RAM
Live performance at the Hotel Oloffson, June, 1998.
Origin	Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Years active	1990–present
Genre(s)	Mizik rasin
Label(s)	Cave Wall Records Margaritaville Records Willibelle Delta Records
Members	Richard A. Morse, Lead Singer Lunise Morse, Lead Singer Wilson Theluse, Drummer Jean Mary Brignol, Drummer Robert Wood Romain, Drummer Jose Mondelus, Bass Onito Parfait, Guitar Jean Emmanuel Marcelin, Keyboards Yonel Justin, Roland Octapad Sylvain Jean, Chorus Patou Lindor, Chorus Jonas Jean, Horn Pierre Jules, Horn
Past members	Milo Pierre, Drummer Andre Thelus, Drummer Sergo Pierre, Drummer Wilda Leblanc, Chorus Mikerline Louis Charles, Chorus Darling Delice, Chorus Rosna Marcelin, Chorus Gerald Georges, Chorus

RAM is a mizik rasin band based in the city of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The band derives its name from the initials of its founder, songwriter, and lead male vocalist, Richard A. Morse. The band's music has been described by Morse as "vodou rock 'n' roots", and has been one of the prominent bands in the mizik rasin musical movement in Haiti. RAM began performing together in 1990, and recorded their first album in 1996. The band's music incorporates traditional vodou lyrics and instruments, such as rara horns and petwo drums, into modern rock and roll. The band's songs include lyrics in Kréyòl, French, and English. The Hotel Oloffson is an inn in central Port-au-Prince, Haïti. ... Categories: Caribbean geography stubs | Capitals in North America | Haiti ... See also: 1989 in music, 1990 in British music, other events of 1990, 1991 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 21 - MTVs Unplugged premieres on cable television with musical guest, Squeeze February 6 - Billy Idol is involved in a serious motorcycle... A music genre is a category (or genre) of pieces of music that share a certain style or basic musical language (van der Merwe 1989, p. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Progressive rock (shortened to prog rock or prog) is an ambitious, eclectic, and often grandiose style of rock music which arose in the late 1960s, reached the peak of its popularity in the 1970s, and continues as a musical form to this day. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 141,205 km²  (54,520 sq. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Official language(s) None Capital Largest city Salem Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq. ... Categories: Caribbean geography stubs | Capitals in North America | Haiti ... A large sequined Voodoo drapo or flag by the artist George Valris The term Voodoo (Vodun in Benin; also Vodou, Voudou, or other phonetically equivalent spellings in Haiti; Vudu in the Dominican Republic) is applied to the branches of a West African ancestor-based spiritist-animist religious tradition. ... See also: 1989 in music, 1990 in British music, other events of 1990, 1991 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 21 - MTVs Unplugged premieres on cable television with musical guest, Squeeze February 6 - Billy Idol is involved in a serious motorcycle... See also: 1995 in music, other events of 1996, 1997 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 8 - Madonnas stalker, Robert Hoskins is found guilty and convicted on 5 charges of assault, stalking, and threatening to kill her. ... Originating in Haiti, rara music mixes percussion instruments, saxophones, and bamboo trumpets, while weaving in funk and reggae basslines. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Haitian Creole (kreyòl ayisyen) is a creole language based on the French language. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

