a population of 13 million. ...

History

Rajgir, which means 'house of the king', was the ancient capital city of the Magadha kings until the 5th century BC when Ajatashatru moved the capital to Pataliputra. In those days, it was called Rajgrih, which translates as ‘the home of Royalty’. The most important places of pilgrimage in Buddhism are located in Northern India and Southern Nepal, in the area between New Delhi and Calcutta. ... Image File history File links Dharma_wheel. ... Lumbini (Sanskrit for the lovely) is a Buddhist pilgrimage site located in Rupandehi District, Lumbini Zone of Nepal near the Indian border. ... Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya(24Â° 41 60N, 84Â° 58 60E) is a city in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... Sarnath (also Mrigadava, MigadÄya, Rishipattana, Isipatana) is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. ... Kushinagar or Kusinagar (26. ... SrÄvastÄ« or SÄvatthÄ« (Chinese: èˆè¡›), a city of ancient India, was one of the largest cities during Gautama Buddhaâ€™s lifetime. ... Sankassa (also Sankasia, Sankissa and Sankassya) was a city in India at the time of Gautama Buddha, thirty leagues from Savatthi[1]. Currently it has ruins of old monasteries and Buddhist monuments. ... Vaishali or Vesali (Pali) was a city, the capital of the Licchavis and the Vajjian Confederacy. ... , Paá¹nÄ (Hindi: à¤ªà¤Ÿà¤¨à¤¾) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. ... Gaya was a confederacy of chiefdoms that existed in the Nakdong River valley of Korea during the Three Kingdoms era. ... Kosambi (Pali) or Kausambi (Sanskrit) was one of the greatest cities in India in the Buddhas time (500 BC). ... , Mathura (Hindi: à¤®à¤¥à¥à¤°à¤¾, Urdu: Ù…ØªÚ¾Ø±Ø§) is a holy city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Kapilvastu, formerly Taulihawa (or, Kapilbastu Kapilvastu District or Tilaurakot), aprox. ... Devadaha was a township of the SÄkiyans. ... Kesariya is a small city in Bihar, India. ... Pawapuri in Bihar is a holy site for Jains, located 38 kilometers from Rajgir and 90 kilometers from Patna, India. ... A view of the ruins of Nalanda University In the extreme rear is visible stucco (lime plaster fresco) wall art from the Gupta period. ... , VÄrÄasÄ« ( , Hindi: , IPA: ), also known as Benares, Banaras, or Benaras ( , Hindi: , , IPA: ), or Kashi or Kasi ( , Hindi: , ), is a famous Hindu holy city situated on the banks of the river Ganges (Ganga) in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... AjÄtashatru (Sanskrit à¤…à¤œà¤¾à¤¤à¤¶à¤¤à¥à¤°à¥; ruled 491-461 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire that ruled north India. ... ...

Jarasandha who hailed from this place had defeated Krishna 18 times because of which Krishna is also called 'ranchhod' (person who runs away from fight). Mahabharata recounts a wrestling match between Bhima, one of the pandavas, and Jarasandha, the then king of Rajgir. Jarasandha was invincible as his body could rejoin any dismembered limbs. According to the legend, Bhim split Jarasandha into two and threw the two halves facing opposite to each other so that they could not join. There is a famous Jarasandha's Akhara(place where you practice martial arts). Jarasandha , the king of Magadha, is a character of the epic Mahabharata. ... This article is about the Hindu deity. ... A motif depicting Bheema in the battle ready posture. ...

It is sacred to the memory of the founders of both the religions: Buddhism and Jainism. It was here that Gautam Buddha spent several months meditating, and preaching at Griddhkuta, (‘Hill of the Vultures'). He also delivered some of his famous sermons and converted King Bimbisara of Magadha and countless others to his religion. This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... This article is under construction. ... Media:Example. ...

Rajgir is also famous for its association with Shishunaga Kings Bimbisara and Ajatashatru. Ajatashatru kept his father Bimbsara in captivitiy here. Shishunaga (also called King Sisunaka) was the founder of a dynasty of 10 kings collectively called Shishunaga dynasty. ... Bimbisara (ruled 544-491 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire. ... AjÄtashatru (Sanskrit à¤…à¤œà¤¾à¤¤à¤¶à¤¤à¥à¤°à¥; ruled 491-461 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire that ruled north India. ...

