The Ramapough Mountain Indians (also known as Ramapo Mountain Indians or the Ramapough Lenape Nation) are a group of approximately 5,000 ^[1] people living around the Ramapo Mountains of northern New Jersey and southern New York. Their tribal office is located on Stag Hill Road in Mahwah, New Jersey. Ramapo Torne in Harriman State Park, part of the Ramapo Mountains The Ramapo Mountains are a forested chain of the Appalachian mountains in northeastern New Jersey and southeastern New York in the United States. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... Map highlighting Mahwahs location within Bergen County. ...

Until the 1970s, the tribe was frequently referred to as the "Jackson Whites", which, according to legend, was shorthand for "Jacks and Whites". Folk belief was that they were descendants of runaway and freed slaves ("Jacks" in slang) and whites (including Dutch settlers and Hessian soldiers) who had supported the English during the American Revolution, and were forced to flee to the mountains after the end of the war. This name and its associated legends are rejected as pejorative by the group. New Jersey Historian David Cohen found that the old stories about these people were legends, not history. He states "it became increasingly obvious that, not only was the legend untrue, it was also the continuing vehicle for the erroneous and derogatory stereotype of the Mountain People." ^[2] Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. ... The term Hessian refers to the inhabitants of the German state of Hesse. ... Motto:   (the Royal motto3) (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the Queen 4 Capital London Most populous conurbation Greater London Urban Area English (de facto5) Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen HM Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister The Rt Hon Tony Blair MP (Labour) Formation    - Union of the Crowns... The American Revolution was a political movement that in 1776 created a new nation, the United States of America, ending British control. ...

The members of the Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation describe themselves as the descendants of the Lenape and Munsee peoples, with varying degrees of African, Tuscarora, Dutch, and other caucasian ancestry.^{[citation needed]} The Ramapough also claim common ancestry with other aboriginal American tribes in the north and west. ^[3] The Ramapough claim that their ancestral language was Munsee, but the community was known to have spoken English and Dutch in the past, and speak English today^[4]. The Chief of the Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation, as of January 2006, is Anthony Jay Van Dunk. The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... The Tuscarora are an American Indian tribe originally in North Carolina, which moved north to New York, and then partially into Canada. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An Aani (Atsina) named Assiniboin Boy. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Dispute over origins

A number of local historians and genealogists have written about the Ramapough people. Their origins are still considered controversial by some. Below is a list of some of these people and a summary of their findings.

Herbert C. Kraft, stated ^[4]"The origins of these people are very controversial, but it is clear that some are descended from local Munsee-speaking Indians who moved into the isolated Ramapo Mountains seeking a haven from the Dutch and English settlers in the latter half of the seventeenth century." Kraft says about Cohen's claim ^[5] "Cohen acknowledges that a gap exists in the genealogical record between about 1790-1830 that prevented his assembling with exactitude individual relationships between most of the Hackensack Valley settlers and those of the Ramapo Mountains." Kraft was also unable to establish a genealogical connection between the present-day Ramapough and colonial-era Indian tribes.

Evan T. Pritchard, a professor of Native American history and of Micmac (Algonquin) descent wrote, ^[6]. "The Ramapough, or 'mountaineer Munsee,' on the other hand, never disappeared. Their people still occupy the southwest portion of the point of that projectile which is Rockland County, on all sides of Ramapo Mountain. Ramapough means 'slanting rock'...the main Ramapough Lenape villages in New York were Johnsontown, Furmanville, Sherwoodville, Bulsontown, Willowgrove, Sandyfields, and Ladentown. Better known, however, as Native American strongholds, are the towns just south of the border, namely Hillburn, Stagg Hill, and Ringwood. Whites have always tried, and continue to try to portray the Ramapough as foreigners: Dutch, blacks, Tuscarora, Gypsies, or Hessians. However, they are the only actual non-foreigners to be found still living in community in and around New York’s metropolitan region." Map of Ringwood in Passaic County Ringwood Manor, with a mortar and part of the Hudson River Chain Ringwood is a Borough located in Passaic County, New Jersey. ...

Roger Joslyn "Certified genealogist Roger Joslyn traced the Ramapough genealogy to the 1700s, concluding they are descended from the aboriginal Lenape Indians" ^[7]

John "Bud" Shapard The former head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs office, went on record supporting the Ramapoughs, stating their case was "well-documented". ^[7]

David S Cohen The Ramapough claim to Indian tribal heritage is disputed by the historian David Cohen ^[8]. Cohen is currently employed as a Research Associate at the NJ Historical Commission. According to Cohen, his genealogical research "established that their ancestors included free black landowners in New York City and mulattoes with some Dutch ancestry who were among the first pioneers to settle in the Hackensack River Valley of New Jersey" ^[9]. Cohen states that there is "an oral tradition of Indian ancestry among the Ramapo Mountain People as early as the eighteenth century." Cohen also states that "Some Indian mixture is possible, however, because Indian and colored interracial matings probably were not recorded in the Dutch Reformed Churches" ^[10]. Cohen had no professional credentials in genealogy, and the BIA found much of Cohen's genealogical work lacking. ^[7] Contrary to Cohen's statements, "The United States Department of Justice acknowledged in court that the Ramapough are Indians." ^[7] The Hackensack River, as seen from the New Jersey Turnpike. ... DOJ headquarters in Washington, D.C. Justice Department redirects here. ...