RAM is famous for its regular Thursday night performances at the Hotel Oloffson in downtown Port-au-Prince, attended by hotel guests and a wide spectrum of the country's political and racial groups. During the years of the military junta of Raoul Cédras, one of the band's singles, "Fèy", was banned nationwide by the military authorities who perceived it to be a song of support for the exiled President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The band continued to play weekly concerts in defiance of death threats from the regime until Morse only narrowly escaped a kidnapping from the hotel in 1994. The band began recording albums in 1996, after United States military intervention restored Aristide to power. In 1998, the band clashed with the newly elected mayor of Port-au-Prince, a supporter of Aristide, and survived an assassination attempt during their Carnival performance. Through its song lyrics, RAM continues to provoke the antagonism of both the supporters of Aristide and former military regimes. The Hotel Oloffson is an inn in central Port-au-Prince, Haïti. ... In modern usage, junta (pronounced as in Spanish HUN-ta or HOON-ta) typically refers to a military dictatorship, especially in Latin America, which is officially run by a committee of high-ranking military officers. ... Raoul Cédras (born 1949) was a Lieutenant General in the Haitian army who ruled Haiti from 1991 to 1994 after a coup which ousted elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. ... Fèy is a traditional vodou folk song in Haïti. ... Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born July 15, 1953) is a Haïtian politician and former Roman Catholic priest who was President of Haïti in 1991, again from 1994 to 1996, and then from 2001 to 2004. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Swabian-Alemannic carnival clowns in Wolfach, Germany A carnival is a public celebration or parade combining some elements of a circus and public street party, generally during the Carnival Season. ...

History

RAM was formally created in 1990 by Richard A. Morse, his wife Lunise, and a group of folkloric musicians and dancers in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Richard would become the songwriter and lead male vocalist. Lunise became the lead female vocalist. The other band members were all recruited from Port-au-Prince, including some of the poorest neighborhoods in the city. The name of band, RAM, comes from Morse's initials.

Morse was born in Puerto Rico, but grew up in the town of Woodbridge, Connecticut in the United States. His father, Richard M. Morse, was an American academic sociologist and author, and his mother was a famous Haitian singer, Emerante de Pradine.^[1] Morse graduated from Princeton University in 1979 with a degree in anthropology. He joined a band in New York City, called The Groceries, that played New Wave and punk rock music with Caribbean musical style elements.^[2] Woodbridge is a town located in New Haven County, Connecticut. ... Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ... An author is the person who creates a written work, such as a book, story, article or the like. ... Princeton University is a coeducational private university located on an extensive campus in and around suburban Princeton, New Jersey. ... Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος, human or person) consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). ... Nickname The Big Apple, The Capital of the World [1], Gotham Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 1,214. ... New Wave is a term that has been used to describe many developments in music, but is most commonly associated with a movement in American, Australian, British, Canadian and European popular music, in the late 1970s and early 1980s born out of the punk rock movement. ... Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean, (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Dutch: Cariben or Caraïben, or more commonly Antillen) or the West Indies, is a group of islands and countries which are in or border the Caribbean Sea which lies on...

1985 was a turning point in Morse's life. He was dating a woman whose father strongly disapproved of his daughter dating a musician, and he had a falling out with his fellow band members over musical differences. A conversation with a French record producer persuaded Morse to start over and move to Port-au-Prince to better explore Haitian and Caribbean music. In 1987, he signed a 15 year lease to manage the Hotel Oloffson, then in near ruins and the inspiration for the fictional Hotel Trianon in Graham Greene's famous 1966 novel The Comedians.^[3] In restoring the hotel business, Morse hired a local folkloric dance troupe and slowly converted it into a band. The Hotel Trianon is a fictional hotel used as the principal setting of the novel The Comedians, a novel written by Graham Greene in 1966. ... Graham Greene Henry Graham Greene, OM (October 2, 1904 – April 3, 1991) was a prolific English novelist, playwright, short story writer and critic whose works explore the doubtfulness of modern man and ambivalent moral or political issues in a contemporary setting. ... The Comedians(1966) is a novel by Graham Greene. ...

Morse and the band began experimenting with the new sounds of rasin music. One of the most important musical movements that swept Haiti in the years following the exile of dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, mizik rasin, or simply rasin, combines elements of traditional vodou ceremonical and folkloric music with rock and roll. The ancient drum rhythms of former African slaves combined with the beat of American rock and roll was a perfect combination for the musical background of Morse. The Hotel Olofsson was also a perfect venue for rehearsals and performances. When not on tour elsewhere in the country, RAM began playing a regular performance every Thursday night at the hotel. Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed Bébé Doc or Baby Doc) (born July 3, 1951) succeeded his father, François Papa Doc Duvalier as the dictator of Haiti from his fathers death in 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... It has been suggested that Chattel slavery be merged into this article or section. ...