On one of the hills is the cave of Saptparni where the First Buddhist Council was held under the leadership of Maha Kassapa. The Saptparni cave is also the source of the Rajgir Hot Water Springs that have curative properties and are sacred to the Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. Today an aerial ropeway provides the link with a hilltop stupa "Peace Pagoda" built by the Japanese. Ananda reciting the Sutta Pitaka King Ajatasattu sponsored the First Buddhist council. ... Mahākāśyapa (摩訶迦葉) or Kāśyapa was a brahman of Magadha, who became one of the principal disciples of Śākyamuni Buddha and who convened and directed the first council. ...

Lord Mahavira spent fourteen years of his life at Rajgir and Nalanda, spending chaturmas (i.e. 4 months of the rainy season) at a single place in Rajgir (Rajgruhi) and the rest in the places in the vicinity. It was the capital of his favourite shishya (follower) king Shrenik. Thus Rajgir is a very important religious place for Jains also. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ...

Geography

Rajgir is located at 25.03° N 85.42° E^[1]. It has an average elevation of 73 metres (239 feet). The metre (American English:meter) is a measure of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, â€² â€“ a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...

Places to visit

Sites of ancient Buddhist monasteries

Gridhakuta (Vulture's Peak)

The hill is listed in Buddhist canonical texts as one of the places stayed in by the Buddha when at Rajgir; and several notable events, including an attempt on his life by his evil cousin Devadatta occurred there. The Mahayana tradition goes further; a number of its major texts, most famously the Lotus Sutra, were supposedly delivered as sermons there. As such, it ia a major destinations for pilgrims in both ancient and modern times. Described both by Faxian and Xuanzang it was identified in the later nineteenth century as a hill lying to the east of Old Rajgir. It is now crowned by the Japanese-built Shanti Stupa and has a chairlift to the top. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 880 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 880 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Media:Example. ... Devadatta was a Buddhist monk recorded as having attempted to create a schism in the sangha, or monastic community, by putting forward a modified set of rules (vinaya) for monks to follow. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ... The Lotus Sutra or Sutra on the White Lotus of the Sublime Dharma (Sanskrit: Saddharma Puá¹‡á¸arÄ«ka SÅ«tra; å¦™æ³•è“®è¯ç¶“ Chinese: MiÃ ofÇŽ LiÃ¡nhuÄ JÄ«ng; Japanese: MyÅhÅ Renge KyÅ; Korean: Myobeomnyeonhwagyeong) is one of the most popular and influential MahÄyÄna sutras in East Asia and... Faxian(Chinese: ; pinyin: ; also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca. ... A portrait of Xuanzang Xuanzang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: HsÃ¼an-tsang; CantoneseIPA: jyn4tsÉ”Å‹1; CantoneseJyutping: jyun4zong1) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler and translator that brought up the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. ... Stupa at Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland A stupa (from the Sanskrit) is a type of Buddhist structure found across the Indian subcontinent, Asia and increasingly in the Western World. ... A chairlift in Bad Hofgastein, Austria A chairlift, also known as a fixed-grip chairlift, is a type of aerial lift, which consists of a constantly moving loop of steel cable strung between two end terminals and generally over intermediate towers. ...

Pipphali House or Cave

This is a place mentioned in the Pali Canon. It is where Maha Kassapa is recorded to have stayed a few times, once he was ill there. Maha Kassappa stayed at the cave, but also there was a house with the same name nearby. Standard edition of the Thai Pali Canon The Pali Canon is the standard scripture collection of the Theravada Buddhist tradition. ... Mahākāśyapa (摩訶迦葉) or Kāśyapa was a brahman of Magadha, who became one of the principal disciples of Śākyamuni Buddha and who convened and directed the first council. ...

Venuvana

Bimbisara gave a bamboo grove (Venuvana) to Lord Buddha, which was the first Buddhist monastery ever. It was given to Buddha so that he and his monks could take rest here, and give discourses to people. Standing Buddha sculpture, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE, MusÃ©e Guimet. ... A Buddhist Monk in Sri Lanka In PÄli, a bhikkhu (male) or bhikkhuni (female) is a fully ordained Buddhist monk. ...

Karand Tank, Maniyar Math, Swarnabhandar Cave, Pippala Cave, Viswa Shanti Stupa, the famous Hot Water Springs and ruins of an Old Fort, 40 km long and 12 ft wide 2,500 year old cyclopean walls.

Jivakarama

Jivaka, the greatest physician of Buddha's time, was from Rajgir. He donated a monastery to Buddha, called the Jivakarama. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 860 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 860 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Tapodarama

The Tapodarama Monastery was located on the site of the hot springs. Now a Hindu temple is constructed there, called the Lakshmi Narayan Mandir. In ancient times, hot springs used to be the site of the Tapodarama, a Buddhist monastery at the time of Gautama Buddha. Also King Bimbisara used to take his bath there sometimes. Standing Buddha sculpture, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE, MusÃ©e Guimet. ... Bimbisara (ruled 544-491 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire. ...