Benson Lossing, in his book ^[11] "Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution Volume I, chapter XXXII", dated 1850 wrote "Along the sinuous Ramapo Creek, before the war of the Revolution broke out. and while the ancient tribe of the Ramapaughs yet chased the deer on the rugged hills which skirt the valley, iron-forges were established, and the hammer-peal of spreading civilization echoed from the neighboring crags." Benson John Lossing (1813-1891) was an American historian and wood engraver, known best for his illustrated books on the American Revolution and American Civil War. ...

Edward J. Lenik, archaeologist and president of the Sheffield Archaeological Consultants, is the author of "Indians in the Ramapos." Lenik writes that: "The archaeological record indicates a strong, continuous and persistent presence of Indian bands in the northern Highlands Physiographic Providence-Ramapos well into the 18th century. Other data, such as historical accounts, record the presence of Indians in the Highlands during the 19th and 20th centuries. Oral traditions, and settlement and subsistence activities are examined as well. Native American people were a significant element among the primary progenitors of the Ramapo Mountain People..." ^[12]

C.A. Weslager, past-president of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation, stated in his book "Magic Medicines of the Indians" ^[13] "In the early and middle part of the nineteenth century the Indian descendants were largely found in the northern counties- Warren, Morris, Sussex, and Passaic.." He further wrote "The people of the northern counties were descended from Delawares and Munsies, with Tuscarora admixture. The Tuscarora, members of a southern tribe, migrated to New York state to join the Six Nation Iroquois, but a number of migrating families settled in New Jersey."

Official recognition

The State of New Jersey recognizes the Ramapoughs as an American Indian tribe.^[14]

The New York State Gaming Association web site says that the Ramapoughs were not recognized as a tribe,^[15] but the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs cites a 1980 recognition by resolution of the New York State Legislature.^[16] The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the Department of the Interior charged with the administration and management of 55. ... The New York Legislature is the U.S. state of New Yorks legislative branch, seated at the states capital, Albany. ...

In the proposed finding by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in response for the Ramapoughs' request for federal recognition, the BIA did not find evidence of Native American ancestry:

The Proposed Finding concluded that the RMI [Ramapough Mountain Indians] did not meet criterion 83.7(e) of the Federal acknowledgment regulations because the petitioner had not presented and BIA staff had not located any evidence that the earliest proven ancestors of the four core families, DeFreese, Van Dunk, Mann, and DeGroat, were Indian, were of Indian descent, or were affiliated with any of the tribes in the New York-New Jersey border area at the time of historic contact.

...

In conclusion, the origins and parentage of the earliest genealogically proven ancestors of the petitioner are not known. The petitioner has not demonstrated that their earliest documented ancestors were members of a historical North American Indian tribe, nor has the petitioner documented that their earliest proven progenitors descended from any known historical tribe of North American Indians. Without documentation, the BIA cannot make an assumption, on the basis of late 19th-century and early 20th-century ascriptions, that these unknown RMI ancestors were members of a historical North American Indian tribe. The petitioner has not presented acceptable evidence that the RMI descend from a historical Indian tribe, or from tribes which amalgamated and functioned as a single unit, either as individuals or as a group.

...

Third-party comments also failed to present new genealogical evidence. Both the RMI Response and comments by interested and informed parties referred to long-standing traditions of Indian ancestry as "evidence" that the RMI descend from a historical tribe of Indians. However, no documentary evidence was submitted to connect the earliest known RMI ancestors with any 18th century progenitors, be they Indian or non-Indian.

^[17]

Before 1870, the State of New Jersey Census grouped the population into three categories - White, Black (free), and Black (slave). In 1870, New Jersey began recording Native Americans and 16 were documented. ^[18]

Herbert C. Kraft ^[19] stated "The Ramapough petitioned for Federal Recognition August 14, 1978. In April of 1993, ^[19]the opponents of Ramapo recognition led by casino owner Donald Trump and two Bergen County Representatives charged that the Ramapo would bring in Indian gaming associated with organized crime." ^[20] The agency rejected the petition on December 8th, 1993^[21]. The Ramapough, who are opposed to gambling, are now appealing that decision. Donald John Trump, Sr. ... Bergen County is a county located in the state of New Jersey. ... Organized crime is crime carried out systematically by formal criminal organizations. ...

Notes and references

The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ...

External links

• Ramapough Mountain history (State of New Jersey)
• Indians in the Ramapos: Survival, Persistence & Presence
• The Official Tribal Website of the Ramapough