The Junta Years: 1991-1994

Many times during its history, the band has become intimately involved in Haitian politics. During the years of the military junta led by Raoul Cédras from 1991 to 1994, provocative music and art thought to have hidden messages of support for Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his political party, Lavalas, frequently met with persecution from the regime. During Carnival in Port-au-Prince in 1992, RAM was ordered by the regime to perform on the Champs du Mars, a large open park in the center of the city. The regime was determined to have a rasin band playing during Carnival to lend an air of normalcy to the event. Before a crowd of over 10,000 people, the band sang an old folk ballad with the refrain "Kote moun yo? Pas way moun yo." ("Where are the people? We do not see them.") When they realized the song was a parable about the exiled president-elect Aristide, uniformed soldiers cut off electricity to the stage. The junta hesitated to arrest or physically harm the band, however, as RAM's existence was useful for presenting an appearance of legitimacy to the outside world, and because Morse was a United States citizen. ^[4] Fanmi Lavalas is a political party in Haiti. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

First performed during that same Carnival concert in 1992, RAM began regularly playing a song entitled "Fèy", the Kréyòl word for "leaf". The lyrics for the song were of vodou folkloric origins, adapted to rasin music. Despite no overt references to the political situation, it was widely played on the radio and immediately taken up throughout the country as an unofficial anthem of support for Aristide. By the summer of 1992, playing or singing the song was banned under military authority, and Morse was subjected to death threats from the regime. In one particular instance, Morse was summoned before Evans François, the brother of Colonel Michel François, who told Morse that any number of assassins would be willing to kill him for as little as fifty cents in payment.^[5] Nevertheless, the band continued to play "Fèy" live at their weekly concerts at the Oloffson. The band would later document the François death threat in the mixed-language ballad "Gran Bwa", released in 1997 on their second album, Puritan Vodou. Fèy is a traditional vodou folk song in Haïti. ... Censorship of music, the practice of censoring music from the public, may take the form of partial or total censorship with the latter banning the music entirely. ... Michel François - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

RAM's single "Ibo Lele (Dreams Come True)" was first released on the soundtrack of the 1993 motion picture Philadelphia.

The band first made the world scene in 1993, when one of its most popular singles, "Ibo Lele (Dreams Come True)", a song with both English and Kréyòl lyrics, was included in the soundtrack for the major motion picture Philadelphia, next to famous musicians including Bruce Springsteen and Neil Young.^[6] The song was later re-released on RAM's first album, Aïbobo, in 1996. This new-found success overseas did not, however, translate to security at home. By April of 1994, the band had to finish rehearsals before dark so that band members heading home could cross an open area in the city center known as "The Frontier" without too much risk of random violence.^[7] Philadelphia is a 1993 movie written by Ron Nyswaner and directed by Jonathan Demme. ... Philadelphia is a 1993 movie written by Ron Nyswaner and directed by Jonathan Demme. ... Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American rock and folk singer, songwriter, and guitarist. ... Neil Percival Kenneth Robert Ragland Young (born November 12, 1945, in Toronto, Ontario) is a singer/songwriter, who grew up in Winnipeg, Manitoba, whose work is characterized by deeply personal lyrics, distinctive guitar work, and an almost instantly recognizable nasal tenor voice. ...