Saptaparni Cave

The cave of Saptparni is where the First Buddhist Council was held under the leadership of Maha Kassapa. Also Buddha sometimes stayed there, and it was used as an accommodation for visiting monks. Ananda reciting the Sutta Pitaka King Ajatasattu sponsored the First Buddhist council. ... Mahākāśyapa (摩訶迦葉) or Kāśyapa was a brahman of Magadha, who became one of the principal disciples of Śākyamuni Buddha and who convened and directed the first council. ...

Hindu Sites

Jarasandha Ka Akhara

The great albeit evil warrior whose relentless attacks on Mathura prompted Lord Krishna to migrate the populace of Mathura to Dwarika, used to practice martial arts here every day.

Lakshmi Narayan Mandir

The pink-hued Hindu temple called the Lakshmi Narayan Mandir has within its grounds the ancient hot springs. The temple is (as the name indicates), dedicated to Lord Vishnu and his consort, Goddess Lakshmi. In more ancient times, hot springs used to be the site of the Tapodarama, a Buddhist monastery at the time of Gautama Buddha. Also King Bimbisara used to take his bath there sometimes. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1704 Ã— 2272 pixel, file size: 825 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1704 Ã— 2272 pixel, file size: 825 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Standing Buddha sculpture, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE, MusÃ©e Guimet. ... Bimbisara (ruled 544-491 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire. ...

Originally a dip in the pond was the only means of experiencing the hot springs, but now at a higher level the spring has been tapped and flows out through several ceramic pipes set into the wall in a hall, where people can sit under it and have the water run through them. It is nice to get rid of cronical diseases for example acute arthritis etc. etc.

Other places

Ancient Chariot tracks

The Chariot Route and shell inscriptions are worth a visit for the strangeness of the phenomenon. The chariot tracks consist of two parallel furrows cut deep into the rock for about thirty feet, possibly by the large quanity of chariots that came to deliver goods to Rajgir.

The local belief is that they were "burnt" into the rock by the speed and power of Lord Krishna's chariot when he entered the city of Rajgir during the epic Mahabharata times. Several shell inscriptions, the un-deciphered characters current in central and eastern India from the 1st to the 5th centuries CE, are engraved in the rock around the chariot marks. For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ...

Bimbisara's Jail

In the middle of the valley is the ruin of a circular structure with turrets at each corner. Bimbisara was imprisoned by his son Ajatashatru, but could continue to see Gridhakuta and the Buddha through a window. The fact that the hill can be seen from the structure, and its military appearance, led to its present label after being discovered in 1914. It could also be (because of its shape and the turrets) a Buddhist monastery of the first millennium AD^{[citation needed]}. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 948 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 948 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Media:Example. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Monastery of St. ...

Picture Gallery

Weather

Temperature: maximum 40 °C, minimum 20 °C. Winter: maximum 28 °C, minimum 6 °C
Rainfall: 1,860 mm (mid-June to mid-September)
Best season: October to March

How to reach

Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation organises trips for Rajgir, Nalanda etc from its headquarter i.e. Tourist Bhawan, Beer Chand Patel Path Patna 800001. Tel: 0612-225411, FAX: 0612-236218. Air Conditioned and Non-Air Conditioned cars, mini deluxe coaches, and deluxe coaches are also available.

Demographics

As of 2001 India census^GRIndia, Rajgir had a population of 33,691. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Rajgir has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 61%, and female literacy is 41%. In Rajgir, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age. 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of the Volunteer The United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations Events January January 1 - A black monolith measuring approximately nine feet tall appears in Seattles Magnuson Park, placed by an anonymous... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ...

References

External links

Categories: Cities and towns in Bihar | Articles with unsourced statements since April 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Buddhist pilgrimage | Tourism in Bihar Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Faxian(Chinese: ; pinyin: ; also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca. ... Faxian(Chinese: ; pinyin: ; also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca. ... Faxian(Chinese: ; pinyin: ; also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca. ... Sutra (à¤¸à¥‚à¤¤à¥à¤°) in Sanskrit is derived from the verb siv-, meaning to sew (these words, including English to sew and Latinate suture, all derive from PIE *syÅ«-). It literally means a rope or thread, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms... Standing Buddha sculpture, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE, MusÃ©e Guimet. ...

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