One of the most dangerous moments for the band and for Morse personally occurred on September 8, 1994. RAM was performing their regular Thursday night concert at the Hotel Oloffson. One of the audience members was a military officer who had attended several other RAM performances, including one at a club called The Garage in Pétionville at which he explicitly permitted the band to play "Fèy". During the September 8 concert, however, when the band began to play "Fèy", this officer decided to enforce the ban on the song and ordered RAM to stop playing it. While the band played on, Morse was physically being carried out of the hotel by armed men. Using a wireless microphone, he sang in a verse in Kréyòl that was not in the song, "Kadja bosou a ye ma prale" - a prayer to the vodou loa to grant him safe passage. His kidnappers released him and took another captive instead. Concerned about the safety of their fans, the band ceased performing for several weeks.^[8][9] A loa is a powerful spirit or deity in the voodoo religion. ...

Throughout the political upheaval of Haiti in the 1990s, RAM's regular Thursday evening performance at the Hotel Oloffson was one of the few regular social events in Port-au-Prince in which individuals of various political positions and allegiances could congregate. Regular attendees of the performances included foreign guests at the hotel, members of the military, paramilitary attachés and former Tonton Macoutes, members of the press, diplomats, foreign aid workers, artists, and businessmen. Attendees included both black Haitians and members of the nation's less populous racial groups. Until September 19, 1994, when U.S. military troops arrived to oust the Cédras regime, the performances at the Oloffson offered a unique situation for all parties involved and helped sustain the band, despite its confrontations with the junta, in a period when many other artists either fled the country, were persecuted, or killed. The Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH) (in French: Front pour lAvancement et le Progrès Haïtien) was a paramilitary death squad organized with U.S. backing in Haiti in mid-1993 to terrorize the Haitian people by murder, public beatings, arson raids on poor neighborhoods, and... The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of François Papa Doc Duvalier. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The United Nations, with its headquarters in New York City, is the largest international diplomatic organization. ... Humanitarian aid arriving by plane at Rinas Airport in Albania in the summer of 1999. ... Look up Artist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A businessperson (sometimes businessman, male; or businesswoman, female) is a generic term for a wide range of people engaged in profit-oriented enterprises, generally the management of a company. ... The recorded history of Haitiis your mom began when the island of Hispaniola was discovered by Christopher Columbus in December 1492. ...

After the Regime: 1994-2004

RAM's single "Pale'm Mal" was first released on the 1995 compilation Rhythms of Rapture: Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou.

Although the band supported Aristide and Lavalas during the years of the Cédras regime, like many other Haitians, Morse began to grow disillusioned with the nation's president and his new political party, Fanmi Lavalas. Aristide aides approached the band to first request songs favorable to the government and later threaten the band when Morse refused. In 1998, Manno Charlemagne, the newly-elected Fanmi Lavalas mayor of Port-au-Prince and himself an accomplished professional musician who had lived in exile during the Cédras junta, sent armed men to the Oloffson. They dismantled the float on which RAM was scheduled to perform in the upcoming annual Carnival on February 24. The mayor had taken offense to the lyrics of one of the band's songs, which he interpreted as an accusation of corruption.^[10] After the destruction of the float, the band was told they would be allowed to perform on a flatbed truck. However, the brakes on the truck were sabotaged and during the Carnival procession, the truck swerved into the crowd, killing eight and forcing the members of the band to flee for their lives.^[11] In 2000, Morse stated in an interview that "The precedent has been set that if you want to be involved in politics in this country, you've got to get your guns together... Nothing's changed, the teams have changed but not the modus operandi."^[12] Fanmi Lavalas is a left-wing political party in Haiti. ... A float is a decorated platform, either built on a vehicle or towed behind one, which is a component of many festive parades, such as the Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade and the Tournament of Roses Parade. ...

When not touring elsewhere in Haiti or abroad, RAM continued to play its regular weekly concerts at the Hotel Oloffson throughout the 2000s. In 2002, the band released a third album, Kite Yo Pale, whose title translates to "Let Them Talk" in English. A 2003 release, MadiGra, was a "greatest hits" compilation of songs from the three previous albums. A fifth album, with a French language title, Le Jardin ("The Garden" in English), also released in 2003, contains mostly new material, some of which is considered critical of Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Fanmi Lavalas.^[13] Aristide departed the country on February 29, 2004, after months of protest and political violence. Despite Morse's comments to the press and the band's famous rivalry with Manno Charlemagne, RAM was nevertheless still associated with its past support for Aristide and Lavalas and its opposition to the previous military junta. On November 4, 2004, three members of the band were illegally detained by uniformed Haitian police during RAM's weekly Thursday night performance. The three band members all lived in a Port-au-Prince neighborhood where support for Aristide was reportedly strong.^[14] Caught in the middle, RAM continues to draw the ire of both Aristide supporters and the supporters of past military governments. French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...

RAM is expected to release a sixth album in the summer of 2006, which is reported to include a single entitled "Jamaican Vacation", a song about Jean-Bertrand Aristide's 2004 exile from Haiti that included a stop in Jamaica.^[2]

Musical style

Richard Morse describes the band's musical style as "vodou rock and roots". The mizik rasin movement began soon after the exile of dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1987. Under the regimes of Jean-Claude and his father, François Duvalier, the government appropriated for itself the authority of the vodou religious traditions and made extensive use of religious leaders and traditions to assert its brutal authority and impose order over the population. When Jean-Claude Duvalier fled the country, a wide-spread dechoukaj uprooted the most oppressive elements of the former regime and liberated the vodou religion from its entanglements with the government. Unable to do so under the Duvaliers, musicians were eager to adopt traditional vodou folk music rhythms, lyrics, and instrumentation into a new sound that incorporated elements of rock and roll and American pop music. This style of modern music reaching back to the roots of vodou tradition came to be called mizik rasin in Kréyòl or musique racine in French. François Duvalier Dr. François Duvalier known as Papa Doc (c. ... For Popular music (music that is popular, rather than of a specific genre or style), see Popular music. ...

The Hotel Oloffson was one of the early concert venues for rasin bands and performers beginning in 1987. Rasin bands incorporated not only traditional vodou folk music lyrics and rhythms into modern musical style, but included petwo drums and rara horns, instruments used in vodou religious ceremonies. When Morse gathered together dancers and musicians to create RAM in 1990, the rasin style was popular in Port-au-Prince and gaining popularity in the rest of the country. "Ke'm Pa Sote" by Boukman Eksperyans, whose song title translates to "I Am Not Afraid" in English, was the most popular song at the 1990 Carnival in Port-au-Prince. It was widely understood to be a criticism of the corrupt military government of General Prosper Avril.^[2] RAM adopted a similar format and together with Boukman Eksperyans and other rasin bands developed the style and genre of protest music grounded in vodou musical tradition. Eventually, Richard Morse became so involved in the vodou religion through his music that he was initiated as a houngan, or vodou priest, in 2002. Describing a RAM concert, Morse explains, "Yes, you might see our dancers go into a trance. Some get possessed by the loas, to the rhythm of the drums, but it's a natural state when it happens. You can't fake it."^[13] Boukman Eksperyans - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Prosper Avril (born December 12, 1937) is a former president of Haiti. ... Houngan is the term for a voodoo priest, usually used in Haiti. ...

The musical style of RAM combines vodou rhythms with rock and roll, but also includes influences from the blues, funk music, and occasional riffs from The Clash. Elements of other Haitian and Caribbean musical traditions, such as kompa, find their way into the music as well.^[2] The lyrics are a mixture of English, Kréyòl, and French, and many of the songs are narratives of the personal experiences of the band, or social commentary on current events in Haiti. "Boat People Blues" on the album Puritan Vodou, for example, offers a lament for the refugees who fled Haiti following the 1991 coup d'état. On the same album, "Ayizan", describes the final conversation between Morse and his friend, the artist Stevenson Magloire, the day before Magloire was stoned to death in the street by paramilitary attachés.^[15] The band's popularity in Haiti stems in part from this challenge to authority, known as "voye pwen" or "sending a point." As one Port-au-Prince resident has said of Morse and the band, "I love his music. He tells what's real, what's going on, like Bob Marley."^[2] The blues is a vocal and instrumental form of music based on a pentatonic scale and a characteristic twelve-bar chord progression. ... Funk is a distinct style of music originated by African-Americans, e. ... The Clash was a British rock group that existed from 1976 to 1986. ... Kompa (sometimes written Compas Direct, konpa direk, konpa or compa) is a musical genre as well as a dance that originates from Haiti. ... A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment that mostly replaces just the top power figures. ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... Robert Nesta Marley, OM, (February 6, 1945 – May 11, 1981) better known as Bob Marley, was a Jamaican singer, guitarist, songwriter, Rastafari and activist. ...

Albums

Aïbobo (1996). Cave Wall Records.

Puritan Vodou (1997). Margaritaville Records.

Kite Yo Pale (2002). Willibelle.

MadiGra (2003). Delta Records.

Le Jardin (2003).

See also: 1995 in music, other events of 1996, 1997 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 8 - Madonnas stalker, Robert Hoskins is found guilty and convicted on 5 charges of assault, stalking, and threatening to kill her. ... See also: 1996 in music, other events of 1997, 1998 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 9 - David Bowie performs his 50th Birthday Bash concert (the day after his birthday) at Madison Square Garden, with guests Frank Black, The Foo Fighters, Sonic... // Events 2002 was marked by significant trends in Rock Music. ... // Events January - following an investigation by The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and London detectives, police raids in England and the Netherlands recover nearly 500 original Beatles studio tapes, recorded during the Let It Be sessions. ... // Events January - following an investigation by The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and London detectives, police raids in England and the Netherlands recover nearly 500 original Beatles studio tapes, recorded during the Let It Be sessions. ...

Film

The single “Ibo Lele (Dreams Come True)", from RAM's second album, Aïbobo, was included on the soundtrack of the 1993 movie Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington. ^[6] Philadelphia is a 1993 movie written by Ron Nyswaner and directed by Jonathan Demme. ... Thomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is a two-time Academy Award-winning American actor who starred in family-friendly comedies before achieving notable success as a dramatic actor. ... Denzel Washington in John Q (2002) Denzel Washington (born Denzel Jermaine Washington, Jr. ...

Audio samples

See also: 1992 in music, other events of 1993, 1994 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 8 - The U.S. Postal service issues an Elvis Presley stamp. ... See also: 1994 in music, other events of 1995, 1996 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 18 - Jerry Garcia wrecks his rented BMW into a guard rail near Mill Valley, California. ... See also: 1995 in music, other events of 1996, 1997 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 8 - Madonnas stalker, Robert Hoskins is found guilty and convicted on 5 charges of assault, stalking, and threatening to kill her. ... See also: 1996 in music, other events of 1997, 1998 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 9 - David Bowie performs his 50th Birthday Bash concert (the day after his birthday) at Madison Square Garden, with guests Frank Black, The Foo Fighters, Sonic... See also: 1996 in music, other events of 1997, 1998 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 9 - David Bowie performs his 50th Birthday Bash concert (the day after his birthday) at Madison Square Garden, with guests Frank Black, The Foo Fighters, Sonic... See also: 1996 in music, other events of 1997, 1998 in music, 1990s in music and the list of years in music // Events January 9 - David Bowie performs his 50th Birthday Bash concert (the day after his birthday) at Madison Square Garden, with guests Frank Black, The Foo Fighters, Sonic...

References

Cited References

General References

The Chicago Tribune, formerly self-styled as the Worlds Greatest Newspaper, remains one of the principal daily newspapers of the midwestern United States. ... ... The Denver Post is a daily newspaper published in Denver, Colorado. ... For other uses, see The Independent (disambiguation). ... BusinessWeek is a business magazine published by McGraw-Hill. ...

External links

• Photos of a 2005 RAM performance in New York City